|
|
|
|
Tadeusz Kosciuszko
|
| |
|
| |
Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kosciuszko of Roch III Coat of Arms ( ; February 4, 1746 – October 15, 1817) was a Polish military leader who is regarded as a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States. He led the Kosciuszko Uprising (1794) against Imperial Russia.
Prior to leading the 1794 Uprising, he had fought in the American Revolutionary War as a Colonel in the Continental Army. In 1783, in recognition of his dedicated service, he had been brevetted by the Continental Congress to the rank of Brigadier General and as such, had become a naturalized citizen of the United States.
There are several Anglicized spellings for his name, the most frequently-used being Thaddeus Kosciusko, though the full "Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciusko" also appears in some texts.
Discussion
Ask a question about 'Tadeusz Kosciuszko' Start a new discussion about 'Tadeusz Kosciuszko' Answer questions from other users |
Encyclopedia
Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kosciuszko of Roch III Coat of Arms ( ; February 4, 1746 – October 15, 1817) was a Polish military leader who is regarded as a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States. He led the Kosciuszko Uprising (1794) against Imperial Russia.
Prior to leading the 1794 Uprising, he had fought in the American Revolutionary War as a Colonel in the Continental Army. In 1783, in recognition of his dedicated service, he had been brevetted by the Continental Congress to the rank of Brigadier General and as such, had become a naturalized citizen of the United States.
There are several Anglicized spellings for his name, the most frequently-used being Thaddeus Kosciusko, though the full "Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciusko" also appears in some texts. In Lithuanian, his name is spelled Tadas Kosciuka or Tadeuas Kosciuka. In Belarusian, it is ??????? ???????? (Tadevu Kasciuka).
Life
Early life
Kosciuszko was born in Mereczowszczyzna (now an abandoned village in Belarus). He was the son of Polish noble Ludwik Tadeusz Kosciuszko and Tekla z Ratomskich. He was the youngest child in a family, whose lineages are traced to Lithuanian and Ruthenian nobility, and a 15th/16th century courtier of king Sigismund I the Old, Konstanty Fiodorowicz Kostiuszko. By the time of his birth the family possessed modest holdings in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. His first language may have been Belarussian, and he was christened in both the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic religions. As a result of the of the two baptisms he bore the names of Andrei and Tadeusz. In 1765 King Stanislaw II August created the Szkola Rycerska, a school that was to educate a cadre of well-educated officers and state officials. On December 18, 1765, Tadeusz Kosciuszko entered the newly-formed school, becoming a member of the Corps of Cadets. Apart from strictly military-related subjects, he also studied the history of Poland, world history, philosophy, Latin, the Polish, German and French languages, and law, economics, geography, arithmetic, geometry and engineering. Upon graduation he was promoted to captain.
France
In 1769 Kosciuszko and his colleague Orlowski were granted a royal scholarship and on October 5 they set off for Paris. There Kosciuszko briefly studied in the Academy of Fine Arts, but soon realized that the career of a painter was not what he dreamed of. As a foreigner he could not apply for any of the French military academies, and he lacked the funds to study engineering. For five years, however, Kosciuszko educated himself as an extern, frequenting lectures and the libraries of the Paris military academies. His stay in pre-revolutionary France had a tremendous influence on his later political views.
First return
By the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in 1772, the adjoining countries of Russia, Prussia and Austria annexed large swaths of Polish-Lithuanian territory and acquired influence over the internal politics of the reduced Poland and Lithuania. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was forced to cut back its Army to 10,000 men, and when Kosciuszko finally returned home in 1774, there was no place for him in the Army. He took a position as tutor in the family of a provincial governor and fell in love with his pupil Ludwika Sosnowska. They eloped but were overtaken by her father's retainers. Kosciuszko received a thrashing at their handsan event which may have led to his later antipathy to class distinctions. In autumn of 1775 he decided to emigrate.
Dresden, Paris
In late 1775 Kosciuszko arrived in Dresden, where he wanted to join either the Saxon court or the elector's army. However, he was refused and decided to travel back to Paris. There he was informed of the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, in which the former British colonies in North America revolted against the crown and started the fight for independence. The first American successes were well publicised in France and the cause of the revolutionaries was openly supported by the French people, whose government also supported the Americans.
American Revolution
Kosciuszko was recruited in France by Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin, and in August 1776 he arrived in America. He initially served as a volunteer, but on October 18, 1776, Congress commissioned him a Colonel of Engineers in the Continental Army. At the recommendation of Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski and General Charles Lee, Kosciuszko was named head engineer of the Continental Army.
