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Terminalia (plant)
Encyclopedia
Terminalia is a genus
of large trees of the flowering plant
family Combretaceae
, comprising around 100 species
distributed in tropical region
s of the world. This genus gets it name from Latin
terminus, referring to the fact that the leaves appear at the very tips of the shoots.
Trees of this genus are known especially as a source of secondary metabolite
s, e.g. cyclic triterpene
s and their derivatives, flavonoid
s, tannin
s, and other aromatics. Some of these substances have antifungal, antibacterial, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective indications.
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Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of large trees of the flowering plant
Flowering plant
The flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
family Combretaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Myrtales. The family includes about 600 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas in 18 genera. The family includes the leadwood tree, Combretum imberbe. Three genera, Conocarpus, Laguncularia and Lumnitzera, grow in mangrove habitats ....
, comprising around 100 species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
distributed in tropical region
Tropics
The tropics is a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator. It is limited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere at S; these latitudes correspond to the axial tilt of the Earth...
s of the world. This genus gets it name from Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
terminus, referring to the fact that the leaves appear at the very tips of the shoots.
Trees of this genus are known especially as a source of secondary metabolite
Metabolite
Metabolites are the intermediates and products of metabolism. The term metabolite is usually restricted to small molecules. A primary metabolite is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction. Alcohol is an example of a primary metabolite produced in large-scale by industrial...
s, e.g. cyclic triterpene
Triterpene
Triterpenes are terpenes consisting of six isoprene units and have the molecular formula C30H48.The pentacyclic triterpenes can be classified into lupane, oleanane or ursane groups.Animal- and plant-derived triterpenes exist, such as:*squalene...
s and their derivatives, flavonoid
Flavonoid
Flavonoids , are a class of plant secondary metabolites....
s, tannin
Tannin
A tannin is an astringent, bitter plant polyphenolic compound that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.The term tannin refers to the use of...
s, and other aromatics. Some of these substances have antifungal, antibacterial, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective indications.
Selected species
- Terminalia acuminataTerminalia acuminataTerminalia acuminata was a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It was endemic to Brazil.-Source:* Silva, N.M.F. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(Fr. Allem.) Eichl. - Terminalia altissima – White afara
- Terminalia amazonia (J.F.Gmel.) Exell (T. hayesii, Chuncoa amazonia) – White Olive
- Terminalia arbusculaTerminalia arbusculaTerminalia arbuscula is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to Jamaica. It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...
Sw. - Terminalia archipelagiTerminalia archipelagiTerminalia archipelagi is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea. It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:* Eddowes, P.J. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Coode - Terminalia arenicola Byrnes
- Terminalia argentea Mart.
- Terminalia arjunaTerminalia arjunaTerminalia arjuna is a tree of the genus Terminalia.-Description:...
(Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. (Pentaptera arjuna, Pentaptera glabra) – Arjuna, Koha, White Marudah - Terminalia australisTerminalia australisTerminalia australis Cambess is a South American species of large shrub or tree, which reaches up to 12 m in height and 40 cm in diameter...
Cambess – Palo amarillo, Tanimbú - Terminalia avicennioidesTerminalia avicennioidesTerminalia avicennioides is a tree species in the genus Terminalia found in West Africa.Castalagin and Flavogallonic acid dilactone are hydrolysable tannins found in T. avicennoides.-See also:...
- Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Myrobalanus bellirica) – belericBelericBeleric, also known as the bastard myrobalan, Terminalia bellirica Roxb. , is a large deciduous tree common on plains and lower hills in Southeast Asia, where it is also grown as an avenue tree. The basionym is Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn. . William Roxburgh transferred M...
- Terminalia bentzoe (L.) L. f. (=T. angustifolia, T. bentzoin, T. mauritiana)
- Terminalia bialata (Roxb.) Steud. – Indian Silver Greywood, Silver Greywood
- Terminalia brachystemma
- Terminalia brassii Exell
- Terminalia brownii Fresen.
- Terminalia bucidoidesTerminalia bucidoidesTerminalia bucidoides is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is found in Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.-References:* Nelson, C. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Standley & L.O.Williams - Terminalia buceras (Bucida buceras) – Black olive
- Terminalia bursarina – Bendee
- Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe
- Terminalia catappaTerminalia catappaTerminalia catappa is a large tropical tree in the Leadwood tree family, Combretaceae. The tree has been spread widely by humans and the native range is uncertain. It has long been naturalised in a broad belt extending from Africa to Northern Australia and New Guinea through Southeast Asia and...
L. – Indian almond, Tropical almond, Umbrella tree - Terminalia chebulaTerminalia chebulaTerminalia chebula is a species of Terminalia, native to southern Asia from India and Nepal east to southwestern China , and south to Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Vietnam.It is a deciduous tree growing to tall, with a trunk up to in diameter...
Retz. (T. reticulata) – Black Myrobalan, Chebulic Myrobalan, Inknut - Terminalia cherrieriTerminalia cherrieriTerminalia cherrieri is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to New Caledonia. It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:* Jaffré, T. et al. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
McKee - Terminalia ciliata
- Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex Fleming (=T. arborea)
- Terminalia corticosa (T. mucronata)
- Terminalia eddowesiiTerminalia eddowesiiTerminalia eddowesii is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Eddowes, P.J. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Coode - Terminalia ellipticaTerminalia ellipticaTerminalia elliptica is a species of Terminalia native to southern and southeast Asia in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam...
