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Tank destroyer
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A self-propelled anti-tank gun, or tank destroyer, is a type of armoured fighting vehicle designed specifically to engage enemy armor forces, and not produced for an infantry support role. Most have been traditionally defined and produced as a tank like vehicle with only light armor and capable of a higher transit speed, usually possessing high maneuverability whose main gun is not turret mounted and so cannot rotate horizontally.
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A self-propelled anti-tank gun, or tank destroyer, is a type of armoured fighting vehicle designed specifically to engage enemy armor forces, and not produced for an infantry support role. Most have been traditionally defined and produced as a tank like vehicle with only light armor and capable of a higher transit speed, usually possessing high maneuverability whose main gun is not turret mounted and so cannot rotate horizontally. Aiming in the horizontal plane is achieved by maneuvering the vehicle proper in the turretless models. In theory, tank destroyers are fast in order to maneuver ahead of advancing enemy armor, set an ambush, then sting and move using its superior speed to a new ambush position. Some highly successful models such as the United States' WW-II era M18 Hellcat tank destroyer had both turreted and the cheaper, faster to produce turretless versions.
Tank destroyers are used primarily to provide anti-tank support in combat operations but do not fit all the criteria of a tank. They may mount a high-velocity anti-tank gun but have an open turret, no turret at all or run on wheels instead of tracks. Vehicles which carry an anti-tank guided missile launcher are referred to as ATGM carriers.
Tank destroyers are smaller, faster and cheaper than main battle tanks. While they have the necessary weapons to destroy MBT's, tank destroyers are too lightly armored to withstand direct hits from MBT cannons, and can be destroyed by other weapons (like explosives or heavy machine guns) that would not destroy an MBT. Tank destroyer crews are always trained to primarily hunt down enemy tanks.
Gun-armed tank destroyers have been largely replaced by the more general-purpose main battle tanks since World War II, but lightly-armoured ATGM (anti-tank guided missile) carriers are used for supplementary long-range antitank capabilities. Modern tank destroyers primarily rely on missiles instead of guns to kill tanks.
Strengths and weaknesses
The use of a fixed or casemate superstructure in place of the rotating turret found on normal tanks confers both strengths and weaknesses upon the tank destroyer: Dispensing with the turret makes tank destroyers significantly cheaper, faster and easier to manufacture than tanks. The difference in design also means a reduced number of moving parts, further adding to robustness in the field. Tank destroyers can also be fitted with larger superstructures, allowing accommodation of a bigger cannon than could be mounted in a turreted tank even if both vehicles used identical hulls, and increasing the vehicle's internal volume, allowing for increased ammunition stowage and crew comfort. Eliminating the turret also allows the vehicle to carry thicker armor than would otherwise be the case.
But tank destroyers cannot fulfill the many roles of tanks; they are much less flexible, and usually lack a strong anti-infantry capability. A common feature of a tank destroyer is the absence of a turret, and compared to tanks, an even stronger disposition for heavy frontal armor (compared to side and rear armor). Tank destroyers, as they were made, were therefore even more vulnerable to non-frontal attacks than tanks. Common use of open-topped hulls was also problematic since it afforded the tank destroyer crew less protection, both from armor piercing weapons and NBC threats. Aiming the main guns of tank destroyers is also a much more tedious task due to the lack of a rotating turret. In practice turretless tank destroyers are most often used in concealed ambush positions where they can wait for a target to enter their line of fire. They are thus better suited to defensive rather than offensive operations.
Tank destroyers of WWII-vintage quickly became obsolete after the war as main battle tanks (MBTs) improved and outdistanced the former in capabilities and performance. Modern tank destroyers are still used by first-rate armies, though these vehicles often have rotating turrets, do not expose their crews to the outside, and often have a low pressure gun firing high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds in place of a high velocity gun firing armor piercing rounds, because the tank destroyer's light chassis does not allow it to mount a high velocity gun capable of penetrating a modern MBT's armor protection. In addition to much lower cost, one advantage of modern tank destroyers is that they weigh much less than main battle tanks and thus are much more readily air portable, as well as being more suited to certain tactical situations (e.g. areas in which bridges cannot accommodate the 50-70 ton weight of modern MBTs).
World War II
Dedicated antitank vehicles made their first major appearance in the Second World War, as combatants developed effective armoured vehicles and tactics.
