Thracian language

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Thracian language

The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians

Thracians

The ancient Thracians were a group of Indo-European peoples who spoke the Thracian language - a scarcely attested branch of the Indo-European language family....
in South-Eastern Europe.

cian was spoken in substantial numbers in what is now most of Bulgaria

Bulgaria

The state of Bulgaria , Scientific transliteration Balgarija, officially the Republic of Bulgaria has played a significant role in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe for over fourteen centuries....
, eastern Serbia

Serbia

Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a country in Central Europe and Balkans Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central part of the Balkans....
, eastern Republic of Macedonia

Republic of Macedonia

The Republic of Macedonia , , often referred to simply as Macedonia, is a landlocked country on the Balkans in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south and Albania to the west....
, Northern Greece, European Turkey

European Turkey

European Turkey or Turkey in Europe was the term used for the European territories of the Ottoman Empire, which was also alternatively called "Turkey" or the "Turkish Empire" by its contemporaries....
and in parts of Bithynia

Bithynia

Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thrace Bosporus and the Euxine ....
(North-Western Asiatic Turkey).

Including Dacian-Getian

Getae

The Getae was the name given by the Greeks to several Thracian tribes that occupied the regions south of the Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria, and north of the Lower Danube, in Romania....
it was spoken in Romania

Romania

Romania is a country located in Southeastern Europe Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian Mountains, bordering on the Black Sea....
, the region of Dobrudja, north - eastern Serbia

Serbia

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south....
, and eastern Hungary

Hungary

Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
and eastern Slovakia

Slovakia

Slovakia . It was amended in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president and again in February 2001 due to EU admission requirements....
as well.

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Encyclopedia

The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians

Thracians

The ancient Thracians were a group of Indo-European peoples who spoke the Thracian language - a scarcely attested branch of the Indo-European language family....
in South-Eastern Europe.

Geographic distribution

Thracian was spoken in substantial numbers in what is now most of Bulgaria

Bulgaria

Serbia

Republic of Macedonia

European Turkey

Bithynia

Getae

Romania

Serbia

Ukraine

Hungary

Slovakia

Slovakia . It was amended in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president and again in February 2001 due to EU admission requirements....
as well. Many Bulgarian Thracologists tend to consider Dacian and Thracian as distinct languages descending from an immediate common ancestor and group them together as Daco-Thracian or Thraco-Dacian.

Sources

As an extinct language with only a few short inscriptions attributed to it (see below), there is little known about the Thracian language, but a number of features are agreed upon. Some Thracian words can be found cited in ancient texts (the list below excludes Dacian plant names

List of Dacian plant names

This is a list of plant names in Dacian, an ancient language of South Eastern Europe, from Pedanius Dioscorides' De Materia Medica and Pseudo-Apuleius' Herbarius ....
which however are often included). In addition there are many words and probable words extracted from anthroponyms, toponyms, hydronyms, oronyms and other lexical elements found in the primary sources (see also List of ancient Thracian cities

List of ancient Thracian cities

This is a list of ancient Thrace cities, towns, villages, and Fortification. A number of these cities were Ancient Greece cities, some were Celtic or Roman Empire....
):

