Tapiche Ohara's Reserve
Encyclopedia
(Peru:
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....

 Tapiche District
Tapiche District
Tapiche District is one of eleven districts of the province Requena in Peru.-References:...

, Requena Province
Requena Province
The Requena Province is one of the seven provinces in the Loreto Region of Peru. It was created by Law No. 9815 on July 2, 1943 by president Manuel Prado Ugarteche...

, Loreto Region
Loreto Region
Loreto is Peru's northernmost region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest region and also one of the most sparsely populated ones, due to its remote location in the Amazon Rainforest...

)
The 1,540 hectare Reserve, accessible only by waterway, is located 340 km up river from Iquitos
Iquitos
Iquitos is the largest city in the Peruvian rainforest, with a population of 370,962. It is the capital of Loreto Region and Maynas Province.Located on the Amazon River, it is only above sea level, although it is more than from the mouth of the Amazon at Belém on the Atlantic Ocean...

 on the Tapiche River. The Reserve comprises several types of lowland Amazonian forests, including igapo
Freshwater swamp forest
Freshwater swamp forests, or flooded forests, are forests which are inundated with freshwater, either permanently or seasonally. They normally occur along the lower reaches of rivers and around freshwater lakes...

, varzea, and terra firme. The Reserve represents one of the few areas in the Amazon basin where these forest types can be found in close proximity. The Reserve spans both sides of the Tapiche River east of the Ucayali River; and is home to different endangered species such as the Jaguar
Jaguar
The jaguar is a big cat, a feline in the Panthera genus, and is the only Panthera species found in the Americas. The jaguar is the third-largest feline after the tiger and the lion, and the largest in the Western Hemisphere. The jaguar's present range extends from Southern United States and Mexico...

 (Panthera onca), Bald Uakari
Bald Uakari
The bald uakari or bald-headed uakari is a small New World monkey with a very short tail, red face, a bald head, and long coat...

 (Cacajao calvus), Giant Armadillo
Giant Armadillo
The giant armadillo , colloquially tatou, ocarro, tatu-canastra or tatú carreta, is the largest living species of armadillo...

 (Priodontes maximus), the Tapir
Brazilian Tapir
The South American Tapir , or Brazilian Tapir or Lowland Tapir or Anta, is one of four species in the tapir family, along with the Mountain Tapir, the Malayan Tapir, and Baird's Tapir...

 (Tapirus terrestris), the Amazonian Manatee
Amazonian Manatee
The Amazonian Manatee is a species of manatee that lives in the freshwater habitats of the Amazon basin. They are found in Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana and Venezuela. Amazonian manatees are aquatic animals of the Sirenia order and are also known as "seacows". Their colour is grey but...

 (Trichechus inunguis), Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja), Cedar
Cedrela odorata
Cedrela odorata . The genus Cedrela has undergone two major systematic revisions since 1960. The most recent revision reduced the number of species in the genus to seven . The common cedro, Cedrela odorata L., embraces 28 other named species, including C. mexicana M. J...

 (Cedrela odorata), Mahogany
Swietenia macrophylla
Swietenia macrophylla, commonly known as big leaf mahogany, is a species of plant in the Meliaceae family. It is one of two species that yields genuine mahogany timber, the other being Swietenia mahagoni....

 (Swietenia macrophylla) and others. Inside the Reserve, there are bodies of water and swamps including lakes, canals, oxbows
Oxbow lake
An oxbow lake is a U-shaped body of water formed when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off to create a lake. This landform is called an oxbow lake for the distinctive curved shape, named after part of a yoke for oxen. In Australia, an oxbow lake is called a billabong, derived...

, aguajales, and restinga
Restinga
Restinga is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 6,188 and the area is 246.37 km². The elevation is 910 m....

s. It has annual temperatures ranging from 25°C (77°F) to 33°C (91°F) and an annual rain fall of about 3 meters, permitting an immense variety of species to thrive in the area. A land survey and rapid species inventory of Tapiche Ohara’s Reserve was performed in 2011. The species inventory is reproduced below in table format. The operators of the Reserve have an application pending with the Peruvian government for designation of the Reserve as a Private Conservation Area (PCA).

Location

The Reserve's UTM Coordinates encompass 612584 East, 9377137 North; elevation 356 feet. Download Google Earth file to see the GPS trace from Iquitos to the Reserve One can depart from ports in Iquitos
Iquitos
Iquitos is the largest city in the Peruvian rainforest, with a population of 370,962. It is the capital of Loreto Region and Maynas Province.Located on the Amazon River, it is only above sea level, although it is more than from the mouth of the Amazon at Belém on the Atlantic Ocean...

 or Nauta
Nauta
Nauta is a bustling small town situated in the northeastern area of the Peruvian Amazon roughly 100 km south of the Province's capital, Iquitos...

. Departure from either of these ports will take you to Requena
Requena, Loreto
Requena is a town in the Loreto Region in northeastern Peru. It is the capital of both Requena Province and Requena District and has a population of 16,195 ....

, which is the last public port where gasoline and supplies can be purchased. Travel by water from Iquitos to Requena includes navigating up the Amazon
Amazon River
The Amazon of South America is the second longest river in the world and by far the largest by waterflow with an average discharge greater than the next seven largest rivers combined...

 and Ucayali Rivers. With a 25 hp motor boat, the trip takes 6 hours. With a slower, larger vessel (cargo), this trip takes 16 hours. From Nauta to Requena by water, one takes the Marañón River
Marañón River
The Marañón River rises about 160 km to the northeast of Lima, Peru, flows through a deeply-eroded Andean valley in a northwesterly direction, along the eastern base of the Cordillera of the Andes, as far as 5 degrees 36' southern latitude; then it makes a great bend to the northeast, and...

 briefly to the Amazon River and then the Ucayali River. This trip takes 4 hours in a 25 hp motor boat. From Requena to Tapiche Ohara’s Reserve, one must travel by private or rental boat up the Tapiche River. In a 25 hp motor boat, the trip takes 5 hours. An alternative to boat travel is to take a flight from Iquitos to the Reserve in a seaplane. There is a private plane in Iquitos available for rental.

