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The Hurricane (1999 film)

 

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The Hurricane (1999 film)



 
 
The Hurricane is a American
Cinema of the United States

United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. Its history is sometimes separated into four main periods: the silent film era, Classical Hollywood cinema, New Hollywood, and the contemporary period ....
 biographical film
Biographical film

File:Soviet Union-1964-stamp-Chapayev .jpgA biographical motion picture—often portmanteau biopic—is a film that dramatizes the life of an actual person or people....
 directed by Norman Jewison
Norman Jewison

Norman Frederick Jewison, Order of Canada is a Canada film director, Film producer and actor....
, and starring Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington

Denzel Hayes Washington, Jr. is an United States actor and film director. He has garnered much critical acclaim for his work in film since the 1990s, including for his portrayals of real-life figures, such as Steve Biko, Malcolm X, Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, Melvin B....
. The script was adapted by Armyan Bernstein
Armyan Bernstein

Armyan Bernstein is an American film Film producer, Film director and screenwriter. He co-founded Beacon Pictures...
 and Dan Gordon
Dan Gordon (screenwriter)

Dan Gordon is an United Statesn writer noted for his film and television work. He graduated from University of California, Los Angeles as a film and television major, and went on to write screenplays including Passenger 57 , Wyatt Earp , Murder in the First , The Assignment and The Hurricane , as well as several novels...
 from the books Lazarus and the Hurricane by Sam Chaiton and Terry Swinton and The 16th Round by Rubin "Hurricane" Carter
Rubin Carter

Rubin "Hurricane" Carter was an United States middleweight Boxing between 1961 and 1966. Carter was convicted and released after 20 years for three June 1966 murders in Paterson, New Jersey....
. The film tells the story of boxer
Boxing

Boxing is a combat sport where two participants, generally of similar human weight, fight each other with their fists. Boxing is supervised by a referee and is typically engaged in during a series of one to three-minute intervals called rounds....
 Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, whose conviction for a Paterson
Paterson, New Jersey

Paterson is a City in Passaic County, New Jersey, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 149,222....
, New Jersey
New Jersey

New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic States and Northeastern United States regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north by New York, on the east by the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean, on the southwest by Delaware, and on the west by Pennsylvania....
 triple murder was set aside after he had spent almost twenty years in prison.

The film received mainly positive reviews, but has been criticized for many inaccuracies by film critics and others, including the families of the murder victims and their supporters.

film narrates the life of welterweight
Welterweight

Welterweight is a weight class division in combat sports. Originally the term "welterweight" was used only in boxing, but other combat sports like kickboxing, taekwondo and mixed martial arts also began to use it for their own weight division system....
 boxer Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington

Denzel Hayes Washington, Jr. is an United States actor and film director. He has garnered much critical acclaim for his work in film since the 1990s, including for his portrayals of real-life figures, such as Steve Biko, Malcolm X, Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, Melvin B....
), concentrating on the period between 1966 and 1985.






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Encyclopedia


The Hurricane is a American
Cinema of the United States

United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. Its history is sometimes separated into four main periods: the silent film era, Classical Hollywood cinema, New Hollywood, and the contemporary period ....
 biographical film
Biographical film

File:Soviet Union-1964-stamp-Chapayev .jpgA biographical motion picture—often portmanteau biopic—is a film that dramatizes the life of an actual person or people....
 directed by Norman Jewison
Norman Jewison

Norman Frederick Jewison, Order of Canada is a Canada film director, Film producer and actor....
, and starring Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington

Denzel Hayes Washington, Jr. is an United States actor and film director. He has garnered much critical acclaim for his work in film since the 1990s, including for his portrayals of real-life figures, such as Steve Biko, Malcolm X, Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, Melvin B....
. The script was adapted by Armyan Bernstein
Armyan Bernstein

Armyan Bernstein is an American film Film producer, Film director and screenwriter. He co-founded Beacon Pictures...
 and Dan Gordon
Dan Gordon (screenwriter)

Dan Gordon is an United Statesn writer noted for his film and television work. He graduated from University of California, Los Angeles as a film and television major, and went on to write screenplays including Passenger 57 , Wyatt Earp , Murder in the First , The Assignment and The Hurricane , as well as several novels...
 from the books Lazarus and the Hurricane by Sam Chaiton and Terry Swinton and The 16th Round by Rubin "Hurricane" Carter
Rubin Carter

Rubin "Hurricane" Carter was an United States middleweight Boxing between 1961 and 1966. Carter was convicted and released after 20 years for three June 1966 murders in Paterson, New Jersey....
. The film tells the story of boxer
Boxing

Boxing is a combat sport where two participants, generally of similar human weight, fight each other with their fists. Boxing is supervised by a referee and is typically engaged in during a series of one to three-minute intervals called rounds....
 Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, whose conviction for a Paterson
Paterson, New Jersey

Paterson is a City in Passaic County, New Jersey, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 149,222....
, New Jersey
New Jersey

New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic States and Northeastern United States regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north by New York, on the east by the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean, on the southwest by Delaware, and on the west by Pennsylvania....
 triple murder was set aside after he had spent almost twenty years in prison.