These tank destroyers fell broadly into two categories. Some were designed to be faster and cheaper than medium tanks while still able to destroy heavy armour at long range. Some of these designs were clearly experiments rushed into production. The second design strategy was to create heavily-armoured vehicles that were more effective in tank-versus-tank combat than enemy tanks.
Polish designs
The first dedicated tank destroyers were two models of TKS Polish tankettes (a form of very light tank) - with 20 mm (24 vehicles) and 37 mm guns (2). They suffered heavy losses during the invasion of Poland before entering battles due to air bombardment, penetrating their weak top armour. Only the handful of tankettes armed with 20 mm guns had a fighting chance against the enemy tanks; those who had such chance acted exceptionally well. In one instance on 18 September 1939 a 20 mm gunned TKS commanded by sergeant Roman Orlik destroyed three German Panzer 35(t) tanks. Such effectiveness persuaded Germans to design their own tank destroyers.
German designs
The first German tank destroyers were the Panzerjäger ("tank hunters") which took an existing anti-tank gun and mount it on a convenient chassis to give mobility, usually with just a three-sided gun shield for protection. For instance, the German Panzer I light tank was obsolete before the war even started, with only thin armor and machine guns for armament. It was put into battle during the invasion of Poland, where it was found to be a deathtrap. Before the subsequent invasion of France, 202 were rebuilt as the Panzerjäger I self-propelled Skoda anti-tank guns taken from Czechoslovakia. Similarly Panzer II tanks were used on the eastern front; captured Soviet anti-tank guns were mounted on Panzer II chassis, producing Marder II anti-tank guns. The most common mounting was a German anti-tank gun on the Czech Panzer 38(t) chassis to produce the Marder III. The Panzer 38(t) chassis was also used to make the Jagdpanzer 38 'Hetzer' casemate style tank destroyer. The Panzerjäger series continued up to the equipped Nashorn.
Although the Panzerjager carried effective weapons they were generally lacking in protection for the crew having thinly armoured open-topped superstructures and used older designs of chassis. They were to be followed by the Jagdpanzer '("hunting tanks") which mounted the gun in better, true casemate-style superstructures—sacrificing the wider traverse capability of the anti-gun carriage for good armour protection, and often the ability, on main battle tank chassis-based vehicles, to mount a heavier calibre cannon that the main battle tank that provided the chassis had originally used in a turreted mount. This was the case with the Jagdpanther, considered the best of the casemate-design Jagdpanzers, which put an gun in the later, mid-WW II Panther tank's chassis, originally designed to use a 75 mm cannon in a turreted mount. The Germans became side-tracked into production of large numbers of tank-destroyers, because they could be produced more cheaply than full tanks. The Jagdpanzers were better suited to defense than attack because of their limited traverse and the later designs such as the Jagdtiger (of which just under 50 were built by May 1945) were heavy and consequently less manoeuvrable albeit extremely hard to defeat face on.
One of the most successful German tank destroyers wasn't supposed to be a tank destroyer at all. It was the Sturmgeschütz III, a self propelled gun for infantry support with a design similar to the Jagdpanzer. Note that German doctrine made a theoretical distinction between "assault guns" (Sturmgeschütz, abbreviated StuG) on the one hand, and "tank hunters" (Panzerjäger, abbreviated PzJg) / "hunting tanks" (Jagdpanzer, abbreviated JgPz) on the other. Panzerjägers had the gun mounted on top of the chassis with the crew protected in front and on the sides by a gun shield but open above and (sometimes) in the back, while Jagdpanzers had the gun mounted inside a fully enclosed casemate superstructure. The Sturmgeschütz carried a larger gun capable of firing a shell with a considerable explosive charge at a relatively low muzzle velocity and were intended primarily for infantry support (e.g. reducing field fortifications and other strong points), while the Panzerjäger and Jagdpanzer carried a smaller calibre gun firing an armor piercing round at high velocity, primarily for use against enemy armored vehicles. Under operational conditions howevever the functional distinction between "assault guns" and "tank destroyers" was generally ignored and available vehicles were used interchangeably wherever the need was greatest.