Hydrography

The Reserve is located in the Tapiche River basin, the main tributary of the Ucayali River. Coming down from the eastern sub-Andean foothills of Sierra de Moa, the Tapiche River originates near the Peruvian border with Brazil. The Blanco and Umaita Rivers empty into the Tapiche River in the basin area. Other tributaries are the Contea, Capanahua, and Lamayacu Rivers. The Tapiche River is regarded as a "black water" river because of its dark sepia waters. Possessing little material in suspension, its color comes from the decomposition of organic material forming humic and fulvic acids.
Humic acid
Humic acid is a principal component of humic substances, which are the major organic constituents of soil , peat, coal, many upland streams, dystrophic lakes, and ocean water. It is produced by biodegradation of dead organic matter...

 These waters are acidic, with pH around 4.0 and a temperature from 24°C (75°F) to 32.0°C (90°F). The Tapiche River has a strictly sub-Andean and origin, which eliminates a direct relationship with rainfall in the mountains. Within the Reserve there are small bodies of water (oxbows, channels, meander
Meander
A meander in general is a bend in a sinuous watercourse. A meander is formed when the moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its valley. A stream of any volume may assume a meandering course, alternately eroding sediments from the outside of a bend and depositing them on the...

s, and lakes) that communicate with each other and with the Tapiche River. Channels that connect curved river-bends create navigable shortcuts during flooded season. The largest internal body of water is called Quebrada Chambiria. Quebrada Chambiria has little flow which creates habitat for a host of species.

Weather

The climate is warm and wet with mean annual temperatures between 25°C (77°F) and 33°C (91°F) and relative humidity of 78% to 96%. Between October and May (rainy season) there is tropical rainfall. The average annual precipitation is 3 meters. During the months of June or July a particular weather phenomenon called a “cold spell” occurs in the region. The cold spell is related to penetration of air masses coming from the southern polar latitudes and entering the South American tropics shortly after reaching Southeast Brazil. This cold spell lasts about 2–4 days, where temperatures can reach 13°C (55°F).

Terrain

The Tapiche River basin in the area of the Reserve exhibits a landscape containing alluvial plain
Alluvial plain
An alluvial plain is a relatively flat landform created by the deposition of sediment over a long period of time by one or more rivers coming from highland regions, from which alluvial soil forms...

s and associated floodplain
Floodplain
A floodplain, or flood plain, is a flat or nearly flat land adjacent a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge...

s. The floodplains of the alluvial landscape encompass swamp
Swamp
A swamp is a wetland with some flooding of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water. A swamp generally has a large number of hammocks, or dry-land protrusions, covered by aquatic vegetation, or vegetation that tolerates periodical inundation. The two main types of swamp are "true" or swamp...

s or aguajales; while the non-flooded plains appear as undulating terraces. There are hilly landscapes within the Reserve which appear as gently sloping lowland terrain. Swamps have developed on flat land and in depressions formed by fibric histosol soils
Histosol
In both the FAO soil classification and the USA soil taxonomy, a histosol is a soil consisting primarily of organic materials. They are defined as having or more of organic soil material in the upper . Organic soil material has an organic carbon content of 12 to 18 percent, or more, depending on...

 with pH values varying between 3.5 and 5. In these swamps, there are four representative botanical families, including: Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 40 genera and over 1000 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates...

, Fabaceae
Fabaceae
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, is a large and economically important family of flowering plants. The group is the third largest land plant family, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with 730 genera and over 19,400 species...

, Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae, also called the custard apple familyis a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs or rarely lianas.With about 2300 to 2500 species and more than 130 genera,...

 and Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Arecaceae or Palmae , are a family of flowering plants, the only family in the monocot order Arecales. There are roughly 202 currently known genera with around 2600 species, most of which are restricted to tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates...

. Also found are Catahua (Hura crepitans), Strangler Fig
Strangler Fig
Strangler fig is the common name for a number of tropical and subtropical plant species, including some banyans and unrelated vines, including among many other species:* Ficus aurea, also known as the Florida Strangler Fig...

 (Ficus sp.), Machimango
Eschweilera
Eschweilera is a genus of woody plant in the Lecythidaceae family.It contains the following species:* Eschweilera alvimii* Eschweilera amazonicaformis* Eschweilera amplexifolia* Eschweilera atropetiolata* Eschweilera baguensis...

(Eschweilera sp.), and Caupuri
Virola pavonis
Virola pavonis is a species of tree in the Myristicaceae family. It is found in Brazil , Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.The tree grows to a height of about 15-30m tall.-Fruit & Flowers:...

 (Virola pavonis), Aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa), Shapaja (Attalea phalerata), Cashapona
Socratea exorrhiza
Socratea exorrhiza, the Walking Palm or Cashapona, is a palm native to rainforests in tropical Central and South America. It can grow to 25 meters in height, with a stem diameter of up to 17 cm. It has unusual stilt roots, the function of which has been debated. Many species of epiphyte have...

 (Socratea exorrhiza), Renaco (Ficus trigona), Espintana (Oxandra espintana) and Huimba (Pachira aquatica
Pachira aquatica
Pachira aquatica is a tropical wetland tree of the genus Pachira, native to Central and South America where it grows in swamps. It is known by the common names Malabar chestnut, Guiana chestnut, provision tree, saba nut, Monguba , Pumpo and is commercially sold under the name money tree and money...

).

Aquatic Ecosystems

The Reserve houses ecosystems formed by conditions that create microhabitats. The ecosystems present on the Reserve encompass cochas and tahuampas. Primary plant species found in these aquatic ecosystems are species belonging to the family Poaceae
Poaceae
The Poaceae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called grasses, although the term "grass" is also applied to plants that are not in the Poaceae lineage, including the rushes and sedges...

