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The Tajik language
Tajik language

The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, is a modern variety of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia. An Indo-European languages language of the Iranian languages language group, most speakers of Tajik live in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan....
 has been written in three writing system
Writing system

A writing system is a type of symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in language....
s over the course of its history: a version of the Arabic script, a version of the Latin alphabet
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
, and a version of the Cyrillic alphabet
Cyrillic alphabet

The Cyrillic alphabet is a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by five Slavic languages national languages as well as non-Slavic . It is also used by many other languages of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and other languages in the past....
. Any version used specifically for Tajik may be referred to as the Tajik alphabet, which is written in Tajik as follows: Perso-Arabic: , Cyrillic: , Latin: , Persian: .

The use of a specific alphabet generally corresponds with stages in history
History of Tajikistan

The current Tajik Republic harkens to the Samanid Empire . The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s. The Basmachi revolt that broke out in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was quelled in the early 1920s and Tajikistan became an autonomous Soviet socialist republic within Uzbekistan in 1924....
, with Arabic being used first, followed by Latin for a short period and then Cyrillic, which remains the most widely used alphabet in Tajikistan
Tajikistan

Tajikistan , officially the Republic of Tajikistan , is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east....
.






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Tajik Arms Pg33
The Tajik language
Tajik language

The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, is a modern variety of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia. An Indo-European languages language of the Iranian languages language group, most speakers of Tajik live in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan....
 has been written in three writing system
Writing system

A writing system is a type of symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in language....
s over the course of its history: a version of the Arabic script, a version of the Latin alphabet
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
, and a version of the Cyrillic alphabet
Cyrillic alphabet

The Cyrillic alphabet is a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by five Slavic languages national languages as well as non-Slavic . It is also used by many other languages of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and other languages in the past....
. Any version used specifically for Tajik may be referred to as the Tajik alphabet, which is written in Tajik as follows: Perso-Arabic: , Cyrillic: , Latin: , Persian: .

The use of a specific alphabet generally corresponds with stages in history
History of Tajikistan

The current Tajik Republic harkens to the Samanid Empire . The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s. The Basmachi revolt that broke out in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was quelled in the early 1920s and Tajikistan became an autonomous Soviet socialist republic within Uzbekistan in 1924....
, with Arabic being used first, followed by Latin for a short period and then Cyrillic, which remains the most widely used alphabet in Tajikistan
Tajikistan

Tajikistan , officially the Republic of Tajikistan , is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east....
. A related language, Judæo-Tajiki
Bukhori language

Bukhori is an Indo-Iranian languages. A more descriptive name for the language might be Jud?o-Tajiki Persian or Jud?o-Tajik. It is the primary traditional language of the Bukharian Jews....
, spoken by the Bukharan Jews
Bukharan Jews

Bukharan Jews, also Bukharian Jews or Bukhari Jews, are Jews from Central Asia who speak Bukhori, a dialect of the Persian language....
, uses the Hebrew alphabet
Hebrew alphabet

The Hebrew alphabet consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. Five of these letters have a different form when appearing as the last letter in a word....
.

Political context


As with many post-Soviet
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
 independent states, the change in writing system
Writing system

A writing system is a type of symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in language....
, and the debate surrounding it is closely intertwined with political themes. The Perso-Arabic alphabet is supported by the devoutly religious, Islamists, along with those who wish to bring the country closer to Iran
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
 and their Persian
Persian people

Persian identity, at least in terms of language, is traced to the ancient Indo-Iranians , who arrived in parts of Greater Iran circa 2000-1500 BCE....
 heritage. As the current de-facto standard, the Cyrillic alphabet is generally supported by those who wish to maintain the status quo, and not distance the country from Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
.

