Background

Representation in the United States Congress is geographically based. Moreover, the Founders explicitly designed the House of Representatives to be an institution that reflects local and regional concerns. These inescapable facts, and the actual history and actions of Congress itself, led many prominent historians, political scientists and geographers to attempt to investigate congressional elections, roll call voting, and other characteristics and behavior in their spatial context. Two of the greatest hindrances to this type of research were the unavailability of historical congressional district boundary maps and historical congressional election maps. To fill this gap in American historical information, the National Endowment for the Humanities, in the late 1970s and 1980s, supported research which became two of the most important and award-winning reference books in American political history. These books provided researchers, teachers and students with an additional critical dimension for examining and understanding the American experience.

Content

Following publication of The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts: 1789-1983

The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts: 1789-1983

-Background:Representation in the United States Congress is geographically based. The Founders explicitly designed the House of Representatives to be an institution that reflects local and regional concerns...

in 1983, NEH supported research leading to publication of the The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress: 1789-1989, published by Macmillan in 1989.

Using the congressional district boundary maps from the first atlas as the base maps, this work was the first book in American history to map the political party winner for all congressional elections for every state and district from 1789. This mapping required the first systematic research project in American history to identify from a wide variety of sources the political affiliation or party membership at the time of each election of every individual who ever served in the United States Congress. Some 11,175 individuals served in the Senate and House between 1789 and 1986. For the House of Representatives alone this encompasses 31,302 initial elections. This work is not only the first specifically to identify each member and election with respect to political party affiliation, but it also supplies all the reference sources used in the identification. The data developed for this work is now considered the definitive source of political party affiliation of members of Congress by the official ‘'Biographical Directory of the United States Congress’’. The maps and data in this atlas provide not only a complete electoral and political party representation history of every individual who served in Congress, but they also give a complete historical representation profile of every city, county, and state in the United States. The Library Journal designated the political party atlas as one of the "Best Reference Books of 1989" and College and Research Libraries named it a "Selected Reference Book of 1989-90."

Library of Congress Exhibition

The spring of 1989 marked the 200th Anniversary of the meeting of the First Session of the First Congress. For a number of years the Library of Congress sought an appropriate exhibition celebrating the Bicentennial of Congress. At the suggestion of United States Senate Historian, Richard A. Baker

Richard A. Baker

Richard A. "Rick" Baker is an American special makeup effects artist known for his realistic creature effects.- Personal life :...

, and United States House of Representatives Historian, Raymond W. Smock, the Librarian of Congress and the House and Senate Bicentennial Commissions selected the election maps of ‘'The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress: 1789-1989’’ as the centerpiece of the exhibit. On February 8, 1989, this exhibit, "Tides of Party Politics: Two Centuries of Congressional Elections, 1789-1989" opened in the Madison Building of the Library of Congress and ran for six months. The exhibition was jointly curated by the “Atlas” author, Dr. Kenneth C. Martis

Kenneth C. Martis

Kenneth C. Martis is an American political geographer notable for his mapping and documentation of the electoral history of the United States. He is a professor in the Department of Geology and Geography at West Virginia University.-Early Life and Education:...

of West Virginia University, along with Dr. John R. Sellers of the Library’s Manuscript Division, and Ingrid M. Maar of the Exhibits Office.

The “Atlas” is currently out-of-print, but can be found in most major university and public libraries. The copyright is held by the author. In the 1990s the “Atlas” political affiliation/party identifications were put into digital form in a data base produced by the Voteview project.

External links

• http://www.geo.wvu.edu/~kmartis/
• http://www.vogtproductions.com/projects/libc/index.html
• http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/cdocuments/hd108-222/intro.pdf
• http://www.voteview.com/icpsr.htm