; especially the Gramalote blanco (Paspalum fasciculatum) and others of the genus Echinochloa and Paspalum. Also present is Caña brava
Gynerium sagittatum
Gynerium sagittatum, known locally by various common names, is a tall grass that grows up to five meters long. It is a very vigorous species that grows into a considerably dense mass of vegetation. It is harvested as a semi-crop in some localities to be distributed commercially, mainly in Latin...

 (Gynerium sagittatum), Water hyacinth (putu putu)
Eichhornia crassipes
Eichhornia crassipes, commonly known as Common Water Hyacinth, is an aquatic plant native to the Amazon basin, and is often considered a highly problematic invasive species outside its native range.-Ecology:...

 (Eichhornia crassipes), and Huama (Pistia stratiotes).

Table of Flora (2011)

Scientific Name Family Peruvian Name Use
Abuta grandifolia
Abuta
Abuta is a genus in the flowering plant family Menispermaceae, of about 32 species, native to tropical Central and South America.-Description:...

Menispermaceae Abuta medicine (roots, bark, leaves)
Alchornea castaneifolia
Alchornea castaneifolia
Alchornea castaneifolia Alchornea castaneifolia Alchornea castaneifolia (Iporuru, Iporoni, Iporuro, Ipururo, Ipurosa, Macochihua, Niando, Pajaro; syn. Hermesia castaneifolia Humb. & Bonpl...

Euphorbiaceae Ipururo medicine (roots, bark, leaves)
Aniba williamsii
Aniba
Aniba is an american neotropical flowering plant genus in the family Lauraceae. They are present in low and mountain cloud forest in Caribbean islands, Central America, and norther to central South America.- Description :...

Lauraceae Moena amarilla wood
Annona muricata
Annona muricata
Annona muricata is a member of the family of Custard apple trees called Annonaceae and a species of the genus Annona known mostly for its edible fruits Anona. Annona muricata produces fruits that are usually called Soursop due to its slightly acidic taste when ripe. A...

Annonaceae Guanábana food (fruit), medicine (bark, roots, leaves)
Apeiba membranácea
Apeiba
Apeiba is a genus of flowering plant in the Malvaceae family.Species include:*Apeiba albiflora* Apeiba intermedia*Apeiba tibourbou...

Tiliaceae Peine de mono animal food, fuel, seed oil
Aspidosperma rigidum
Aspidosperma
Aspidosperma is a genus of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae.Species include:*Aspidosperma curranii*Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon*Aspidosperma darienense*Aspidosperma dasycarpon*Aspidosperma discolor...

Apocynaceae Remocaspi de bajial wood, tools
Astrocaryum chambira
Astrocaryum chambira
Astrocaryum chambira is a palm native to Amazon Rainforest vegetation in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. This plant which has edible endosperm and fruit. It has a commercial value because it has excellent fibers which may be used for bags, hammocks, ropes, string instruments, and many...

Arecaceae Chambira food, medicine, crafts
Astrocaryum jauari
Astrocaryum jauari
Astrocaryum jauari is the most frequently encountered palm native to Amazon Rainforest vegetation in the floodplains of the Rio Negro, in Brazil. Its fruits are edible. This plant has further commercial value because it may be used in the production of heart of palm.-External links:...

Arecaceae Huiririma, Chambirilla wood, food, crafts
Astrocaryum javarense Arecaceae Huicungo animal food, crafts
Attalea butyracea Arecaceae Shebon wood, thatching, animal food, crafts
Attalea phalerata
Attalea (genus)
Attalea is a large genus of palms native to Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America. This pinnately leaved, non-spiny genus includes both small palms lacking an aboveground stem and large trees. The genus has a complicated taxonomic history, and has often been split into four or five...

Arecaceae Shapaja thatching, food, crafts
Bactris concinna Arecaceae Ñejilla, Chontilla wood, food, crafts
Bactris gasipaes
Bactris gasipaes
Bactris gasipaes is a species of palm native to the tropical forests of South and Central America.There are numerous common names for this plant in several languages and many countries...

Arecaceae Mansoa wood, food, medicine (root), dyes
Bactris maraja Arecacea Ñeja, Ñejilla, Chontilla crafts
Bactris simplisifrons
Bactris
Bactris is a genus of about 240 species in the palm family, Arecaceae, native to Central and South America, and the Caribbean. They are trees growing to 4-20 m tall. The leaves are up to 5 m long, and pinnate with numerous leaflets...

Arecaceae Ñejilla, Chontilla tools
Banisteriopsis caapi
Banisteriopsis caapi
Banisteriopsis caapi, also known as Ayahuasca, Caapi or Yage, is a South American jungle vine of the family Malpighiaceae. It is used to prepare Ayahuasca, a decoction that has a long history of entheogenic uses as a medicine and "plant teacher" among the indigenous peoples of the Amazon Rainforest...

Malpighiceae Ayahuasca
Ayahuasca
Ayahuasca is any of various psychoactive infusions or decoctions prepared from the Banisteriopsis spp. vine, usually mixed with the leaves of dimethyltryptamine-containing species of shrubs from the Psychotria genus...

medicine
Bixa orellana Bixaceae Achiote medicine, animal food, dyes
Brosimum acutifolium
Brosimum
Brosimum is a genus of plants in the mulberry family, Moraceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas.The Breadnut was used by the Maya civilization for its edible nut. The dense vividly colored scarlet wood of Satine Bloodwood is used for decorative woodworking...

Moraceae Mururé medicine (resin, bark)
Brosimum rubescens
Brosimum
Brosimum is a genus of plants in the mulberry family, Moraceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas.The Breadnut was used by the Maya civilization for its edible nut. The dense vividly colored scarlet wood of Satine Bloodwood is used for decorative woodworking...