	attestation	English meaning	etymology Etymology Etymology is the study of the roots and history of words; and how their form and meaning have changed over time.In languages with a long detailed history, etymology makes use of philology, the study of how words change from culture to culture over time....	cognate Cognate Cognates in linguistics are words that have a common etymology origin.An example of cognates within the same language would be English shirt vs.... s
asa		A Bessian Bessi The Bessi were an independent Thracian tribe who lived in a territory ranging from Moesia to Mount Rhodope in southern Thrace, but are often mentioned as dwelling about Haemus, the mountain range that separates Moesia from Thrace.... word for the Coltsfoot Coltsfoot Coltsfoot is a plant in the family Asteraceae.It has been used medicinally as a cough suppressant. The name "tussilago" itself means "cough suppressant." The plant has been used since at least historical times to treat lung ailments such as asthma as well as various coughs by way of smoking....		Lithuanian Lithuanian language Lithuanian is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 170,000 abroad.... dial. as?s "horse-tail," Latvian Latvian language Latvian is the official state language of Latvia. Alternative names include Lettish and Lettisch. There are about 1.5 million native Latvian speakers in Latvia and about 150,000 abroad.... . aši, ašas "horse-tail, sedge, rush," rel. to Latv. ašs, ass "sharp", , Lith aštrùs "sharp" Serb oštro "sharp", Mac ostro "sharp"
bolinthos		"wild bull"	PIE *bhel-, "to swell"	Bulgarian vol Vol All derivatives of this symbol in the twentieth century ultimately derive from its use by the French Arm?e de l'Air, one of the first Air forces in the world.... English bull Bull A bull is an adult male of various large mammal species including elk, moose, bovinae , elephants, whales, pinniped, and sea lions.Things...
bria		"town, settlement"	1) after Pokorny Julius Pokorny Julius Pokorny was a scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish language, and a supporter of Irish nationalism. He was born in Prague, Austria?Hungary and studied at the University of Vienna, where he also taught from 1913 to 1920.... , from PIE wriya. 2)Olteanu, PIE gwer-, "heavy, strong"	1) Mycenean rijo "promontory", Bulgarian rid RID RID may refer to:Registry of Interpreters for the DeafIsaiah ben Maldi di Trani Retrieve Information for DisplayRelative IDThe The Royal Institute of Thailand#Works of Thailand... "promontory", Greek ríon* "id", Tocharian A ri, Tocharian B riye "town". 2) Greek barus, "heavy"
bríloun		"barber"	IE *bhri-l	Old Church Slavonic briti "to shave", Old Irish brissim "I shatter", English brine, Latin friare "to rub, crumble", Albanian brej, brêj "to gnaw", Sanskrit bhrin.anti "they injure, hurt"
bríza		"emmer-wheat, rye"	1) PIE wrig'h 2) PIE breg'h	1) Bulgarian brica "type of summer grain"; Sanskrit vrihis "rice" 2) Norwegian brok "kind of grass"
brynchos		"guitar"	PIE *bhrm.kos	Greek (Aeolian Aeolian Aeolian may refer to:* things related to ?olus, the Greek God of wind* Aeolian harp, a harp that is played by the wind* Aeolian processes, wind generated geologic processes... ) phórmynx; Romanian Romanian language Romanian or Daco-Romanian ; self-designation: limba rom?na, ) is a Romance languages spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova.... broanca, "a stringed instrument"; Old Church Slavonic brekati "to make a noise", Polish brzek "ringing, tinkle", Bulgarian brumchi "a ringing sound", Russian brencat "to play on a stringed instrument"
brytos, bryton, brutos, bryttion		"a kind of ale Ale Ale is a type of beer brewed from malted barley using a top-fermenting yeast brewers' yeast. This yeast Fermentation the beer quickly, giving it a sweet, full bodied and fruity taste.... made from barley Barley Barley is an annual plant cereal grain derived from the grass *Hordeum vulgare*. It serves as a major animal feed crop, with smaller amounts used for malting and in health food, as well as the making of alcoholic beverages beer and whisky.... "	PIE *bhruto	English broth, Welsh brwd "brewage", Lat defrutum "must boiled down", Greek Greek language Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European.... apéphrysen "to seethe, boil", Slavic Slavic languages File:Slavic europe.svgThe Slavic languages , a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia.... vriti "to seethe, boil" vrutok "strong spring, boiling water", Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India.... bhurati "he quivers", Alb. Albanian language Albanian is an Indo-European languages spoken by nearly 6 million people, primarily in Albania and Kosovo but also in other areas of the Balkans in which there is an Albanian population, including the west of the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and southern Serbia.... brumë "dough", dialectal Romanian brut "bread" (from which standard Romanian brutar "baker" is derived)
deiza, disza, diza, dizos		"a fortified settlement"	PIE *dheigh-, "to knead clay"	Greek teichos ("wall"), Avestan daeza "wall", Slavic Slavic languages File:Slavic europe.svgThe Slavic languages , a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia.... zidati, sozidati, (po)dizati "to build"
dinupula, *sinupyla (reconstructed from ms.), kinoboila (Dacian)		"wild pumpkin"		Lithuanian šúnobuolas wild pumpkin, Albanian Albanian language Albanian is an Indo-European languages spoken by nearly 6 million people, primarily in Albania and Kosovo but also in other areas of the Balkans in which there is an Albanian population, including the west of the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and southern Serbia.... thënukël dogberry, Bulg. dinya, "watermelon"