History

As a result of the influence of Islam
Islam

Islam is a Monotheism, Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Prophets of Islam Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure....
 in the region, Tajik was written in the Perso-Arabic script
Perso-Arabic script

The Perso-Arabic script is a writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Originally used exclusively for the Arabic language, the Arabic script was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language, adding four letters: ? , ? , ? , and ? ....
 up to the 1920s. Until this time, the language was not thought of as separate and simply considered as the Persian language
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
. The Soviets
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
 began by simplifying the Perso-Arabic script
Perso-Arabic script

The Perso-Arabic script is a writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Originally used exclusively for the Arabic language, the Arabic script was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language, adding four letters: ? , ? , ? , and ? ....
 in 1923, before moving to a Latin based system in 1927. The Latin script was introduced by the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
 as part of an effort to increase literacy and distance the, at that time, largely illiterate population, from the Islamic Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
. There were also practical considerations. The regular Perso-Arabic alphabet, being an abjad
Abjad

An abjad is a type of writing system in which each symbol stands for a consonant; the reader must supply the appropriate vowel. It is a term suggested by Peter T....
 writing system, does not provide sufficient letters for representing the vowel system of Tajik. In addition, the alphabet is more difficult to learn, each letter having different forms depending on the position in the word.

The Decree on Romanisation made this law in April, 1928. The Latin variant for Tajik was based on the work by Turcophone scholars who aimed to produce a unified Turkic alphabet, despite Tajik not being a Turkic language. The literacy campaign was successful, with near universal literacy
Literacy

The traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to Reading , Writing, Listening, and Speech communication....
 being achieved by the 1950s.

As part of the "russification
Russification

Russification is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute by non-Russian communities. In a narrow sense, Russification is used to denote the influence of the Russian language on Slavic languages, Baltic languages and other languages, spoken in areas currently or formerly controlled by Russia, which led to emerging...
" of Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
, the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s. The alphabet remained Cyrillic until the end of the 1980s with the disintegration of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
. In 1989, with the growth in Tajik
Tajiks

Tajik is a general designation for a wide range of mostly Persian language peoples of Iranian peoples, with traditional homelands in present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, southern Uzbekistan, north west Pakistan and western China....
 nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik the state language
Official language

An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other territory. Typically a nation's official language will be the one used in that nation's courts, parliament and administration....
. In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
, placing the word "Fârsi" (the local name for Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Arabic alphabet
Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet is the writing system used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa, such as Arabic language, Persian language, and Urdu language....
.

The Perso-Arabic script
Perso-Arabic script

The Perso-Arabic script is a writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Originally used exclusively for the Arabic language, the Arabic script was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language, adding four letters: ? , ? , ? , and ? ....
 was introduced into education
Education

File:Inukshuk Monterrey 1.jpgEducation can be seen as a product or a process and considered in a broad sense or a technical sense. According to philosophy of education George F....
 and public life, although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party
Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan

The Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan is an Islamism political party in Tajikistan. It is the only legal Islamist party in Central Asia. The group was founded in 1990....
 in 1993 slowed down the adoption. In 1999, the word "Fârsi" was removed from the state language law. the de-facto standard in use is the modified form of Cyrillic, and , only a minority of the population can read the Arabic alphabet.

Variants

Ghazaliyyat By Jami
The letters of the major variants of the Tajik alphabet are presented below, along with their phonetic values. There is also a comparative table below.

Perso-Arabic

A variant of the Perso-Arabic script
Perso-Arabic script

The Perso-Arabic script is a writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Originally used exclusively for the Arabic language, the Arabic script was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language, adding four letters: ? , ? , ? , and ? ....
 (technically an abjad
Abjad

An abjad is a type of writing system in which each symbol stands for a consonant; the reader must supply the appropriate vowel. It is a term suggested by Peter T....
) is used to write Tajik. In the Tajik version, as with all other versions of the Arabic alphabet, with the exception of '?' (alef), vowels are not given unique letters, but rather optionally indicated with diacritic marks.

 style="font-size:smaller;" | The Tajik alphabet in Perso-Arabic
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?


Latin

Nasimi Isfara 3 Mod
The Latin script was introduced after the Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution of 1917

The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union....
 in order to facilitate an increase in literacy and distance the language from Islam
Islam

Islam is a Monotheism, Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Prophets of Islam Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure....
ic influence. Only lowercase letters were found in the first versions of the Latin variant, between 1926 and 1929, as demonstrated by the image at the top right of this page. A slightly different version was used by the Jews of Central Asia including three extra characters for phonemes not found in the other dialects: u, , and .
style="font-size:smaller;" | The Tajik alphabet in Latin
A a B ? C c Ç ç D d E e F f G g H h I i I i
J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s S s T t
U u U u V v X x Z z '


The unusual character is called Gha and represents the phoneme . The character is found in the Uniform Turkic alphabet
Uniform Turkic Alphabet

The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was a Latin alphabet used by non-Slavic peoples of the USSR in the 1930s. The alphabet used ligatures from Ja?alif as it was also a part of the uniform alphabet....
 in which most non-Slavic languages of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
 were written until the late 1930s. The Latin alphabet is not used today, although the adoption of it is advocated by certain groups.