The film received mainly positive reviews, but has been criticized for many inaccuracies by film critics and others, including the families of the murder victims and their supporters.

Plot

The film narrates the life of welterweight
Welterweight

Welterweight is a weight class division in combat sports. Originally the term "welterweight" was used only in boxing, but other combat sports like kickboxing, taekwondo and mixed martial arts also began to use it for their own weight division system....
 boxer Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington

Denzel Hayes Washington, Jr. is an United States actor and film director. He has garnered much critical acclaim for his work in film since the 1990s, including for his portrayals of real-life figures, such as Steve Biko, Malcolm X, Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, Melvin B....
), concentrating on the period between 1966 and 1985. It describes his fight against the conviction for a triple murder occurring in Paterson
Paterson, New Jersey

Paterson is a City in Passaic County, New Jersey, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 149,222....
, New Jersey
New Jersey

New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic States and Northeastern United States regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north by New York, on the east by the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean, on the southwest by Delaware, and on the west by Pennsylvania....
, and how he copes with nearly twenty years in prison.

In a parallel plot, an underprivileged youth from Brooklyn
Brooklyn

Brooklyn is one of the five Borough of New York City, located at the western end of Long Island. An independent city until its consolidation with New York in 1898, Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough, with 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area....
, Lesra Martin
Lesra Martin

Lesra Martin is a Canadian lawyer and motivational speaker. He is known for helping to bring about the release of boxer Rubin Carter....
, (Vicellous Reon Shannon
Vicellous Reon Shannon

Vicellous Reon Shannon is an American actor.Shannon is a native of Memphis, Tennessee. He has played Lesra Martin in the 1999 in film film The Hurricane , and Minor characters in 24#Keith Palmer, the son of presidential candidate David Palmer in the television series 24 ....
) becomes interested in Carter's life and destiny after reading Carter's autobiography, and convinces his Canadian
Canada

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
 friends to engage themselves in the case. The story culminates with Carter team's successful pleas to Judge H. Lee Sarokin (Rod Steiger
Rod Steiger

Rod Steiger was an United States Academy Award-winning actor known for his intense performances in such films as In the Heat of the Night , Waterloo , On the Waterfront, and Doctor Zhivago ....
) of the United States District Courts.

Cast

  • Denzel Washington
    Denzel Washington

    Denzel Hayes Washington, Jr. is an United States actor and film director. He has garnered much critical acclaim for his work in film since the 1990s, including for his portrayals of real-life figures, such as Steve Biko, Malcolm X, Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, Melvin B....
     as Rubin "The Hurricane" Carter
    Rubin Carter

    Rubin "Hurricane" Carter was an United States middleweight Boxing between 1961 and 1966. Carter was convicted and released after 20 years for three June 1966 murders in Paterson, New Jersey....
  • Vicellous Reon Shannon
    Vicellous Reon Shannon

    Vicellous Reon Shannon is an American actor.Shannon is a native of Memphis, Tennessee. He has played Lesra Martin in the 1999 in film film The Hurricane , and Minor characters in 24#Keith Palmer, the son of presidential candidate David Palmer in the television series 24 ....
     as Lesra Martin
    Lesra Martin

    Lesra Martin is a Canadian lawyer and motivational speaker. He is known for helping to bring about the release of boxer Rubin Carter....
  • Deborah Kara Unger
    Deborah Kara Unger

    Deborah Kara Unger is a Canada actress....
     as Lisa Peters
  • Liev Schreiber
    Liev Schreiber

    Isaac Liev Schreiber is an American film and stage actor. He became known during the late 1990s and early 2000s, having initially appeared in several independent films, and later mainstream Hollywood films, including the Scream trilogy trilogy of horror films....
     as Sam Chaiton
  • John Hannah
    John Hannah (actor)

    John David Hannah is a Scotland actor of film and television....
     as Terry Swinton
  • Dan Hedaya
    Dan Hedaya

    Dan Hedaya is an United States of America actor. He often plays sleazy villains or uptight, wisecracking individuals....
     as Det. Sgt. Della Pesca
  • Debbi Morgan
    Debbi Morgan

