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Tone row

In music Music

Music is an art, entertainment [i], or other human activity that involves organized and audible sounds a ... 

, a tone row or note row refers to a non-repetitive ordering of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale Chromatic scale

The chromatic scale is the scale that contains all twelve pitch [i]es of the Western tempered [i] ... 

. Tone rows are the basis of Arnold Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg , was an Austria [i]n and later American [i] composer [i]. ... 

's twelve-tone technique Twelve-tone technique

Twelve-tone technique is a method of musical composition [i] devised by Arnold Schoenberg [i] ... 

 and serial music. Tone rows were widely used in 20th century contemporary music. A twelve-tone or serial composition will take one or more tone rows, called the prime form, as its basis plus their transformations . Initially, Schoenberg required composers to avoid suggestions of tonality Tonality

[i] [[pitch|pitch]... 

 - such as the use of consecutive imperfect consonances - when constructing tone rows, reserving such use for the time when the dissonance is competely emancipated Emancipation of the dissonance

The emancipation of the dissonance was a concept or goal put forth by Arnold Schoenberg [i] and others, ... 

.

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Encyclopedia

In music Music

Music is an art, entertainment [i], or other human activity that involves organized and audible sounds a ... 

, a tone row or note row refers to a non-repetitive ordering of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale Chromatic scale

The chromatic scale is the scale that contains all twelve pitch [i]es of the Western tempered [i] ... 

. Tone rows are the basis of Arnold Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg , was an Austria [i]n and later American [i] composer [i]. ... 

's twelve-tone technique Twelve-tone technique

Twelve-tone technique is a method of musical composition [i] devised by Arnold Schoenberg [i] ... 

 and serial music. Tone rows were widely used in 20th century contemporary music.

A twelve-tone or serial composition will take one or more tone rows, called the prime form, as its basis plus their transformations .

Initially, Schoenberg required composers to avoid suggestions of tonality Tonality

[i] [[pitch|pitch]... 

 - such as the use of consecutive imperfect consonances - when constructing tone rows, reserving such use for the time when the dissonance is competely emancipated Emancipation of the dissonance

The emancipation of the dissonance was a concept or goal put forth by Arnold Schoenberg [i] and others, ... 

. Alban Berg, however, sometimes incorporated tonal elements into his twelve-tone works, and the main tone row of his Violin Concerto hints at this tonality:



This tone row consists of alternating minor and major triads starting on the open strings of the violin, followed by a portion of an ascending whole tone scale Whole tone scale

In music [i], a whole tone scale is a scale [i] in which each note [i] is separated from its neigh ... 

. This whole tone scale reappears in the second movement when the chorale "It is enough" from Bach's Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach was a prolific German [i] composer [i] and organist [i] whose sac ... 

 cantata no. 60, which opens with consecutive whole tones, is quoted literally in the woodwinds .

Some tone rows have a high degree of internal organisation. Here is the tone row from Anton Webern Anton Webern

Anton Webern was an Austrian composer [i]. ... 

's Concerto:



If the first three notes are regarded as the "original" cell, then the next three are its retrograde inversion , the next three are retrograde , and the last three are its inversion . A row created in this manner, through variants of a trichord or tetrachord called the generator, is called a derived row Derived row

In music [i] using the twelve tone technique [i] a derived row is a tone row [i] whose entirety of twelv ... 

. The tone rows of many of Webern's other late works are similarly intricate.

A literary parallel of the tone row is found in Georges Perec Georges Perec

Georges Perec was a 20th century French [i] novelist [i], filmmaker [i] and essayist [i], a memb ... 

's poems which use each of a particular set of letters only once.

Tone row may also be used to describe other musical collections or scales such as in Arab music.

See also

  • musical set theory
  • unified field

External links

  • by David J. Hunter and Paul T. von Hippel




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