He was sent to Pennsylvania to work with the Continental Army. Shortly after arriving, he read the United States Declaration of Independence. Kosciuszko was moved by the document because it encompassed everything in which he believed; he was so moved, in fact, that he decided to meet Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration. The two met in Virginia a few months later. After spending the day discussing philosophy, and other things they shared in common, they became very close friends. Kosciuszko was a guest at Monticello on many occasions, and spent prolonged visits there.
Kosciuszko's first task in America was the fortification of Philadelphia. His first structure was the construction of Fort Billingsport. On September 24, 1776, Kosciuszko was ordered to fortify the banks of the Delaware River against a possible British crossing. In the spring of 1777 he was attached to the Northern Army under General Horatio Gates. As the chief engineer of the army he commanded the construction of several forts and fortified military camps along the Canadian border. His work made significant contributions to the American successful retreat from the battle of Ticonderoga and victory at Saratoga in 1777.
After the battle, Kosciuszko, then regarded as one of the best engineers in American service, was put in charge by George Washington of military engineering works at the stronghold in West Point on the Hudson River. Then he asked to be transferred to the Southern Army, where he also made significant contributions to the American victories.
After seven years of service, on October 13, 1783, Kosciuszko was promoted by Congress to the rank of brigadier general. He was also granted American citizenship, 2.5 square kilometers of land in America, and a large sum of money. He used the money to help some black slaves gain their freedom. He was also admitted to the prestigious Society of the Cincinnati and to the American Philosophical Society.
Poland again
In July 1784 Kosciuszko set off for Poland, where he arrived on August 12. He settled in his home village of Siechnowicze. The property, administered by Tadeusz's brother-in-law, brought a small but stable income, and Kosciuszko decided to limit his serfs' corvée to two days a week, while completely exempting female serfs. This move was seen by local szlachta (nobility) as a sign of Kosciuszko's dangerous liberalism.
By that time the internal situation in Poland changed rapidly. A strong yet still informal group of politicians underlined the need of reforms and strengthening of the state. Notable political writers like Stanislaw Staszic and Hugo Kollataj promoted the ideas of granting the serfs and the burghers more rights and strengthening the central authorities. These ideas were supported by a large part of the szlachta, who also wanted to overthrow the foreign dictate and meddling in Poland's internal affairs.
Finally the Sejm Wielki of 17881792 started the necessary reforms. One of the first acts of the new parliament assumed the creation of a 100,000 men strong army to defend the borders of Poland against her aggressive neighbours. Kosciuszko saw it as a chance to return to military service and serve his country in the field he had the most experience. He applied for the army and on October 12, 1789, received the royal nomination to Major General. As such he also started receiving a high salary of 12,000 zlotys a year, which ended his financial difficulties.
The internal situation in Poland and the reforms of the May Constitution of Poland, the first constitution written in the modern era in Europe and second in the world after the American, were seen by the surrounding powers as a threat to their influence over Polish politics. On May 14, 1792, the conservative magnates created the Confederation of Targowica, which asked the Russian empress Catherine II for help in overthrowing the constitution. On May 18, 1792 a Russian army of 100,000 crossed the Polish border and headed for Warsaw, thus starting the War in Defence of the Constitution.
Defense of Constitution
Although the plan to create a 100,000-man Polish Army was not accomplished due to economic problems, the Polish Army was well-trained and prepared for war.
Before the Russians invaded Poland, Kosciuszko was appointed deputy commander of Prince Józef Poniatowski's 3rd Crown Infantry Division. When the Prince became Commander in Chief of the entire Polish Army in May 1792, Kosciuszko automatically assumed command of the Division.
After Prussia's betrayal of her Polish ally, the Army of Lithuania did not oppose the advancing Russians. The Polish Army was too weak to oppose the enemy advancing into Ukraine and withdrew to the western side of the Bug River, where it regrouped and counterattacked. Victorious in the Battle of Zielence (June 18, 1792), Kosciuszko was among the first to receive the newly-created Virtuti Militari medal, Poland's highest military decoration even today.
In the ensuing Battles of Wlodzimierz (July 17, 1792) and Dubienka (July 18) Kosciuszko repulsed the numerically superior enemy and came to be regarded as one of Poland's most brilliant military commanders of the time. On August 1, 1792, King Stanislaw August promoted him to Lieutenant General. But before the nomination arrived at Kosciuszko's camp in Sieciechów, the King had joined the ranks of the Targowica Confederation and surrendered to the Russians.
Emigré
The King's capitulation was a hard blow for Kosciuszko, who had not lost a single battle in the campaign. Together with many other notable Polish commanders and politicians he fled to Dresden and then to Leipzig, where the emigrées began preparing an uprising against Russian rule in Poland. The politicians, grouped around Ignacy Potocki and Hugo Kollataj, sought contacts with similar opposition groups formed in Poland and by spring 1793 had been joined by other politicians and revolutionaries, including Ignacy Dzialynski.
