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Temmu (period)

Temmu (period)

Overview
The years of Emperor Temmu's reign or the Temmu period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year
Year
A year is the amount of time it takes the Earth to make one revolution around the Sun...

 name). The nengō system which was introduced in reign of Emperor Kotoku was abandoned at the end of his reign, and the era name was not updated for a quite some time.
For further discussion, see Talk:Japanese era name.


During the years after Emperor Kōtoku, the reigning sovereigns was initially Saimei-tennō (斉明天皇), then Tenji
Emperor Tenji
Emperor Tenji , also known as Emperor Tenchi was the 38th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession...

-tennō (天智天皇), then Kōbun
Emperor Kobun
, also known as Prince Ōtomo was the 39th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession...

-tennō (弘文天皇), and then Temmu
Emperor Temmu
was the 40th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from 672 until his death in 686.-Genealogy:...

-tennō (天武天皇).
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Encyclopedia
The years of Emperor Temmu's reign or the Temmu period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year
Year
A year is the amount of time it takes the Earth to make one revolution around the Sun...

 name). The nengō system which was introduced in reign of Emperor Kotoku was abandoned at the end of his reign, and the era name was not updated for a quite some time.
For further discussion, see Talk:Japanese era name.


During the years after Emperor Kōtoku, the reigning sovereigns was initially Saimei-tennō (斉明天皇), then Tenji
Emperor Tenji
Emperor Tenji , also known as Emperor Tenchi was the 38th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession...

-tennō (天智天皇), then Kōbun
Emperor Kobun
, also known as Prince Ōtomo was the 39th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession...

-tennō (弘文天皇), and then Temmu
Emperor Temmu
was the 40th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from 672 until his death in 686.-Genealogy:...

-tennō (天武天皇). The first year of Emperor Temmu's rule (天武天皇元年; 673
673
-Europe:* Hlothhere becomes king of Kent.* The city of Ely, England is founded. The Monastery is founded by Æthelthryth. At around this time a small Nunnery was also founded in her name in Stow Green.-Asia:...

) could be arguably abbreviated as "the first year of Temmu" (天武元年; 673
673
-Europe:* Hlothhere becomes king of Kent.* The city of Ely, England is founded. The Monastery is founded by Æthelthryth. At around this time a small Nunnery was also founded in her name in Stow Green.-Asia:...

), but this is nowhere understood as a true nengō. The reigns of Japanese emperors and empresses are not nengō, nor were the two considered to be the same until Meiji came on the scene.

References to the emperors who ruled during this period are properly written as, for example,
  • "the 3rd year of Temmu" (天武天皇3年), and
  • not "Temmu 3" (天武3年).

Nengō were abolished during the interregnum years between Hakuchi and Shuchō, and again between Shuchō and Taihō.
  • The commonly accepted pre-Tahiō nengō are:
  • Taika: 645.6.19–650.2.15
  • Hakuchi: 650.2.15–654.10.?
    • GAP/interregnum
  • Shuchō: 686.7.20–686.9.?
    • GAP/interregnum
  • Taihō: 701.3.21–704.5.10

Non-nengō period

  • 1st year of Temmu's reign (天武天皇元年; 673
    673
    -Europe:* Hlothhere becomes king of Kent.* The city of Ely, England is founded. The Monastery is founded by Æthelthryth. At around this time a small Nunnery was also founded in her name in Stow Green.-Asia:...

    ): A new period is marked by the beginning of the reign of Emperor Temmu, but the end of the previous nengō Hakuchi 6 (654
    654
    -Europe:* Rhodes is invaded by an Arab force; remains of the Colossus of Rhodes are sold off.* King Reccaswinth issues a Visigothic law code.-Asia:* Nakatomi no Kamatari of Japan is granted the Shikwan ....

    ) does not imply the commencement of a new nengō in the succeeding reigns.

Events of Temmu period

  • 1st year of Temmu's reign (673
    673
    -Europe:* Hlothhere becomes king of Kent.* The city of Ely, England is founded. The Monastery is founded by Æthelthryth. At around this time a small Nunnery was also founded in her name in Stow Green.-Asia:...

    ): Emperor Tenji dies; and his son, Ō-ama-shinnō (later to become Emperor Temmu), declines to receive the succession (‘‘senso’’). Shortly thereafter, his older brother, Ōtomo (posthumously known as Emperor Kōbun after 1870), formally accedes to the throne (‘‘sokui’’). Anticipating trouble will foment around his brother, Emperor Kōbun leads an army against his brother. The forces defending against Kōbun's attack are ultimately successful, and belatedly, the son whom Emperor Tenji had designated heir accepts senso and sokui. Some sources describe Temmu as an usurper, but however he may have been described in his day or ours, his eventual accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne
    Chrysanthemum Throne
    The Chrysanthemum Throne is the English term used to identify the throne of the Emperor of Japan. The term can refer to very specific seating, as in the raised thrones constructed in the Shishin-den for Emperor Shōwa and Empress Kōjun on November 10, 1928...

     is undisputed.

Further reading

  • Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō
    Gukansho
    is a historical and literary work about the history of Japan. Seven volumes in length, it was composed by Buddhist priest Jien of the Tendai sect c. 1220....

    ; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida.
    Berkeley: University of California Press
    University of California Press
    University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish books and papers for the faculty of the University of California, established 25 years earlier in 1868...

    . ISBN 0-520-03460-0
  • Titsingh
    Isaac Titsingh
    Isaac Titsingh FRS was a Dutch surgeon, scholar, merchant-trader and ambassador. During a long career in East Asia, Titsingh was a senior official of the Dutch East India Company...

    , Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō
    Hayashi Gaho
    Hayashi Gahō , also known as Hayashi Shunsai, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar, teacher and administrator in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa bakufu during the Edo period...

     (1652)]. Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth
    Julius Klaproth
    Julius Heinrich Klaproth , German linguist, historian, ethnographer, author, Orientalist and explorer. As scholar, he is credited along with Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, with being instrumental in turning East Asian Studies into scientific disciplines with critical methods.-Chronology:Klaproth was...

    .
    Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland
    Royal Asiatic Society
    The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland was, according to its Royal Charter of 11 August 1824, established to further "the investigation of subjects connected with and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia." From its incorporation the Society...

    .--Two digitized examples of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006. Click here to read the original text in French.
  • Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chitafusa, 1359], Jinnō Shōtōki
    Jinno Shotoki
    is a Japanese historical book written by Kitabatake Chikafusa , a court noble in the Nanboku-chō period. The work sought both to clarify the genesis and consequences of a complicated period and to ameliorate or dispel the prevailing disorder....

     ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).
    New York: Columbia University Press
    Columbia University Press
    Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. It is currently directed by James D. Jordan and publishes titles in the humanities and sciences, including the fields of literary and cultural studies, history, social work, sociology,...

    . ISBN 0-231-04940-4

External links



Temmu period 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 12th 13th 14th 15th
Gregorian
Gregorian calendar
The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas...

 
673
673
-Europe:* Hlothhere becomes king of Kent.* The city of Ely, England is founded. The Monastery is founded by Æthelthryth. At around this time a small Nunnery was also founded in her name in Stow Green.-Asia:...

 
674
674
__NoTOC__674 was a year of the 7th century.-Asia:* In Korea, Anapji was constructed by order of King Munmu.* November 12—In Japan, Princess Oku proceeds to the Ise Jingu.-Europe:...

 
675
675
-Europe:* Æthelred succeeds his brother Wulfhere as king of Mercia* Frithuwold of Surrey is baptised and so is his son; Surrey becomes Christian.-Asia:* The twenty-five-year-old Wang Bo writes the classic "Tengwang Ge Xu" to celebrate the Tengwang Pavilion....

 
676
676
676 was a leap year of the 7th century.-Asia:* In Japan, Emperor Temmu promulgate a decree about taxes from fiefs and the employment of persons for the service from the outer provinces...

 
677
677
-Europe:* Last of the Onogur tribes fleeing Khazars in the Ukraine come to Hrpad in Pannonia and the area becomes known as Hungary .-Byzantine Empire:* Battle of Syllaeum: An Arab fleet is destroyed by the Byzantines.-Asia:...

678
678
-Asia:* April 27—Japanese Emperor Temmu holds divination for the purpose of proceeding to the Abstinence-palace.* May 3—When the Japanese Emperor and the officers are about to leave for the Abstinence-palace at the hour of sunrise, Princess Tōchi suddenly takes ill and dies within the Palace. For...

 
679
679
679 was a year of the 7th century.-Deaths:* Æthelthryth, wife of King Ecgfrith of Northumbria, and later saint* Cenn Fáelad mac Aillila, Irish dynast and scholar* Dai Zhide* Xu Yushi...

 
680
680
680 was a leap year of the 7th century.-Europe:* The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria.* Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace.* Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the Visigoths....

 
681
681
-Byzantine Empire:* The Bulgars under Asparukh win the war with the Byzantine Empire; the latter signs a peace treaty, which is considered as the birth-date of Bulgaria.-Caucasus and the Middle East:...

 
682
682
-Asia:* Due to a culmination of major droughts, floods, locust plagues, and epidemics, a widespread famine breaks out in the dual Chinese capital cities of Chang'an and Luoyang...

 
683
683
-Americas:* The reign of Pacal the Great, ruler of Maya state of Palenque, comes to an end.-Asia:* The Umayyad caliph Yazid I is succeeded by Muawiya II ibn Yazid .* In Japan, Prince Ōtsu for the first time attends to matters of State....

 
684
684
-Asia:* Wu Ze Tian takes power in China.* The Ummayad caliph Muawiya II is succeeded by Marwan I.* September 7—A large comet is observed in Japan ....

685
685
- Byzantine Empire :* Justinian II succeeds Constantine IV as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.* Having defeated Avars in Srem, Tervel's uncle leads Hungarian Bulgar Sermisianoi migrating to Keramissian plain in Macedonia.- Europe :...

 
686
686
- Europe :* The Kingdom of Kent is attacked and conquered by West Saxons under Caedwalla.Caedwalla exterminates the Jutes of the Isle of Wight and kills King Arwald.- Asia :* October 1—Emperor Temmu of Japan dies. Empress Jitō ascends to the throne of Japan....





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