Willd. (T. alata, T. tomentosa) – Indian-laurel - Terminalia eriostachyaTerminalia eriostachyaThe Black Mastic is a species of flowering tree in the leadwood family, Combretaceae. It is endemic to Cuba and the Cayman Islands. It is threatened by habitat loss....
A.Rich. - Terminalia foetidissima Griff. (T. ovocarpa)
- Terminalia franchetii Gagnep. (T. triptera)
- Terminalia glabrescens
- Terminalia glaucifolia
- Terminalia hararensisTerminalia hararensisTerminalia hararensis is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to Ethiopia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Engl. ex Diels - Terminalia hecistocarpaTerminalia hecistocarpaTerminalia hecistocarpa is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to Ethiopia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Engl. ex Diels - Terminalia intermediaTerminalia intermediaTerminalia intermedia is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to Cuba. It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:* Areces-Mallea, A.E. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
(A.Rich.) Urban - Terminalia ivorensisTerminalia ivorensisTerminalia ivorensis is a species of tree in the Combretaceae family. It is found in Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. It is threatened by habitat loss.The wood, used as lumber, has a density of about 560kg per cubic meter....
A.Chev. – Idigbo, Black Afara, Blackbark, Brimstone Wood, Shingle Wood - Terminalia januariensisTerminalia januariensisTerminalia januariensis is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to Brazil. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Silva, N.M.F. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
DC. - Terminalia kaernbachii Warb. (T. okari) – okari nut
- Terminalia kangeanensisTerminalia kangeanensisTerminalia kangeanensis is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Slooten - Terminalia kuhlmanniiTerminalia kuhlmanniiTerminalia kuhlmannii is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to Brazil. It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:* Silva, N.M.F. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Alwan & Stace - Terminalia latifoliaTerminalia latifoliaTerminalia latifolia is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is found in Guatemala and Jamaica.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Sw. - Terminalia latipes Benth.
- Terminalia latipes subsp. psilocarpa Pedley (=T. ferdinandiana) – Kakadu plum
- Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr.
- Terminalia mantaly – Madagascar almond
- Terminalia microcarpa Decne. (=T. edulis)
- Terminalia muelleri
- Terminalia myriocarpa
- Terminalia nitensTerminalia nitensTerminalia nitens is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is found in Japan and the Philippines. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
C.Presl - Terminalia novocaledonicaTerminalia novocaledonicaTerminalia novocaledonica is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to New Caledonia.-Source:* Jaffré, T. et al. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Däniker - Terminalia oblonga (Ruiz & Pav.) Steud.
- Terminalia oblongata F.Muell.
- Terminalia oblongata subsp. volucris (R.Br. ex Benth.) Pedley (=T. volucris) – Rosewood
- Terminalia obovata
- Terminalia oliveri
- Terminalia paniculataTerminalia paniculataTerminalia paniculata is a tree native to southwest India . Known in the timber trade as kindal, it has a variety of names in local languages....
Brandis - Terminalia parvifloraTerminalia parvifloraTerminalia parviflora is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Thwaites - Terminalia pellucidaTerminalia pellucidaTerminalia pellucida is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to the Philippines. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
C.Presl - Terminalia phanerophlebia Engl. & Diels
- Terminalia phellocarpa
- Terminalia porphyrocarpaTerminalia porphyrocarpaTerminalia porphyrocarpa is a species of tree native to dry rainforests of Northeastern Australia and Papua New Guinea....
- Terminalia procera Roxb. (=T. copelandii Elmer)
- Terminalia prunioides M.A.Lawson – Purple pod terminalia
- Terminalia reitziiTerminalia reitziiTerminalia reitzii is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to Brazil. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Silva, N.M.F. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Excell - Terminalia rereiTerminalia rereiTerminalia rerei is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to the Solomon Islands. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Eddowes, P.J. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
Coode - Terminalia richii A.Gray
- Terminalia saffordii Merr.
- Terminalia schimperianaTerminalia schimperianaTerminalia schimperiana is a species of Terminalia, native to tropical Africa from Guinea and Sierra Leone east to Uganda and Ethiopia.-Growth:...
Hochst. - Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. – Silver terminalia
- Terminalia seriocarpa – Damson
- Terminalia subspathulata
- Terminalia superbaTerminalia superbaTerminalia superba is a large tree in the family Combretaceae, native to tropical western Africa....
Engl. & Diels – Limba - Terminalia triflora (Griseb.) Lillo
- Terminalia trifoliata Spreng.
- Terminalia tripteroides Craib
Formerly placed here
- Bucida molinetii (M.Gómez) Alwan & Stace (as T. molinetii M.Gómez)
- Combretum erythrophyllumCombretum erythrophyllumA large tree found in the bush along the river banks in southern Africa.- Common names : ; ; ;River combretum, River Bushwillow.C. glomeruliflorum-Description:...
(Burch.) Sond. (as T. erythrophylla Burch.)