Tabi‘in
Encyclopedia
The Tābi‘ūn are the generation of Muslim
s who were born after the death of the Islamic prophet
Muhammad
but who were contemporaries of the Sahaba
"Companions". As such, they played an important part in the development of Islam
ic thought and philosophy, and in the political development of the early Caliphate
. In particular, they played a vital role in the partition in the Islamic community between Sunni and Shia Muslims. To this day, interpretations of their behaviour and characters are highly controversial.
define a Tabi‘in as a Muslim who:
Sunni Muslims also regard the Tabi‘un as the best generation after the Sahaba. According to Sunni Muslims, Muhammad said: "The best people are those living in my generation, then those coming after them, and then those coming after (the second generation)" http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/048.sbt.html#003.048.819.
Abd Allah ibn Zubayr has not been viewed neutrally rather negatively among shi'ites for two reasons.
1. For bearing grudge against the Caliph and Imam of his time Ali Ibn Abi Talib and his role in Jamal war for inciting his father Zubair Ibn Awam to rise against Ali.
2. Ibn Zubair has been viewed as an opportunist who did not fight Yazid to protect the sanctity of Islam the way Hussain Ibn Ali did or to avenge the blood of the House Hold of the Prophet of Islam. Instead he fought Yazid to protect his own rule over Hejaz.
Muslim
A Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
s who were born after the death of the Islamic prophet
Prophet
In religion, a prophet, from the Greek word προφήτης profitis meaning "foreteller", is an individual who is claimed to have been contacted by the supernatural or the divine, and serves as an intermediary with humanity, delivering this newfound knowledge from the supernatural entity to other people...
Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad |ligature]] at U+FDF4 ;Arabic pronunciation varies regionally; the first vowel ranges from ~~; the second and the last vowel: ~~~. There are dialects which have no stress. In Egypt, it is pronounced not in religious contexts...
but who were contemporaries of the Sahaba
Sahaba
In Islam, the ' were the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the Islamic prophet...
"Companions". As such, they played an important part in the development of Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
ic thought and philosophy, and in the political development of the early Caliphate
Caliphate
The term caliphate, "dominion of a caliph " , refers to the first system of government established in Islam and represented the political unity of the Muslim Ummah...
. In particular, they played a vital role in the partition in the Islamic community between Sunni and Shia Muslims. To this day, interpretations of their behaviour and characters are highly controversial.
Sunni view
Muslims from the Sunni branch of IslamIslam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
define a Tabi‘in as a Muslim who:
- Saw at least one of the Companions of MuhammadSahabaIn Islam, the ' were the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the Islamic prophet...
. - Was rightly guided (according to the Sunni, one who adheres to the beliefs and actions of the Ahlus Sunnah wal-Jama'ahSunni IslamSunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam. Sunni Muslims are referred to in Arabic as ʾAhl ūs-Sunnah wa āl-Ǧamāʿah or ʾAhl ūs-Sunnah for short; in English, they are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis or Sunnites....
). - One who died in that state. A good example to explain would be the Khawarij. They saw many of Muhammad's [SALLALAHO ALAI HE WASSLAM] companions but still were not referred to as Tabi‘un, as they were not rightly guided (held by both Shia and Sunni Muslims).
Sunni Muslims also regard the Tabi‘un as the best generation after the Sahaba. According to Sunni Muslims, Muhammad said: "The best people are those living in my generation, then those coming after them, and then those coming after (the second generation)" http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/048.sbt.html#003.048.819.
List of Tabi‘in
- `Abd-Allah ibn Amr
- `Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-HanafiyyahAbd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-HanafiyyahAbd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, also known as Abu Hashim, was one of the Salaf and a Narrator of hadith.His father was Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, a son of Ali...
- `Abd ar-Rahman ibn `Abdillah (son of ibn `Abdullah ibn `Umar)
- Ahnaf ibn Qais
- Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘manAbu Hanifa an-Nu‘manNuʿmān ibn Thābit ibn Zūṭā ibn Marzubān , better known as Imām Abū Ḥanīfah, was the founder of the Sunni Hanafi school of fiqh ....
- Abu Muslim al-KhawlaniAbu Muslim al-KhawlaniAbu Muslim Al-Khawlani was a well known tabi'i and a very prominent religious figure in Damascus, Syria. He was one of the 'Eight Ascetics,' who included Amir ibn Abd al-Qays, Abu Muslim al-Khawlani, Uways al-Qarani, Al-Rabi ibn Khuthaym, al-Aswad ibn Yazid, Masruq ibn al-Ajda', Sufyan al-Thawrt...