Cyrillic

Tajik written in Cyrillic was introduced in Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1930s, replacing the Latin alphabet
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
 that had been used since the Bolshevik revolution. After 1939, materials published in Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
 in the Perso-Arabic script
Perso-Arabic script

The Perso-Arabic script is a writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Originally used exclusively for the Arabic language, the Arabic script was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language, adding four letters: ? , ? , ? , and ? ....
 were banned from the country. The alphabet below was supplemented by the letters ? and ? in 1952.

Tajik Rouble Reverse Detail
 style="font-size:smaller;" | The Tajik alphabet in Cyrillic
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
In addition to these thirty-five letters, the letters ? ?, ? ?, and ? ? can be found in loan words, although were officially dropped in the 1998 reform, along with the letter ? ?. Along with the deprecation of these letters, the 1998 reform also changed the order of the alphabet, which now has the characters with diacritics following their unaltered partners, e.g. ?, ? and ?, ? etc. leading to the present order: .

The alphabet includes a number of letters not found in the Russian alphabet
Russian alphabet

The modern Russian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet. It was introduced into Kievan Rus' at the time of Vladimir I of Kiev's conversion to Christianity date....
:

Description ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 with bar
Bar (diacritic)

A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a grapheme. It may be used as a diacritic to derive new letters from old ones, or simply as an addition to make a grapheme more distinct from others....
 		 ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 with macron
Macron

A macron, from Greek language meaning "long", is a diacritic ? placed over or under a vowel which was originally used to mark a Long syllable#Syllable weight in classical poetry in Meter #Greek and Latin, but has now been taken also to indicate that the vowel is long vowel....
 		 ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 with descender
Descender

In typography, a descender is the portion of a grapheme in a Latin alphabet that extends below the Baseline of a typeface.For example, in the letter y, the descender would be the "tail," or that portion of the diagonal line which lies below the v created by the two lines converging....
 		 ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 with macron
Macron

A macron, from Greek language meaning "long", is a diacritic ? placed over or under a vowel which was originally used to mark a Long syllable#Syllable weight in classical poetry in Meter #Greek and Latin, but has now been taken also to indicate that the vowel is long vowel....
 		 ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 with descender
Descender

In typography, a descender is the portion of a grapheme in a Latin alphabet that extends below the Baseline of a typeface.For example, in the letter y, the descender would be the "tail," or that portion of the diagonal line which lies below the v created by the two lines converging....
 		 ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 with descender
Descender

In typography, a descender is the portion of a grapheme in a Latin alphabet that extends below the Baseline of a typeface.For example, in the letter y, the descender would be the "tail," or that portion of the diagonal line which lies below the v created by the two lines converging....
Letter ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 
Phoneme


Hebrew

The Hebrew alphabet
Hebrew alphabet

The Hebrew alphabet consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. Five of these letters have a different form when appearing as the last letter in a word....
 is similarly as the Perso-Arabic script
Perso-Arabic script

The Perso-Arabic script is a writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Originally used exclusively for the Arabic language, the Arabic script was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language, adding four letters: ? , ? , ? , and ? ....
 an abjad
Abjad

An abjad is a type of writing system in which each symbol stands for a consonant; the reader must supply the appropriate vowel. It is a term suggested by Peter T....
 alphabet. It is used for Bukhori language
Bukhori language

Bukhori is an Indo-Iranian languages. A more descriptive name for the language might be Jud?o-Tajiki Persian or Jud?o-Tajik. It is the primary traditional language of the Bukharian Jews....
 - a dialect of Tajik as spoken by the Bukharan Jews
Bukharan Jews

Bukharan Jews, also Bukharian Jews or Bukhari Jews, are Jews from Central Asia who speak Bukhori, a dialect of the Persian language....
 in Samarkand
Samarkand

Samarkand , is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province.The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study....
 and Bukhara
Bukhara

Bukhara , also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian ?uxarak , is the Capital of the Bukhara Province of Uzbekistan. The nation's fifth-largest city, it has a population of 237,900 ....
.

 style="font-size:smaller;" | The Tajik alphabet in Hebrew
?? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??
? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?