Soviet designs
As with the Germans, the Soviet designs mounted anti-tank guns, with limited traverse in casemate-style turretless hulls. The results were smaller, lighter, and simpler to build than tanks, but could carry larger guns. This design methodology was used by both the USSR and the Germans to provide heavier anti-tank capability at lower cost, during the rapid up-armoring of all AFVs that took place during the war. The Soviets produced the SU-85 and SU-100 self-propelled guns based on the same chassis as the T-34 medium tank, as well as the ISU-122 and ISU-152 which shared components with the IS-2 heavy tank and was nicknamed Zveroboy ("beast killer") for its ability to destroy German Tigers, Panthers and Elefants. In 1943, the Soviets also shifted all production of light tanks like the T-70 to much simpler and better-armed SU-76 self-propelled guns, which used the same drive train.
American designs
U.S. Army and counterpart British designs were very different in conception. U.S. doctrine was based on the perceived need to defeat German blitzkrieg tactics, and U.S. units expected to be faced with large numbers of German tanks attacking on relatively narrow fronts. In actual practice, such attacks rarely happened; indeed, throughout the war only one battalion ever fought in an engagement quite like that which had originally been envisaged. The Tank Destroyer Command eventually numbered over 100,000 men and 80 battalions equipped with 36 tank destroyers or towed anti-tank guns each.
The U.S. tank destroyer designs were intended to be very mobile and heavily armed. Most retained a turret, but left it open on top both to save weight and to accommodate a larger gun. The earliest expedient design was an M3 Half-track mounting an M1897 gun in a limited-traverse mount, and called the 75-mm GMC M3. Another, considerably less successful, early design mounted a 37-mm antitank gun in the bed of a Dodge 3/4-ton truck - the 37-mm GMC M6. The larger guns required a counterweight at rear of the turret, which can be seen on designs like the 3-inch gun 3in Gun Motor Carriage M10 and the 90mm Gun Motor Carriage M36. The 76mm Gun Motor Carriage M18 came closer to the U.S. ideal; the vehicle was very fast, small, and mounted a gun in a turret. Of these, only the gun of the M36 proved to be effective against the Germans' larger armored vehicles at any significant range. The open top and light armour made these tank destroyers particularly vulnerable to anything greater than small-arms fire, which ensured that in a direct fight they were no match for tanks. As the number of German tanks encountered by American forces steadily decreased throughout the war, most battalions were split up and assigned to infantry units as support vehicles, fighting as assault guns or as local anti-tank reserves.
The only American tank destroyer design that used a German/Soviet-style, casemate mount for the gun was the cumbersome T28, which used a 105 mm long-barrel gun, and only achieved test prototype status within the American mainland, during the WW II years.
British designs
On the whole, the British army did not subscribe to the Tank destroyer concept, preferring instead to design tanks armed with bigger guns. Although flawed in certain other respects, contemporary British armour doctrine recognized the inevitability of tank versus tank combat and the Army strove to arm their tanks with the most powerful anti-tank gun available at the time.
Anti-tank guns were the domain of the Royal Artillery rather than the Royal Armoured Corps and vehicles adapted to mount artillery including anti-tank self-propelled guns such as the Deacon and Archer were their preserve.
The self-propelled guns that were built in the "Tank Destroyer" mould came about through the desire to field the formidable QF 17 pounder anti-tank gun and simultaneous lack of suitable tanks to carry it. As a result they were of a somewhat extemporized nature. Mounting the gun on the Valentine tank chassis gave the Marder-like Archer. The 17 pounder was also used to equip the US supplied M10 Wolverine to produce the Achilles. Another attempt to produce a specialist anti-tank vehicle was to fit the 17 pounder to the Cromwell chassis to give Tank, Cruiser, Challenger (A30) and its near open-topped variant Avenger. The latter was delayed until post war before entering service.
The closest the British came to developing an armoured Tank destroyer in the vein of the German Jagdpanzers or Russian ISU series was the Churchill 3 inch Gun Carrier - a Churchill tank chassis with a boxy superstructure in place of the turret. The design was rejected in favor of developing a 17 pounder armed Cromwell tank variant ultimately leading to the Comet tank
By 1944, a number of the "basic" Shermans in British use were being converted to Sherman Fireflies by adding the QF 17 pounder gun—giving each platoon of Shermans, which were armed with a general purpose gun, a dedicated anti-tank tank.