génton		"meat"	PIE *g^whento "struck, cut"	Latin fendere "to strike, push", Old English guth "combat", Welsh gwannu "to stab", Greek theínein "to strike, kill", Arm ganem "I strike", Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India.... hánti "he strikes, kills", hatyá "stabbed, killed", Hittite kuenzi "he strikes", Old Church Slavonic žetva "harvest", žetelji "harvester"
germe		"warm"	PIE *gwher-, "warm"	Greek thermos, "warm"
kalamindar		"Plane tree Platanus *Platanus* is a small genus of trees native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are the sole members of the family Platanaceae.They are all large trees to 30?50 m tall, deciduous , and are mostly found in riparian or other wetland habitat in the wild, though proving drought tolerant in cultivation away from streams.... "
kemos		"a kind of fruit with follicles"
ktistai (pl.)		"Thracians living in celibacy, monks"
manteia
mendruta		a Moesi Moesi The Moesi were a Daco-Thracian tribe who inhabited part of what would become the Ancient Rome province of Moesia, which was named after them. Thracologists suggest that the Moesi may have spoken a language or dialect intermediary between Dacian language and Thracian language.... an name for the beet Beet The beet is a plant in the Amaranthaceae. It is best known its numerous cultivated varieties, the most well known of which is probably the red root vegetable known as the garden beet.... or alternatively the black hellebore, Veratrum nigrum Veratrum nigrum *Veratrum nigrum* is a medicinal plant and poisonous plant native to Asia and Europe. In China, it, and other false hellebore species are collectively called "li lu" ....
mezenai
para, pera, peron		"town"
rhomphaia Rhomphaia The Rhomphaia was a close combat bladed weapon used by the Thracians as early as 400 B.C. It was a variant of the Dacian Falx. Most rhomphaias were polearms, featuring a straight or slightly curved single-edged blade attached to a pole that was considerably longer than the blade....		"a spear Spear A spear is a pole weapon consisting of a shaft, usually of wood, with a sharpened head. The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself, as is the case with bamboo spears, or it may be of another material fastened to the shaft, such as obsidian, iron or bronze.... "; later the meaning "sword Sword A sword is a long, edged piece of metal, used as a cutting, thrusting, and clubbing weapon in many civilizations throughout the world. The word sword comes from the Old English language wikt:sweord, cognate to Old High German swert, Middle Dutch swaert, Old Norse sver? Old Frisian and Old Saxon swerd and Dutch langua... " is attested		dialect Bul. Bulgarian language Bulgarian is an Indo-European languages, a member of the Slavic languages linguistic group.Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from all other Slavic languages except Macedonian language, such as the elimination of grammatical case, the development of a suffixed definite article , the lack of a verb infin... roféya, rufia "a thunderbolt", Alb. Albanian language Albanian is an Indo-European languages spoken by nearly 6 million people, primarily in Albania and Kosovo but also in other areas of the Balkans in which there is an Albanian population, including the west of the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and southern Serbia.... rrufë; Latin rumpere "to break, tear", Old English reofan "to tear, break"
sica
skálme		"a knife, a sword"	PIE *skolma	Old Norse skolm "short sword, knife"
skárke		"a coin Coin A coin is a piece of hard material, usually metal or a metallic material, usually in the shape of a Disk , and most often issued by a government.... "	PIE *skerg "to jingle"	Old Norse skark "noise", Sanskrit kharjati "to creak, crunch"
spinos		"a stone which burns when water is poured on it"
titha	from Diana Germetitha ("Diana of the warm bosom")	Olteanu (et al.?) interprets this lexical element as "bosom, breasts, tit(s)"		ancient Greek titthos, "breast, tit", West Germanic titta (id.), Latin titia (id.), Albanian thitha "nipples"
torelle		"a lament, a song of mourning"
zalmós, zelmis		"a hide, skin"	PIE *k'elm, k'olm	German Helm "helmet", Lith šálmas, OPruss salmis "helmet", OSl šlemu, Skt sárman "cover"
zeira, zira		"a type of upper garment"
zelas		"wine Wine Wine is an alcoholic beverage often made of fermentation grape juice. The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.... "	PIE *g'helo	ancient Macedonian kalithos, "wine", Sanskrit hala "brandy", Greek khális "pure wine", Russian Russian language Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe.... zelye "a fermented or witch's brew"
zetraía		"a pot"	PIE *g'heutr	Grk. Greek language Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European.... khútra "pipkin"
zibythides		"the noble Thracian men and women"		Lith. zhibut "fire, light", Serb. Serbian language name=Serbian\|nativename=\|pronunciation=['sr?pski?]\|familycolor=Indo-European\|map=\|states=See below under "Official status", besides that in Croatia and as an immigrant's language spread over Central Europe and Western Europe, as well as Northern America... shibytsa "a lightening stick", Bul. Bulgarian language Bulgarian is an Indo-European languages, a member of the Slavic languages linguistic group.Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from all other Slavic languages except Macedonian language, such as the elimination of grammatical case, the development of a suffixed definite article , the lack of a verb infin... shibam "to hit, to whip" .