    Deborah "Debbi" Morgan is an Emmy Award-winning United States film and television actor. She is best known for her role as Jesse Hubbard and Angie Baxter on the American Broadcasting Company soap opera All My Children, which she later reprised on Loving and its successor series, The City ....
     as Mae Thelma Carter
  • Clancy Brown
    Clancy Brown

    Clarence J. "Clancy" Brown III is an United States actor and voice actor....
     as Lt. Jimmy Williams
  • David Paymer
    David Paymer

    David Paymer is an Academy Award-nominated United States character actor, seen in such films as Quiz Show, Searching for Bobby Fischer, City Slickers, Crazy People, State and Main, Payback , Get Shorty, Carpool , The American President and Ocean's Thirteen....
     as Myron Bedlock
  • Harris Yulin
    Harris Yulin

    Harris Yulin is an American actor who has appeared in dozens of Hollywood and television films.Yulin first emerged in the Brian De Palma film Scarface as Mel Bernstein, a crooked "cop"....
     as Leon Friedman
  • Rod Steiger
    Rod Steiger

    Rod Steiger was an United States Academy Award-winning actor known for his intense performances in such films as In the Heat of the Night , Waterloo , On the Waterfront, and Doctor Zhivago ....
     as Judge H. Lee Sarokin
  • Vincent Pastore
    Vincent Pastore

    Vincent Pastore is an United States actor, often cast as a mobster and best known for the role of Sal Bonpensiero on The Sopranos....
     as Alfred Bello
  • Muhammad Ali
    Muhammad Ali

    Muhammad Ali is a retired United States boxing and former three-time List of heavyweight boxing champions.As an amateur, Ali won a gold medal at the Summer Olympic Games in the light heavyweight division gold medal....
     as Himself (uncredited archive footage)
  • Ellen Burstyn
    Ellen Burstyn

    Ellen Burstyn is an Academy Awards-winning American actress....
     as Herself (uncredited archive footage)
  • Rubin "The Hurricane" Carter
    Rubin Carter

    Rubin "Hurricane" Carter was an United States middleweight Boxing between 1961 and 1966. Carter was convicted and released after 20 years for three June 1966 murders in Paterson, New Jersey....
     as Himself (uncredited archive footage)
  • Bob Dylan as Himself (uncredited archive footage)
  • Joe Frazier
    Joe Frazier

    Joseph William Frazier, known as Smokin' Joe, is a former Olympic and World Heavyweight Boxing Champion, active mostly from the later 1960s to the mid 1970s....
     as Himself (uncredited archive footage)


Background

Actor Denzel Washington and Rubin Carter worked closely in making the film. Washington said, "He went through pots and pots of coffee and packs of cigarettes. I'd drink a little coffee. It's interesting and challenging when the person is there, alive and in the room."

Award winning director/producer Norman Jewison considers The Hurricane his best work.

Former middleweight
Middleweight

Middleweight is a division, or Boxing weight classes, in boxing. Early boxing history is less than exact, but the middleweight designation seems to have begun in the 1840s....
 World Champion Joey Giardello
Joey Giardello

Carmine Orlando Tilelli was an United States boxing who was the List of middleweight boxing champions from 1963 to 1965, and was better known by his professional pseudonym of Joey Giardello....
 sued the film's producers for libel over the depiction of his fight with Carter as a "racist fix." "This is a joke, [he told the New York Daily News
New York Daily News

The Daily News of New York City is the fifth most-widely circulated daily newspaper in the United States with a daily circulation of 703,137, as of March 30, 2008....
]
he never hit me that much in 15 rounds. Virtually every boxing expert then and now will tell you I won the fight." Referee Robert Polis who scored the fight 72–66 in Giardello's favor stated: "They portrayed Joey Giardello as an incompetent fighter. I thought it was ludicrous."

Eventually, the case was settled out of court with the producers paying the retired champion a hefty sum and Jewison's agreement to make a statement on the DVD version that, "Giardello no doubt was a great fighter."

Filming locations
Filming locations include: East Jersey State Prison, Avenel, New Jersey
Avenel, New Jersey

Avenel is a census-designated place and unincorporated area within Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, New Jersey, United States....
; Paterson, New Jersey
Paterson, New Jersey

Paterson is a City in Passaic County, New Jersey, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 149,222....
; Toronto
Toronto

Toronto is the List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population in Canada and the Provinces and territories of Canada Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada of Ontario....
, Ontario
Ontario

Ontario is a Provinces and territories of Canada located in the Central Canada part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area....
, Canada
Canada

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
.