On August 26, 1792, the French Legislative Assembly awarded Kosciuszko with honorary citizenship of France in honour of his fight for freedom of his fatherland and the ideas of equality and liberty. After two weeks in Leipzig, Kosciuszko set off for Paris, where he tried to gain French support of the planned uprising in Poland.
On January 13, 1793, Prussia and Russia signed the Second Partition of Poland, which was ratified by the Sejm of Grodno on June 17. Such an outcome was a giant blow for the members of Targowica Confederation who saw their actions as a defence of centuries-old privileges of the magnates, but now were regarded by the majority of the Polish population as traitors. After the partition Poland became a small country of roughly 200,000 square kilometres and a population of approximately 4 million. The economy was ruined and the support for the cause of an uprising grew significantly, especially since there was no serious opposition to the idea after the Targowica Confederation was discredited.
In June of 1793 Kosciuszko prepared a plan of an all-national uprising, mobilisation of all the forces and a war against Russia. The preparations in Poland were slow and he decided to postpone the outbreak. However, the situation in Poland was changing rapidly. The Russian and Prussian governments forced Poland to again disband the majority of her armed forces and the reduced units were to be drafted to the Russian army. Also, in March the tsarist agents discovered the group of revolutionaries in Warsaw and started arresting notable Polish politicians and military commanders. Kosciuszko was forced to execute his plan earlier than planned and on March 15 1794 he set off for Kraków.
Kosciuszko Uprising
During the Uprising, Kosciuszko was made Naczelnik (Commander-in-Chief) of all Polish-Lithuanian forces fighting against Russian occupation, and issued the famous Proclamation of Polaniec. After initial successes following the Battle of Raclawice, he was wounded in the Battle of Maciejowice and taken prisoner by the Russians, who imprisoned him in Saint Petersburg - Kosciuszko was held at Prince Orlov's Marble Palace. The Uprising ended soon afterwards with the Siege of Warsaw.
Later life
In 1796 Tsar Paul I of Russia pardoned Kosciuszko and set him free. In exchange for his oath of loyalty, Paul I also freed some 20,000 Polish political prisoners held in Russian prisons and forcibly settled in Siberia. The Tsar granted Kosciuszko 12,000 roubles, which the Polish leader attempted in 1798 to return; the Tsar refused to accept it back as "money from a traitor".
Kosciuszko emigrated to the United States, but the following year returned to Europe and in 1798 settled in Breville, near Paris. Still devoted to the Polish cause, he took part in creating the Polish Legions. Also, on 17 October 17 and 6 November 1799 he met with Napoleon Bonaparte. However, he failed to reach any agreement with the French leader, who regarded Kosciuszko as a "fool" who "overestimated his influence" in Poland (letter from Napoleon to Fouché, 1807).
Kosciuszko remained politically active in Polish émigré circles in France and in 1799 was a founding member of the Society of Polish Republicans. However, he did not return to the Duchy of Warsaw and did not join the reborn Polish Army allied with Napoleon. Instead, after the fall of Napoleon's empire in 1815 he met with Russia's Tsar Alexander I in Braunau. In return for his prospective services, Kosciuszko demanded social reforms and territorial gains for Poland, which he wished to reach as far as the Dvina and Dnieper Rivers in the east.
Alexander asked him to go to Warsaw. However, soon afterwards, in Vienna, Kosciuszko learned that the Kingdom of Poland created by the Tsar would be even smaller than the earlier Duchy of Warsaw. Kosciuszko called such an entity "a joke"; and when he received no reply to his letters to the Tsar, he left Vienna and moved to Solothurn, Switzerland, where his friend Franciszek Zeltner was mayor. Suffering from poor health and old wounds, on 15 October 1817 Kosciuszko died there of a fall from his horse. Two years earlier, he had emancipated his serfs.
Kosciuszko's body was embalmed and placed in a crypt at Solothurn's Jesuit Church. His viscera, removed in the process of embalming, were separately interred in a graveyard at Zuchwil, near Solothurn, except for the heart, for which an urn was fashioned. In 1818 Kosciuszko's body was transferred to Kraków, Poland, and placed in a crypt at Wawel Cathedral, a pantheon of Polish kings and national heroes. Kosciuszko's heart, which had been preserved at the Polish Museum in Rapperswil, Switzerland, was in 1927, along with the rest of the Museum's holdings, repatriated to Warsaw, where the heart now reposes in a chapel at the Royal Castle. Kosciuszko's other viscera remain interred at Zuchwil, where a large memorial stone was erected in 1820 and can be visited today, next to a Polish memorial chapel.