Moraceae Palisangre wood, animal food, medicine (bark), crafts
Brunfelsia grandiflora
Brunfelsia
Brunfelsia is a genus of about 40 species of neotropical shrubs and small trees.The leaves are alternate and simple, with shapes generally elliptic to ovate. The flowers are large and tubular, with five broad petals. Typical habitat is light woodland and thickets. Species in cultivation include...

Solanaceae Chiric Sanango medicine (root, bark), ornamentation
Calathea lutea
Calathea
Calathea is a genus of plants belonging to the family Marantaceae. There are several dozen species in this genus. Native to the tropical Americas, many of the species are popular as pot plants due to their decorative leaves and, in some species, colorful inflorescences. They are commonly called...

Maranthaceae Bijao cooking
Calophyllum brasiliense
Calophyllum brasiliense
Calophyllum brasiliense is a species of Calophyllum native to subtropical and tropical regions of Central America, South America and Caribe.-Description:...

Clusiaceae Lagarto caspi wood, animal food, medicine (oil), dyes
Calycophyllum spruceanum Rubiaceae Capirona wood, fuel, medicine
Campomanesia lineatifolia Myrtaceae Palillo food, medicine (bark), fuel
Campsiandra angustifolia Fabaceae Huacapurana medicine (bark)
Caryocar glabrum
Caryocar
Caryocar is a genus of flowering plants, in the South American family Caryocaraceae. There are 15 species in this genus, all trees that yield a strong timber. Eight species within the genus Caryocar have edible fruits, called souari-nuts or sawarri-nuts. The most well-known species is probably...

Caryocaraceae Almendro wood, food
Cecropia membranaceae
Cecropia
Cecropia is a Neotropical genus presently consisting of sixty-one recognized species with a highly distinctive lineage of dioecious trees....

Cecropiaceae Cetico animal food, tools
Cedrela odorata
Cedrela odorata
Cedrela odorata . The genus Cedrela has undergone two major systematic revisions since 1960. The most recent revision reduced the number of species in the genus to seven . The common cedro, Cedrela odorata L., embraces 28 other named species, including C. mexicana M. J...

Meliaceae Cedro wood, medicine (bark), ornamentation
Cedrelinga cateniformis Fabaceae Tornillo wood
Ceiba pentandra Malvaceae White lupuna wood
Chelyocarpus ulei
Chelyocarpus ulei
Chelyocarpus ulei is a species of palm tree that is native to the western Amazon.-Description:Chelyocarpus ulei is a single-stemmed palm with fan-shaped leaves. The stem is tall and in diameter.-Taxonomy:...

Arecaceae Sacha aguajillo animal food, crafts, ornamentation
Chrysophyllum argenteum Sapotaceae Balata food, tools
Chrysophyllum bombycinum Sapotaceae Balatillo animal food
Clusia rosea Clusiaceae Renaquilla wood, medicine (resin), medicine (bark)
Copaifera paupera
Copaifera
Copaifera is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae.The scientific name means "copal-bearer" , since economically important resins and essential oils can be acquired from them. They are also important for production of biodiesel and wood, especially Copaifera langsdorffii...

Fabaceae Copaiba wood, food, medicine (oil), fuel, soaps
Couepia subcordata Chrysobalanaceae Parinari wood, food, crafts, ornamentation
Couroupita guianensis Lecythidaceae Ayahuma medicine
Coutarea hexandra Rubiaceae Guacamayo caspi fuel, tools
Crescentia cujete
Crescentia cujete
Crescentia cujete, commonly known as the Calabash Tree, is species of flowering plant that is native to Central and South America. It is a dicotyledonous plant with tripinnate leaves...

Bignoniaceae Huingo medicine, crafts
Dalechampia dioscoreifolia
Dalechampia dioscoreifolia
Dalechampia dioscoreifolia is species of euphorb....

Euphorbiaceae Sapo huasca medicine (resin)
Diplotropis purpurea
Diplotropis
Diplotropis is a genus of trees found in Brazil and parts of northern Argentina.Some representative species are:*Diplotropis purpurea*Diplotropis racemosa*Diplotropis rigidocarpa*Diplotropis ferruginea...

Fabaceae Chontaquiro wood, tools
Dipteryx micrantha
Dipteryx
Dipteryx is a genus containing nine species of shrubs and trees. It belongs to the "papillionoid" subfamily – Faboideae – of the legume family . This genus is native to South and Central America and the Caribbean...

Fabaceae Charapilla wood, animal food
Doliocarpus dentatus Dilleniaceae Paujil chaqui animal food, medicine
Dracontium loretense
Dracontium
Dracontium is a flowering plant similar to Amorphophallus. It can be distinguished on the basis of its inflorescence, which is smaller and unisexual. The tuber is large, similar to that of Amorphophallus but rounder, with no central and circular scar mark. When the plant begins to flower, the tuber...

Araceae Jergón Sacha medicine
Duguetia spixiana Annonaceae Tortuga Caspi wood, animal food
Duroia hirsuta
Duroia hirsuta
Duroia hirsuta is a myrmecophyte tree species from the Amazon Forest. It is one of some 37 species of Duroia which are shrubs or canopy trees in the family Rubiaceae, favouring ants , and occurring in Central America as far north as Mexico, the Amazon Basin, the Guiana Shield, the Brazilian...

Rubiaceae Huitillo animal food, dyes
Eichhornia crassipes
Eichhornia crassipes
Eichhornia crassipes, commonly known as Common Water Hyacinth, is an aquatic plant native to the Amazon basin, and is often considered a highly problematic invasive species outside its native range.-Ecology:...

Pontederiaceae Putu putu ornamentation
Erythrina fusca
Erythrina fusca
Erythrina fusca is a species of flowering tree in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is known by many common names, including purple coraltree, gallito, bois immortelle, bucayo, and the more ambiguous "bucare" and "coral bean". E...