Critical reception

Roger Ebert
Roger Ebert

Roger Joseph Ebert born June 18, 1942) is an United States film criticism and screenwriter.He is known for his film review column and for two television programs Sneak Previews and At the Movies , which he co-hosted for a combined 23 years with Gene Siskel....
, film critic for the Chicago Sun Times, liked the film and the acting, and wrote, "This is one of Denzel Washington's great performances, on a par with his work in Malcolm X
Malcolm X (film)

Malcolm X is a 1992 in film biographical film directed by Spike Lee about the African American activist and black nationalist Malcolm X. The story is based on The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley....
...Washington as Hurricane Carter is spare, focused, filled with anger and pride...This is strong stuff, and I was amazed, after feeling some impatience in the earlier reaches of the film, to find myself so deeply absorbed in its second and third acts, until at the end I was blinking at tears. What affects me emotionally at the movies is never sadness, but goodness."

Regarding the "fictionalized" aspects of the film, Ebert discussed why that is often the case in films, he added, "Several people have told me dubiously that they heard the movie was 'fictionalized.' Well, of course it was. Those who seek the truth about a man from the film of his life might as well seek it from his loving grandmother. Most biopics, like most grandmothers, see the good in a man and demonize his enemies. They pass silently over his imprudent romances. In dramatizing his victories, they simplify them. And they provide the best roles to the most interesting characters. If they didn't, we wouldn't pay to see them." He added, "The Hurricane is not a documentary but a parable, in which two lives are saved by the power of the written word."

Film critic Stephen Holden
Stephen Holden

Stephen Holden is an United States writer, music critic, film critic, and poet.Holden earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Yale University in 1963....
, writing for The New York Times
The New York Times

The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
 had mixed views of the film but did like the acting. He wrote, "In telling the story of Mr. Carter's protracted and ultimately successful fight for freedom and justice, The Hurricane rides to glory on an astonishing performance by Denzel Washington....That is to say, Mr. Washington leans into an otherwise schlocky movie and slams it out of the ballpark. If his Hurricane is an inspiring portrait of nobility, it is because the actor never conceals the demons of fury and despair gnawing beneath his character's forcefully articulate surface."

Holden was forthright about the veracity of the film, writing, "The film is so eager to stir us up that it thinks little of bending the facts for dramatic effect. Among its most egregious distortions is its depiction of Mr. Carter's 1964 middleweight title match with Joey Giardello. The movie (which has fine, naturalistic boxing sequences) inaccurately portrays the fight as lost by Carter solely because of the judges' racism.

The taking of such license, of course, adds an extra jolt of drama. But when these and other distortions and exaggerations are added up, it's worth wondering if that self-congratulatory glow the movie leaves us with has been gotten far too easily and at what cost."

Currently, the film has an 85% "Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes
Rotten Tomatoes

Rotten Tomatoes is a website devoted to reviews, information, and news of films. The name derives from the historical clich? of throwing tomatoes and other produce at stage performers if a performance was particularly bad....
, based on ninety-six film reviews.

Distribution

The premiere of the film was on September 17, 1999 at the Toronto Film Festival. It also was featured at the Berlin International Film Festival
Berlin International Film Festival

The Berlin International Film Festival , also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin, Germany....
 on February 17, 2000.

The film opened in wide release in the United States on December 29, 1999. The first week's gross was $384,640 (11 screens) and the total receipts for the run were $50,668,906. In its widest release the film was featured in 2,148 theaters. It closed the week of April 14, 2000. The motion picture was in circulation sixteen weeks.

Controversy

The film was criticized for misrepresenting many of the facts of Carter's life and the case itself, as documented in both his criminal and military records, and police reports and court documentation. Such critics include: Herald-News reporter Cal Deal; Larry Elder
Larry Elder

Laurence Allen "Larry" Elder is an United States radio and television personality. Although a Republican Party , his views align with libertarianism....
; Thomas Clough; Barbara Burns, the daughter of victim Hazel Tanis; George Kimball of The Irish Times
The Irish Times

The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet news paper launched in the late 1850s. The current editor is Geraldine Kennedy, who succeeded Conor Brady in 2002....
; Milan Simonich of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, also known simply as the "PG," is the largest daily newspaper serving Pittsburgh metropolitan area Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States....
; Lona Manning; The New York Times
The New York Times

The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
 reporter Robert Lipsyte; Paul Mulshine of The Newark Star-Ledger; and Jack Newfield of the New York Post
New York Post

The New York Post is the 13th-oldest newspaper published in the United States and generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continually as a daily, although -- like most other papers -- its publication has been interrupted by labor actions....
, who stated, "I knew Rubin Carter, attended his fights, covered his retrial and I didn't see much reality on the screen."