A project that did not come to fruition before the end of the war was the Tortoise heavy assault tank which for armour protection took a turretless approach to mount a 32 pounder (94 mm) gun which was effective against a Panther tank at nearly 1,000 yards.
Post-World War II development
In the face of the Warsaw Pact, a general need for extra firepower was identified. In the 1950s, the UK produced the FV 4101 Charioteer to beef up the tank regiments, mounting a 20 pounder gun in an oversize turret on the Cromwell tank hull—it lacked the all round capability of the Centurion tank. It was followed by the Conqueror tank which carried a gun. In the late 1960s, Germany developed the Kanonenjagdpanzer, essentially a modernized WWII Jagdpanzer mounting a gun. As Soviet designs became more heavily armoured, the gun became ineffective and the Kanonenjagdpanzers were retrofitted for different roles or retired. Some provisions were made for the fitting of a 105 mm cannon, and many of the vehicles were modified to fire HOT or TOW missiles in place of a main gun. These upgraded variants remained in service into the 1990s.
With the development of flexible Anti-tank guided missiles, which were capable of installation on almost any vehicle in the 1960s, the concept of the tank destroyer has waned.
With the weight of main battle tanks growing to the forty to seventy-tonne range, airborne forces were unable to deploy reasonable antitank forces. The result was a number of attempts to make a light vehicle, including the conventional ASU-85, the recoilless rifle-armed Ontos, and missile-armed Hornet Malkara armoured car and Sheridan light tank.
Modern tank destroyers
Many forces' IFVs carry ATGMs in every infantry platoon, and attack helicopters have also added antitank capability to the modern battlefield. But there are still dedicated antitank vehicles with very heavy long-range missiles, and ones intended for airborne use.
There have also been dedicated antitank vehicles built on ordinary armoured personnel carrier or armoured car chassis. Examples include the U.S. M901 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle) and the Norwegian NM142, both on an M113 chassis, several Soviet ATGM launchers based on the BRDM reconnaissance car, and the German Raketenjagdpanzer series built on the chassis of the HS 30 and Marder IFV.
A US Army mechanized infantry battalion has four infantry companies with TOW missile-armed Bradley IFVs and can bring a large concentration of accurate and lethal fire to bear on an attacking enemy unit that uses AFVs.
Missile carrying vehicles however are referred to as anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) carriers instead of tank destroyers. In modern times a tank destroyer is an armored fighting vehicle with a large caliber cannon which is not a tank because it does not fit into all the criteria defining a tank. A tank is an armored vehicle which runs on tracks and has a large caliber direct fire cannon in a 360 degrees rotating enclosed turret.
This makes large caliber gun vehicles that have an open turret (M36 Jackson), do not have a turret (Strv 103, Kanonenjagdpanzer) or which run on wheels instead of tracks (Centauro, PTL02) tank destroyers.
Some gun-armed tank destroyers continue to be used. The German Army had specialized Kanonenjagdpanzer, similar in design to the WWII tank destroyers, from the mid-1960s until the 1980s. In the same time frame, Sweden developed armoured forces: the Strv 103, armed with a cannon (however its actual combat role is uncertain). The People's Republic of China has developed the tracked PTZ89 and the wheeled PTL02 tank destroyers. PTZ89 is armed with a smoothbore cannon while PTL02, developed by NORINCO for the PLA new light (rapid reaction) mechanised infantry divisions, carries a one (a version armed with a 105 mm rifled gun is available for export). PTL02 is built on the 6×6 wheeled chassis of the WZ551 APC.
Italy and Spain use the Italian-built Centauro, a wheeled tank destroyer with a cannon. The gun-armed tank destroyer may possibly see revival in the US Army through the introduction of the Stryker, more specifically, the M1128 Mobile Gun System, a Stryker variant armed with a cannon which has remote control and autoloading capabilities.
Ironically, modern tank destroyers, due to being more mobile than tanks, are more suitable for low-intensity and urban warfare that is being fought in modern warfare. Some are considering the possibility of replacing tanks with lightweight, wheeled tank destroyers to deal with elusive insurgents encountered in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Originally, the Canadian Forces had considered replacing their aging Leopard 1 tanks with the Stryker Mobile Gun System, essentially creating a tank destroyers-only force. But with the increased use of IEDs capable of destroying Strykers by insurgent forces, opted instead to purchase the Leopard 2 tank.
External links, references and footnotes
Footnotes
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