Fabaceae Amasisa medicine (bark), ornamentation
Eschweilera juruensis
Eschweilera
Eschweilera is a genus of woody plant in the Lecythidaceae family.It contains the following species:* Eschweilera alvimii* Eschweilera amazonicaformis* Eschweilera amplexifolia* Eschweilera atropetiolata* Eschweilera baguensis...

Lecythidaceae Machimango wood, animal food, crafts
Eugenia stipitata
Eugenia stipitata
Eugenia stipitata is a fruit tree native to Amazon Rainforest vegetation in Brazil. It has recalcitrant seeds which should not be grown in soil, but prefer semi-rotting wood...

Myrtaceae Arazà food
Euterpe precatoria
Euterpe precatoria
Euterpe precatoria is a tall, slender-stemmed, pinnate-leaved palm native to Central and South America and Trinidad and Tobago. E. precatoria is used commercially to produce fruits.-Biological description:...

Arecaceae Huasaí wood, food, medicine (root), crafts
Ficus americana
Ficus americana
Ficus americana, commonly known as the West Indian laurel fig, or Jamaican cherry fig is a tree in the family Moraceae which is native to the Caribbean, Mexico in the north, through Central and South America south to southern Brazil. It is an introduced species in Florida, USA...

Moraceae Renaco animal food
Ficus insipida
Ficus insipida
Ficus insipida is a tropical tree in the fig genus of the family Moraceae. It ranges from Mexico to South America, and is commonly found in cloud forest above 1,550 meters ASL.-Description and ecology:...

Moraceae Ojé wood, medicine (resin)
Ficus schultesii
Ficus schultesii
Ficus schultesii is a species of plant in the Moraceae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....

Moraceae Ojé renaco wood
Garcinia macrophylla Clusiaceae Charichuelo wood, food, ornamentation
Genipa americana
Genipa americana
Genipa americana is a species of Genipa, native to northern South America , the Caribbean and southern Mexico, growing in rainforests. It is commonly called Genipapo or Huito; the alternate name Jagua may refer to other species of Genipa as well. To the Inca, it was known as hawa or wituq...

Rubiaceae Huito food, medicine, crafts
Guatteria elata Annonaceae Carahuasca wood, ornamentation
Guazuma crinita Sterculiaceae Bolaina blanca wood
Guazuma ulmifolia
Guazuma ulmifolia
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. is also commonly known as guácima, guácimo , tablote, majagua de toro tapaculo, cualote, cambá-acá, as well as many other names. It is a small to medium sized tree normally found in pastures and disturbed forests. This flowering plant from the Malvaceae family grows up to...

Sterculiaceae Bolaina wood
Gustavia longifolia Lecythidaceae Chopé food, fuel
Gynerium sagittatum
Gynerium sagittatum
Gynerium sagittatum, known locally by various common names, is a tall grass that grows up to five meters long. It is a very vigorous species that grows into a considerably dense mass of vegetation. It is harvested as a semi-crop in some localities to be distributed commercially, mainly in Latin...

Poaceae Caña Brava medicine, tools, crafts
Haploclathra cordata
Haploclathra
Haploclathra is a plant genus in the family Calophyllaceae. It includes species native to the Amazon basin of Brazil and Peru....

Calophyllaceae Boa caspi wood
Heliconia stricta
Heliconia stricta
Heliconia stricta is a "clumping" species of Heliconia, commonly found in the Caribbean islands, Central America and South America.Some common cultivated varieties are:*Bucky*Dwarf Jamaican*Fire Bird*Iris Bannochie*Oliveira's Sharonii*Tagami...

Heliconiaceae Heliconia, situlli ornamentation
Heliconia acuminata
Heliconia acuminata
Heliconia acuminata of Heliconiaceae family is an erect herb typically growing 1.6 m tall, native to Brazil ....

Heliconiaceae Heliconia, situlli ornamentation
Hevea brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae Shiringa wood
Hura crepitans Euphorbiaceae Catahua wood, medicine (resin), tools
Himatanthus sucuuba Apocynaceae Bellaco caspi wood, medicine (resin), fuel
Hymenaea oblongifolia Fabaceae Azúcar huayo wood, animal food, medicine (bark)
Inga edulis
Inga edulis
Inga edulis is a fruit native to South America. It is widely grown, especially by indigenous Amazonians, for shade, food, timber, medicine, and production of the alcoholic beverage cachiri...

Fabaceae Guaba food, fuel
Inga sp.
Inga
Inga is a genus of small tropical, tough-leaved, nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs, subfamily Mimosoideae. Ingas leaves are pinnate, and flowers are generally white...

Fabaceae Shimbillo food
Iriartea deltoidea Arecacea Huacrapona wood, food, crafts
Iryanthera sp.
Iryanthera
Iryanthera is a flowering plant genus in the family Myristicaceae.Species include:* Iryanthera campinae* Iryanthera elliptica Ducke – sangretoro* Iryanthera juruensis...

Myristicaceae Cumala colorada wood
Iryanthera tricornis Myristicaceae Perro caspi wood
Jacaranda copaia Bignoniaceae Huamanzamana wood, medicine (bark)
Laportea aestuans
Laportea aestuans
Laportea aestuans , the West Indian woodnettle, is an annual herb of the Urticaceae or nettle family.It is possibly native to tropical Africa, although it now is widespread as an introduced species throughout both the western hemisphere and eastern hemisphere tropics and subtropics, including the...

Urticaceae Ishanga colorada medicine
Lecythis pisonis Lecythidaceae Olla de mono wood, animal food
Lonchocarpus utilis
Lonchocarpus utilis
Lonchocarpus utilis is part of the Fabaceae family. It is native to the tropical forests of Peru, as well as of Brazil and Guyana, growing from 100–1,800 meters above sea level....