Sample text: ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????. - ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????. ????????? - ???????? ?????? ?? ????????.

Samples


Tajik Latin, Tajik Cyrillic and Perso-Arabic

Latin Cyrillic Perso-Arabic English
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


For reference, the Arabic variant transliterated verbatim into the Latin alphabet
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
 appears as follows:


And Cyrillic transliterated into the Latin alphabet:



Tajik Cyrillic and Perso-Arabic


Vowel pointed Perso-Arabic includes the vowels which are not usually written.

Cyrillic vowel-pointed Perso-Arabic Perso-Arabic
Saadi (poet)

Abu Mu?li? bin Abdallah Shirazi , better known by his pen-name as Sa'adi , was one of the major Persian poetry of the medieval period. He is recognized not only for the quality of his writing, but also for the depth of his social thoughts....
  		????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????. ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????. ????
Saadi (poet)

Abu Mu?li? bin Abdallah Shirazi , better known by his pen-name as Sa'adi , was one of the major Persian poetry of the medieval period. He is recognized not only for the quality of his writing, but also for the depth of his social thoughts....
  		??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????. ????
Saadi (poet)

Abu Mu?li? bin Abdallah Shirazi , better known by his pen-name as Sa'adi , was one of the major Persian poetry of the medieval period. He is recognized not only for the quality of his writing, but also for the depth of his social thoughts....
????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??????? ???? ???? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???. ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???. ?????


Comparative table

Akademijai Ilmxhoi Jumxhurii Tojikiston
Zenith Thuraya
Nasimi Isfara Dekabr 29
A table comparing the different writing system
Writing system

A writing system is a type of symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in language....
s used for the Tajik alphabet. In this table, the Latin
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
 is based on the 1929 standard, the Cyrillic
Cyrillic alphabet

The Cyrillic alphabet is a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by five Slavic languages national languages as well as non-Slavic . It is also used by many other languages of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and other languages in the past....
 on the revised 1998 standard and Perso-Arabic letters are given in their stand-alone forms.
Cyrillic Latin Perso-Arabic Phonetic Value (IPA) Examples
? ? A a ?, ?? /a/????= ??? = ????
? ? B ? ? /b/ ???? = ??? = ????
? ? V v ? /v/ ?????? = ????? = ??????
? ? G g ? ????= ??? = ????
? ? ? ??? = ???, ?????? = ????? = ??????
? ? D d ? /d/ ????? = ???? = ?????, ?????? = ????? = ??????
? ? E e ? /e/ ??? = ???, ??????? = ?????? = ????????
? ? Jo jo ?? ???? = ????, ????? = ?????
? ? ? ???? = ????, ?????? = ???? = ??????
? ? Z z ? ,? ,? ,? /z/
? ? I i ??, ? /i/
I i ?
? ? J j ??, ? /j/
? ? K k ? /k/
? ? Q q ? /q/
? ? L l ? /l/
? ? M m ? /m/
? ? N n ? /n/
? ? O o ? ,?
? ? P p ? /p/
? ? R r ?
? ? S s ? ,? ,? /s/
? ? T t ? ,? /t/
? ? U u ??, ? /u/
U u ?? ,?
? ? F f ? /f/
? ? X x ?
? ? H h ? /h/
? ? C c ?
Ç ç ?
? ? S s ?
? ' ?
? ? E e ?? /e/
? ? Ju ju ?? ,?? /ju/
? ? Ja ja ??, ?? /ja/


See also

  • Language planning
    Language planning

    Language planning refers to deliberate efforts to influence the behaviour of others with respect to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of language....
  • Official script
    Official script

    An official script is a writing system that is specifically designated to be official in the constitutions or other applicable laws of country, states, and other territories....
  • Persian alphabet
  • Transliteration of Tajik Cyrillic
    Transliteration of Tajik Cyrillic

    Transliteration standards for the Tajik alphabet in Cyrillic into the Latin alphabet. The acronyms stand for the following:* ISO 9 — The International Organization for Standardization ISO 9 specification....


External links