Commemorations
As a national hero of both Poland and the United States, Kosciuszko has given his name to many places around the world. The Polish explorer Count Pawel Edmund Strzelecki named the highest mountain in continental Australia, Mount Kosciuszko, for him; the mountain is now the central point of Kosciuszko National Park.
He has also given his name to Kosciusko, Mississippi and Kosciusko, Texas; Kosciusko County, Indiana; Kosciusko Island in Alaska; New York State's two Kosciuszko Bridges (in Latham on I-87 just north of Albany; and on the Brooklyn Queens Expressway); Kosciuszko Street (BMT Jamaica Line); the Kosciuszko Bridge that crosses the Naugatuck River in Naugatuck, Connecticut; Kosciuszko Street in Brooklyn, New York; Kosciuszko Street in Manchester, New Hampshire; Kosciuszko Street in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania; Kosciuszko Way in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Kosciuszko Park in Stamford, Connecticut; Kosciuszko Street in South Bend, Indiana, Kosciusko Street in Woburn, Massachusetts, and Thaddeus Kosciusko Way in downtown Los Angeles, California.
There is a Tadeusz Kosciuszko Monument by the entrance to the Wawel Castle in Kraków Old Town where he's laid to rest, Its replica was erected in Detroit, Michigan in 1978 (pictured). There is an equestrian statue of him at Kosciuszko Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, across from the Polish Basilica of St. Josaphat, and other statues, in Boston Public Garden; Scranton, Pennsylvania; Chicago's Museum Campus on Solidarity Drive; Lafayette Park in Washington, D.C.; the United States Military Academy at West Point; Williams Park in St. Petersburg, Florida; and Red Bud Springs Memorial Park in Kosciusko, Mississippi; in Kosciuszko Park in East Chicago, Indiana; and (with Kazimierz Pulaski) in Poland, Ohio, a village named in honor of the two heroes of the American Revolution.
In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, his Revolutionary War home is preserved as Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial, administered as part of Independence National Historical Park; and a monument to him stands at the corner of Benjamin Franklin Parkway and 18th Street. Hamtramck, Michigan, has a Kosciuszko Middle School; Chicago, a public park named for him in Logan Square; and East Chicago, Indiana, a public park (with statue), a school and a neighborhood, all bearing Kosciuszko's name. Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania has a Polish Falcons Sportsman's Club named after Kosciuszko. There is a Kosciusko Way in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In Grand Rapids, Michigan, there is a club called Kosciuszko Hall.
There are also streets named for Kosciuszko in Saint Petersburg, Russia; downtown Belgrade, Serbia (Ulica Tadeua Kocuka); Budapest, Hungary (Kosciuszkó Tádé utca); and Vilnius, Lithuania (Kosciukos gatve). There is also a Kosciusko Avenue in Geelong, VIC, Australia. There is even a small street named after him in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
In Poland, every major town has a street or square named for Kosciuszko. Between 1820 and 1823, the people of Kraków built the Kosciuszko Mound to commemorate the Polish leader. A similar mound was built in 1861 at Olkusz.
He is the patron of Kraków University of Technology, Wroclaw Military University, and countless other schools and gymnasia throughout Poland.
He was the patron of the 1st Regiment of the Polish 5th Rifle Division, and of the 1st Division of the Polish 1st Army. After World War I the Kosciuszko Squadron, and during World War II the 303rd Polish Squadron, were named for him. Two ships have been named for him: SS Kosciuszko, and ORP General Tadeusz Kosciuszko (a former United States Navy frigate that was transferred to Poland).
Thomas Jefferson called Kosciuszko "as pure a son of liberty as I have ever known."
Few know that the abolitionist ideas Kosciuszko absorbed in Paris and the United States influenced his passion to eliminate serfdom in his homeland. But the exchange worked both ways. After the Revolution Kosciuszko urged the Patriots to fulfill the promise of their doctrine of unalienable birthrights by ending slavery in the U.S. His plea went unheard, however. For his efforts in favor of African Americans Mikael Dziewanowski recognized him as a "pioneer of emancipation and a spokesman for racial democracy and justice in eighteenth-century America."
See also
Further reading
External links
- (Unknown story of Kosciuszkos life, liberty and pursuit of tolerance during the age of revolution)
- (book about the Polish-American hero.)
- by Monica Mary Gardner
- (Polish-American cultural foundation named for General Tadeusz Kosciuszko.)
- Webpage of Australia's Mt. Kosciuszko Association (named for Australia's highest mountain peak).
-
|
| |
|
|