The New Yorker
The New Yorker

The New Yorker is an United States magazine that publishes reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. Starting as a weekly in the mid-1920s, the magazine is now published 47 times per year, with five of these issues covering two-week spans....
 film critic David Denby called it: "False, evasive and factually very thin - a liberal fairytale."

Various newspaper articles have suggested that the film's inaccuracy may well have cost Denzel Washington the Oscar.

Soundtrack


A soundtrack inspired by the film was released on January 11, 2000 on the MCA
MCA Records

MCA Records was an United States-based record label owned by MCA Inc., which later gave way to the larger MCA Music Entertainment Group , of which MCA Records was still part....
 label. The CD contains fourteen tracks including "Hurricane
Hurricane (song)

Hurricane is a protest song by Bob Dylan co-written with Jacques Levy, about the imprisonment of Rubin Carter. It compiles alleged acts of racism and profiling against Carter, which Dylan describes as leading to a false trial and conviction....
," by Bob Dylan, "Hard Times No One Knows", by Ray Charles
Ray Charles

Ray Charles Robinson , known by his stage name Ray Charles, was an United States pianist, singer, and songwriter who shaped the sound of rhythm and blues....
, "In the Basement" by Etta James
Etta James

Etta James is an American blues, soul music, rhythm and blues, rock & roll, gospel and jazz singer and songwriter. James is the winner of four Grammys and seventeen Blues Music Awards....
, "Isolation", by Meshell Ndegeocello, "Still I Rise", by Melky Sedeck
Melky Sedeck

Melky Sedeck is an Contemporary R&B hip hop music sibling duet of Haitian-American descent. The name of the group is drawn from the first names of singer Blandinna Melky Jean, and her multi-instrumentalist brother, Farel Sedeck Guerschom Jean....
, and others.

A CD of the original motion picture instrumental score was released on February 15, 2000 on the MCA label. The CD contains fifteen tracks and was composed by Christopher Young
Christopher Young

Christopher Young is an award-winning American music composer for film and television. Many of his works were for horror movies, including Hellraiser, Tales from the Hood, A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge and Urban Legend ....
. It also includes the song "So Amazing", by Boyz II Men
Boyz II Men

Boyz II Men is an Grammy Award-winning American Contemporary R&B/soul music singing group from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1988 as a quintet which originally included Marc Nelson, Boyz II Men found fame as a quartet, with the members being Nathan Morris, Michael McCary, Shawn Stockman, and Wanya Morris, on Motown Records during the...
.

Awards

Wins
  • Berlin International Film Festival
    Berlin International Film Festival

    The Berlin International Film Festival , also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin, Germany....
    : Prize of the Guild of German rt House Cinemas, Norman Jewison; Silver Berlin Bear, Best Actor, Denzel Washington' 2000.
  • Black Reel Awards
    Black Reel Awards

    The Black Reel Awards began in 2000 and were designed to annually recognize and celebrate the achievements of black people in feature, independent and television films....
    : Black Reel; Theatrical, Best Actor; Denzel Washington; 2000.
  • Golden Globes: Golden Globe; Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture, Drama; Denzel Washington; 2000.
  • Image Awards: Image Award; Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture, Denzel Washington; 2000.


Nominations
  • Academy Awards
    Academy Awards

    The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry, including directors, actors, and writers....
    : Oscar; Best Actor in a Leading Role; Denzel Washington; 2000.
  • Berlin International Film Festival
    Berlin International Film Festival

    The Berlin International Film Festival , also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin, Germany....
    : Golden Berlin Bear, Norman Jewison; 2000.
  • Blockbuster Entertainment Awards: Blockbuster Entertainment Award, Favorite Actor, Drama, Denzel Washington; 2000.
  • Chicago Film Critics Association
    Chicago Film Critics Association

    The Chicago Film Critics Association is an American film criticism association....
     Awards: CFCA Award; Best Actor; Denzel Washington; 2000.
  • Golden Globes: Golden Globe; Best Director, Motion Picture, Norman Jewison; Best Motion Picture - Drama; 2000.
  • Image Awards: Image Award; Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Debbi Morgan, Outstanding Motion Picture; 2000.
  • Political Film Society
    Political Film Society

    The Political Film Society is a nonprofit corporation that exists to recognize Hollywood political cinema' ability to raise awareness in political matters in the world....
    : PFS Award; Democracy, Exposé, Human Rights; 2001


External links