Fabaceae Barbasco poison
Maclura tinctoria Moraceae Incira wood, animal food, medicine (resin), dyes
Macoubea guianensis Apocynaceae Coto huayo animal food, medicine
Macrolobium acaciifolium Fabaceae Aguano pashaco wood
Mangifera indica
Mangifera indica
Mangifera indica is a species of mango in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in the wild in India and cultivated varieties have been introduced to other warm regions of the world...

Anacardiaceae Mangua dulce animal food
Manilkara bidendata Sapotaceae Quinilla colorada wood, crafts
Mansoa alliacea Bignoniaceae Ajo sacha hembra medicine (roots, leaves)
Mansoa hymennea Bignoniaceae Ajo sacha macho medicine
Maquira coriacea Moraceae Capinurí wood, animal food, medicine (resin), crafts
Matisia cordata Malvaceae Sapote food
Mauritia flexuosa Arecaceae Aguaje wood, fruit, crafts
Mauritiella aculeata Arecaceae Aguajillo food, tools, ornamentation
Maximiliana inaripa Arecaceae Shapajilla animal food
Maytenus macrocarpa Celastraceae Chuchuhuasi medicine (bark), fuel
Mezilaurus itauba
Mezilaurus itauba
Mezilaurus itauba is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, and Suriname.-Sources:...

Lauraceae Itauba wood
Micropholis sp.
Micropholis
Micropholis is flowering plant genus in the family Sapotaceae, containing 38 species. These trees occur mainly in tropical South America, and most locally known as "cafetos", literally meaning "coffee plants"...

Sapotaceae Quinilla wood
Minquartia guianensis Olacaceae Huacapú wood, animal food, medicine (bark), crafts
Myrciaria dubia Myrtaceae Camu camu food
Ochroma pyramidale Bombacaceae Topa wood, medicine, ornamentation
Ocotea aciphylla
Ocotea aciphylla
Ocotea aciphylla is a species of plant in the Lauraceae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Peru, Saint Lucia, Suriname, and Venezuela.-References:* Pedralli, G. 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....

Lauraceae Moena canela wood, medicine (oil)
Ocotea guianensis
Ocotea
Ocotea is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae. The genus includes over 200 species of evergreen trees and shrubs, distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, the West Indies, also with a few species in Africa and Madagascar, and...

Lauraceae Moena colorada wood
Ocotea undulate
Ocotea
Ocotea is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae. The genus includes over 200 species of evergreen trees and shrubs, distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, the West Indies, also with a few species in Africa and Madagascar, and...

Lauraceae Isma moena wood
Oenocarpus mapora Arecaceae Sinamillo thatching, food, crafts
Ormosia coccinea
Ormosia coccinea
Ormosia coccinea is a plant that grows throughout the South Eastern North American countries, and all throughout South America. It produces beautiful red seeds with one black spot covering one-third of its surface. These seeds are used for jewelry and other decorative purposes...

Fabaceae Huayruro wood, medicine, crafts
Oxandra espintana Annonaceae Espintana wood
Pachira aquatica
Pachira aquatica
Pachira aquatica is a tropical wetland tree of the genus Pachira, native to Central and South America where it grows in swamps. It is known by the common names Malabar chestnut, Guiana chestnut, provision tree, saba nut, Monguba , Pumpo and is commercially sold under the name money tree and money...

Bombacaceae Huimba wood, food, ornamentation
Pachira insignis
Pachira
Pachira is a genus of tropical trees distributed in Central and South America, Africa and India. They are classified in the subfamily Bombacoideae of the family Malvaceae...

Bombacaceae Sacha pandisho ornamentation
Paspalum fasciculatum Poaceae Gramalote blanco animal food
Parkia multijuga Fabaceae Pashaco curtidor wood
Philodendron lechlerianum Araceae Itininga medicine (root)
Phthirusa adunca Loranthaceae Suelda con suelda medicine
Phyllanthus urinaria Euphorbiaceae Chanca piedra medicine
Physalis angulata
Physalis angulata
Physalis angulata is a widely-distributed herbaceous annual plant with common name of Fisalia, belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae. It is known by several names, including Cutleaf groundcherry, Wild tomato, Camapu and Winter cherry...

Solanaceae Bolsa Mullaca medicine
Phytelephas macrocarpa
Phytelephas
Phytelephas is a genus containing six species of palms , occurring from southern Panama along the Andes to Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru. They are commonly known as ivory palms, ivory-nut palms or tagua palms; their scientific name means "plant elephant"...

Arecaceae Yarina thatching, food, medicine (bark), crafts
Piper aduncum Piperaceae Cordoncillo medicine
Piper peltatum Píperaceae Santa maria medicine
Poraqueiba serícea Icacinaceae Umarí Witoto wood, food, fuel, tools
Pourouma cecropiifolia Moraceae Uvilla wood, food, animal food, ornamentation
Pouteria caimito Sapotaceae Caimito wood, food, medicine, tools
Pouteria macrocarpa
Pouteria macrocarpa
Pouteria macrocarpa is a species of plant in the Sapotaceae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, and Costa Rica.-Source:* Pires O'Brien, J. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....

Sapotaceae Lúcuma wood, food, fuel
Pouteria neglecta Sapotaceae Caimitillo wood, fuel
Pouteria reticulata Sapotaceae Quinilla blanca wood, animal food
Pseudolmedia laevis Moraceae Chimicua wood
Pistia stratiotes
Pistia
Pistia is a genus of aquatic plant in the arum family, Araceae. The single species it comprises, Pistia stratiotes, is often called water cabbage, water lettuce, or Nile cabbage. Its native distribution is uncertain, but probably pantropical; it was first described from the Nile near Lake Victoria...