Other lexical elements are found in inscriptions (most of them written with Greek

Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BCE....
script) on buildings, coins, and other artifacts (see inscriptions below). Another source for the Thracian vocabulary are words of unknown or disputed etymology

Etymology

Etymology is the study of the roots and history of words; and how their form and meaning have changed over time.In languages with a long detailed history, etymology makes use of philology, the study of how words change from culture to culture over time....
found in Bulgarian

Bulgarian language

Bulgarian is an Indo-European languages, a member of the Slavic languages linguistic group.Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from all other Slavic languages except Macedonian language, such as the elimination of grammatical case, the development of a suffixed definite article , the lack of a verb infin...
(see Bulgarian lexis

Bulgarian lexis

Native lexical items Around three-quarters of the word-stock in the standard, academy dictionaries of Bulgarian, consists of native lexical items....
) as well as Romanian

Romanian language

Romanian or Daco-Romanian ; self-designation: limba rom?na, ) is a Romance languages spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova....
(see Eastern Romance substratum

Eastern Romance substratum

The Eastern Romance languages developed from the Proto-Romanian language, which in turn developed from the Vulgar Latin spoken in a region of the Balkans which has not yet been exactly determined, but is generally agreed to have been a region north of the Jirecek Line....
). Albanian

Albanian language

Albanian is an Indo-European languages spoken by nearly 6 million people, primarily in Albania and Kosovo but also in other areas of the Balkans in which there is an Albanian population, including the west of the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and southern Serbia....
is sometimes regarded as a descendant of Dacian or Thracian, or as a descendant of Illyrian with a Daco-Thracic admixture; thus the Albanian lexis

Lexis (linguistics)

In linguistics, lexis describes the storage of language in our mental lexicon as prefabricated patterns that can be recalled and sorted into meaningful speech and writing....
is another source.

Thracian words in the Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
lexicon are also proposed. Greek lexical elements may derive from Thracian, such as balios ("dappled"; < PIE *bhel-, "to shine"; Pokorny

Julius Pokorny

Julius Pokorny was a scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish language, and a supporter of Irish nationalism. He was born in Prague, Austria?Hungary and studied at the University of Vienna, where he also taught from 1913 to 1920....
also cites Illyrian as a possible source), bounos, "hill, mound", etc.

Inscriptions

Only four Thracian inscriptions have been found. One is a gold ring found in 1912 in the town of Ezerovo, Bulgaria

Bulgaria

????S?????S? / ????????? / ?????S??? / ???????? / ????????? / ??????? / ??? / ????

rolisteneasn/ereneatil/teaneskoa/razeadom/eantilezu/ptamiee/raz/elta

The meaning of the inscription is not known, and it bears no resemblance to any known language. Thracologists such as Vladimir I. Georgiev

Vladimir I. Georgiev

Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev was a prominent Bulgarian linguist, philologist, and educational administrator. He has made multiple contributions to the field of Thracology, which include a linguistic interpretation of an inscription discovered at the village of Kyolmen in the Shoumen district of northwestern Bulgaria....
and Dechev have proposed various translations for the inscription but these are just guesses.

A second inscription was found in 1965 near the village of Kyolmen, Preslav

Preslav

Preslav was the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire from 893 to 972 and one of the most important cities of medieval Southeastern Europe. The ruins of the city are situated in modern northeastern Bulgaria, some 20 kilometres southwest of the regional capital of Shumen, and are currently a national archaeological reserve....
district, dating to the 6th century BC. It consists of 56 letters of the Greek alphabet, probably a tomb stele inscription similar to the Phrygian ones:

????. ??S?S? ?????S? ?G??.? / ????????G? / ???S????????????????????.S

ebar. zesasn enetesa igek. a / nblabaegn / nuasnletednuedneindakatr.s

A third inscription is again on a ring, found in Duvanli, Plovdiv

Plovdiv

Plovdiv is the second-largest city in Bulgaria after Sofia, with a population of 379,119. It is the administrative centre of Plovdiv Province in southern Bulgaria and three municipalities , as well as the largest and most important city in Northern Thrace and the wider international historical region of Thrace....
district, next to the left hand of a skeleton. It dates to the 5th century BC. The ring has the image of a horseman

Horseman

A horseman can be:*A man who rides a horse.**The term may be used by some to differentiate between a person who merely rides or is associated with horses, and someone that truly understands and has a good ability with horses - He's a rider, but he's not a horseman would suggest that although the person can ride a horse, they are not goo...
with the inscription surrounding the image. It is only partly legible (16 out of the initial 21)

???? ..... ???? / ???????

ezie ..... dele / mezenai

??????? likely corresponds to Menzana, the Messapia

Messapia

Messapia was the ancient name of a region of Italy largely corresponding to modern Salento. It was inhabited chiefly by the Messapii in classical times....
n "horse deity" to which horses were sacrificed, compared also to Albanian mëz, mâz "poney" (preserved into Romanian as mânz "colt"), derived either from PIE "virile" or PIE "to suckle".

These are the longest inscriptions preserved. The remaining ones are mostly single words or names on vessels and other artifacts. In addition, Thracian lexical elements have been drawn from inscriptions in Greek or Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
.

In a Latin inscription from Rome

Rome

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
discussing a citizen from the Roman province of Thracia

Thrace

Thrace is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. Today the name Thrace designates a region spread over southern Bulgaria , northeastern Greece , and European Turkey ....
, the phrase Midne potelense is found; this is interpreted as indicating the Thracian's place of origin, midne being seen as the Thracian equivalent of Latin vicus, "village

Village

A village is a clustered human settlement or Residential community, larger than a hamlet , but smaller than a town or city. Though generally located in rural areas, the term urban village may be applied to certain urban area neighbourhoods, such as the West Village in Manhattan, New York City and the Saifi Village in Beirut, Lebanon....
". If this is correct, the Thracian word has a close cognate

Cognate

Cognates in linguistics are words that have a common etymology origin.An example of cognates within the same language would be English shirt vs....
(Latv. mitne, "a dwelling") in Latvian

Latvian language

Latvian is the official state language of Latvia. Alternative names include Lettish and Lettisch. There are about 1.5 million native Latvian speakers in Latvia and about 150,000 abroad....
, a Baltic language.It could be connected also to the Bulgarian term for dwelling place "mitnitsa".

Classification

The classification of the Thracian language has long been a matter of contention and uncertainty, and there are widely varying hypotheses regarding the position of Thracian among the Paleo-Balkan languages

Paleo-Balkan languages

The Paleo-Balkan languages is a geo-linguistic concept referring to the Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Balkans in ancient times....
. It is not contested however that Thracian

Thracian language

The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe....
was an Indo-European language which had acquired satem characteristics by the time it is attested.

Extinction

Most of the Thracians were eventually Hellenized (in the province of Thrace

Thrace

Moesia

Moesia was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the areas of modern Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania along the south bank of the Danube River....
, Dacia

Dacia

In ancient geography, Dacia was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Greeks "Getae". Dacia was a large district of East-Central Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathian Mountains, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisia or Tisza, on the east by the Tyras or Dniester, now in eastern Moldova....
, etc.), with the last remnants surviving in remote areas until the 5th century. Some Thracian tribes have probably been Slavicized, after the Slavic re-settlements to the south of the Danube

Danube

The Danube is the longest river in the European Union and Europe's second longest river after the Volga.The river originates in the Black Forest in Germany as the much smaller Brigach and Breg River rivers which join at the eponymously named German town Donaueschingen, after which it is known as the Danube and flows eastwards for a distance...
river and eventually merged with the invading Slavs and Bulgars

Bulgars

The Bulgars were a seminomadic people, probably of Turkic peoples descent, originally from Southern Central Asia, who from the 2nd century onwards dwelled in the steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga ....
, to form the Bulgarian nation (8-10th century).

External links

, an English translation of Ivan Duridanov's 1975 essay Ezikyt na trakite
(sources, thesaurus, textual criticism, phonetics and morphology, substratum, historical geography a.o.)

Thracian language

Geographic distribution

Sources

Inscriptions

Classification

Extinction

Further reading

See also

External links