Araceae Huama ornamentation, habitat
Salvia palaefolia Lamiaceae Oreja de perro animal food, medicine
Smilax aspera
Smilax aspera
Smilax aspera, common name Rough Bindweed or Sarsaparille, is a species of flowering vine in the greenbriar family, Smilacaceae.-Description:...

Smilacaceae Zarzaparrilla medicine (root)
Socratea exorrhiza
Socratea exorrhiza
Socratea exorrhiza, the Walking Palm or Cashapona, is a palm native to rainforests in tropical Central and South America. It can grow to 25 meters in height, with a stem diameter of up to 17 cm. It has unusual stilt roots, the function of which has been debated. Many species of epiphyte have...

Arecaceae Cashapona wood, medicine (bark), crafts
Solanum sessiliflorum
Solanum sessiliflorum
Solanum sessiliflorum or Cocona is a tropical shrub belonging to the Solanaceae family. The cocona plant has sturdy branches and huge, serrate and hairy leaves. Cocona closely resembles a number of close relatives, including naranjilla and pseudolulo. It can be distinguished from those plants by...

Solanaceae Cocona food, medicine
Spondias mombin
Spondias mombin
Spondias mombin is a tree, a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to the tropical Americas, including the West Indies. The tree has been naturalized in parts of Africa, India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. It is rarely cultivated.The mature fruit has a leathery skin and a...

Anacardiaceae Ubos food, medicine (bark)
Sterculia apetala
Sterculia apetala
Sterculia apetala, commonly known as the Panama tree or manduvi tree, is a species of plant in the Sterculiaceae family. It is found in Central and South America....

Sterculiaceae Huarmi caspi wood, animal food, medicine (root), tools
Swartzia polyphylla
Swartzia
Swartzia is a genus of legume in the Fabaceae family.It contains the following species:* Swartzia aureosericea* Swartzia bombycina* Swartzia cardiosperma* Swartzia cubensis...

Fabaceae Cumaceba medicine (bark)
Swietenia macrophylla
Swietenia macrophylla
Swietenia macrophylla, commonly known as big leaf mahogany, is a species of plant in the Meliaceae family. It is one of two species that yields genuine mahogany timber, the other being Swietenia mahagoni....

Meliaceae Caoba aguano wood, medicine (bark)
Syzygium malaccense Myrtaceae Pomarosa animal food, fuel
Tabernaemontana sananho
Tabernaemontana
Tabernaemontana is a genus of 100-110 species of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. It has a pan-tropical distribution. These plants are shrubs and small trees growing to 1-15 m tall. The leaves are evergreen, opposite, 3-25 cm long, with milky sap; hence it is one of the diverse plant...

Apocynaceae Sanango medicine (root)
Tachigali tessmannii
Tachigali tessmannii
Tachigali tessmannii is a species of leguminous species of tree in the Fabaceae family. It is found only in Peru.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 19 July 2007....

Fabaceae Tangarana medicine (bark)
Terminalia oblonga Combretaceae Yacushapana wood
Theobroma bicolor
Theobroma
Theobroma is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae, that is sometimes classified as a member of Sterculiaceae. It contains roughly 20 species of small understory trees native to the tropical forests of Central and South America...

Sterculiaceae Macambo food, fuel, crafts
Theobroma cacao Sterculiaceae Cacao food
Theobroma grandiflora
Cupuaçu
Cupuaçu , also spelled Cupuassu, Cupuazú, and Copoasu, is a tropical rainforest tree related to cacao...

Sterculiaceae Copoazú food
Theobroma subincanum Sterculiaceae Cacahuillo wood, animal food, fuel
Trema micrantha
Trema
Trema is a genus of about 15 species of evergreen trees closely related to the hackberries , occurring in subtropical and tropical regions of southern Asia, northern Australasia, Africa, South and Central America, and parts of North America...

Ulmaceae Atadijo medicine
Tynanthus panurensis
Tynanthus panurensis
Tynanthus panurensis, also known as Clavohuasca, clavo huasca, clove vine, white clove, cipó cravo, cipó trindade is a large, woody vine that grows up to 80 m in length. It is native to the Amazon rainforest and other parts of tropical South America. It produces small, white flowers and long,...

Bignoniaceae Clavo huasca medicine (bark)
Uncaria tomentosa
Uncaria tomentosa
Uncaria tomentosa is a woody vine found in the tropical jungles of South and Central America, which derives its name from its claw-shaped thorns...

Rubiaceae Uña de gato medicine (bark)
Unonopsis floribunda Annonaceae Icoja wood, medicine (bark)
Vanilla planifolia
Vanilla planifolia
Vanilla planifolia is a species of vanilla orchid. It is native to Mexico, and is one of the primary sources for vanilla flavouring, due to its high vanillin content. Common names are Flat-leaved Vanilla, Tahitian Vanilla , and West Indian Vanilla...

Orchidaceae Vainilla food, ornamentation
Vatairea guianensis Fabaceae Marupá del bajo, Mari mari wood, fuel
Virola sebifera
Virola sebifera
Virola sebifera,also known as Myristica sebifera, common names Ucuúba-do-Cerrado and red ucuuba, is a type of tree from the family Myristicaceae, from Central America and South America...

Myristicaceae Cumala blanca wood, animal food, candels (oil)
Wettinia augusta
Wettinia
Wettinia is a palm genus, consisting of flowering plants in the Arecaceae family. The genus, established in 1837, contains some 20 species, but more seem to await discovery considering that 4 species - W. aequatorialis, W. lanata, W. minima and W. panamensis - were described as late as 1995. The...

Arecaceae Sacha pona, ponilla thatching, medicine, tools

Table of Fauna (2011)

Scientific Name Family Names
Accipiter poliogaster Accipitridae Grey-bellied goshawk
Alouatta seniculus Cebidae Red howler monkey, Coto
Amazona farinosa Psittacidae Mealy parrot
Aotus nancymae Cebidae Musmuqui
Ara ararauna Psittacidae Guacamayo azul y amarillo, Blue and yellow macaw
Ara chloroptera Psittacidae Guacamayo rojo, Red macaw
Aratinga leucophthalma Psittacidae White-eyed parakeet
Aratinga weddellii Psittacidae Dusky-headed Parakeet
Ateles belzebuth Cebidae Maquisapa ceniza, White-bellied spider monkey
Ateles paniscus Cebidae Black spider monkey, Maquisapa negro
Brotogeris sanctithomae Psittacidae Tui parakeet
Brotogeris versicolurus Psittacidae Pihuicho
Cacajao calvus Callitrichidae Bald-headed uakari, Huapo colorado, Red uakari
Caiman crocodilus Alligatoridae Lagarto blanco, Caiman
Callicebus torquatus Pitheciidae Tocon negro, Collared titi
Cebus albifrons Cebidae Machin blanco, White-fronted capuchin monkey
Cebus apella Cebidae Machin negro
Choloepus didactylus
Linnaeus's Two-toed Sloth
Linnaeus's two-toed sloth , also known as the Southern two-toed sloth or unau, is a species of sloth from South America, found in Venezuela, the Guyanas, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil north of the Amazon River....

Megalonychidae Pelejo de altura, Two-toed sloth
Chondrohierax uncinatus Accipitridae Gavilan picudo, Hook-billed kite
Coendou prehensilis Erethizontidae Brazilian porcupine
Cuniculus paca Cuniculidae Paca
Daptrius ater Falconidae Black caracara
Dasyprocta fuliginosa Dasyproctidae Agouti
Dasypus kappleri Dasypodidae Carachupa, Armadillo
Eira barbara Mustelidae Tayra
Elanoides forficatus
Swallow-tailed Kite
The Swallow-tailed Kite is an elanid kite which breeds from the southeastern United States to eastern Peru and northern Argentina. Most North and Central American breeders winter in South America where the species is resident year round...

Accipitridae Gavilan tijereta, Swallow-tailed kite
Harpagus bidentatus Accipitridae Doubel-toothed kite
Harpia harpyja Accipitridae Harpy eagle, Aguila harpia
Homo sapiens Hominidae Human
Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris  Hydrochaeridae Capybara, Ronosco
Ibycter americanus
Red-throated Caracara
The Red-throated Caracara is a social species of bird of prey in the Falconidae family. It is placed in the monotypic genus Ibycter, or sometimes united in Daptrius with the Black Caracara...

Falconidae Red-throated caracara
Ictinia plumbea Accipitridae Plumbeous kite
Inia geoffrensis Delphinidae Bufeo colorado, Pink dolphin, Amazon River Dolphin
Lagothrix lagotricha Cebidae Yellow-tailed wooly monkey, Choro
Leptodon cayanensis Accipitridae Gray-headed kite
Lutra longicaudis Mustelidae Otter
Mazama americana Cervidae Venado colorado, Red brocket deer
Micrastur buckleyi Falconidae Buckley forest-falcon
Micrastur gilvicollis Falconidae Lined forest-falcon
Micrastur mirandollei Falconidae Slaty-backed forest-falcon
Micrastur semitorquatus Falconidae Collared forest-falcon
Milvago chimachima Falconidae Shihuango, Yellow-headed caracara
Morphnus guianensis Accipitridae Crested eagle
Myoprocta pratti Dasyproctidae Punchana
Nasua Nasua
South American Coati
The South American Coati, or Ring-tailed Coati , is a species of coati from South America. In Brazilian Portuguese it is known as quati. It is native to Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay and Venezuela. It is the southern replacement of its very...

Procyonidae Achuni
Orthopsittaca manilata Psittacidae Red-bellied macaw
Paleosuchus trigonatus Alligatoridae Dwarf lizard
Paleosuchus trigonatus Alligatoridae Black lizard
Panthera onca Felidae Otorongo, Jaguar
Phyllomedusa tomopterna Hylidae Tiger-leg monkey-frog, Rana lemur naranja
Pionites leucogaster Psittacidae White-bellied parrot
Pionopsitta barrabandi Psittacidae Orange-cheeked parrot
Pionus menstruus Psittacidae Loro cabeza azul, Blue-headed parrot
Pipa pipa Pipidae Charapa sapo, Rana acuatica
Pithecia monachus Cebidae Huapo negro, Black uakari
Podocnemis unifilis Podocnemididae Taricaya, Yellow-spotted river turtle
Potos flavus Procyonidae Chozna, Kinkajou
Priodontes maximus Dasypodidae Giant armadillo, Yangunturo, Carachupa mama
Proechimys sp.
Proechimys
Proechimys is a genus of South American spiny rats of the family Echimyidae....

Echimyidae Spiny rat
Rostrhamus hamatus Accipitridae Slender-billed kite
Rostrhamus sociabilis Accipitridae Gavilan churero, Snail kite
Saguinus fuscicollis Callitrichidae Pichio pardo, Common pichio, Saddle-back tamarin
Saimiri sciureus Cebidae Squirrel monkey
Sotalia fluviatilis Delphinidae Bufeo negro, Gray dolphin
Speothos venaticus Canidae Sacha dog, Bush dog
Spizaetus tyrannus
Black Hawk-Eagle
The Black Hawk-Eagle , also known as theTyrant Hawk-Eagle, is a species of eagle found from central Mexico to eastern Peru, the south of Brazil, and far northern Argentina. Its preferred habitats include humid and moist forests close to rivers, and several types of woodland. It is uncommon to...

Accipitridae Black hawk-eagle
Tamandua tetradactyla Myrmecophagidae Shihui, Lesser anteater
Tapirus terrestris Tapiridae Tapir, Sachavaca
Tayassu pecari Tayassuidae Huangana
Tayassu tajacu Tayassuidae Sajino
Trichechus inunguis Trichechidae Vaca marina, Manatee

External links

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