- Abu Zur'ah
- Al-Hassan al-Basri (130-180 A.H.)
- Al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-HanafiyyahHasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-HanafiyyahHasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was one of the Salaf and a narrator of hadith.He was the son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah and the brother of Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah....
(d. 100 A.H.) - Alqama ibn Qays al-Nakha'iAlqama ibn Qays al-Nakha'iAlqama ibn Qays al-Nakha'i was a well-known scholar from among the taba'een and pupil of Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud, who called him the most erudite of his disciples. He also related traditions from Ali ibn Abi Talib, Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas [Sa`d ibn Malik] and `Uthman.Alqama is the founder of the School...
- Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abî BakrQasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu BakrAl-Qāsim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr as-Siddiq was an important jurist in early Islam. He is considered the fourth in the Naqshbandi Golden Chain of Sufi masters. Naqshbandis also consider him to have passed the chain to his grandson Ja'far as-Sadiq...
(d. 103 A.H.) - `Atâ' ibn Abî RabahAta ibn Abi RabahAta ibn Abi Rabah was a prominent Tabi'i, a Mufassir, Muhaddith , faqih and Mufti of Mecca. He was born in Yemen of Nubian parents and raised in Mecca as a client of the Abi Khuthaym family...
(d. 106 A.H.) - `Atâ' ibn Yasar (d. 106 A.H.)
- Ibn JurayjIbn JurayjIbn Jurayj was an Islamic scholar.He is counted among the Taba' at-Tabi'in and narrated many Isra'iliyat.-Name:Abd al-Malik ibn Abd al-'Aziz ibn Jurayj -Biography:...
- Hammam ibn MunabbihHammam ibn MunabbihHammam ibn Munabbih was an Islamic scholar, from among the Tabi‘in and one of the narrators of hadith.-Works:*Sahifah Hammam ibn Munabbih was one of the 9 students of Abu Hurairah. Abu Hurairah used to narrate the hadith he heard from the Prophet to his 9 students. Out of all 9 students, only...
- Ibn Shihab al-ZuhriIbn Shihab al-ZuhriFor the geographer from Al-Andalus see Mohammed Ibn Abu Bakr al-ZuhriMuhammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubaydullah ibn Shihab al-Zuhri , usually called simply Ibn Shihab or al-Zuhri...
(d. 124 A.H.) - Masruq ibn al-Ajda'Masruq ibn al-Ajda'Masruq ibn al-Ajda was a well-known and respected tabi'i , jurist and muĥaddith . Chiefly a resident of Kufa he was among the many students of Abdullah ibn Mas'ud...
(d. 103 A.H.)
- Muhammad ibn Abi BakrMuhammad ibn Abi BakrMuhammad ibn Abi Bakr was the son of Abu Bakr, who was the senior companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and first Rashidun Caliph. His mother was Asma bint Umais...
- Mujahid ibn JabrMujahid ibn JabrMujahid ibn Jabr was a Tabi‘in and one of the major early Islamic scholars.-Biography:He was one of the leading Qur'anic commentators of the generation after that of the Prophet Muhammad and his Companions. He is the first to compile a written exegesis of the Qur'an. He is said to have studied...
- Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab (d. 93 A.H.)
- Ubayd-Allah ibn Abd-AllahUbayd-Allah ibn Abd-AllahUbayd-Allah ibn Abd-Allah was a sahaba. He retold the event of the pen and paper as he heard from Ibn Abbas.-External links:*http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/bukhari/bh1/bh1_114.htm...
(d. 98 A.H.) - Urwah ibn al-Zubayr (d. 94 A.H.)
- Zayd ibn AliZayd ibn AliZayd ibn ‘Alī was the grandson of Husayn ibn Alī, the grandson of Muhammad. Zayd was born in Medina in 695. His father was the Shī‘ah Imam ‘Alī ibn Husayn "Zayn al-Abidīn"...
(d. 740 C.E.Common EraCommon Era ,abbreviated as CE, is an alternative designation for the calendar era originally introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in the 6th century, traditionally identified with Anno Domini .Dates before the year 1 CE are indicated by the usage of BCE, short for Before the Common Era Common Era...
(122 A.H. ?))
Strong positive status
- Ali Akbar ibn HusaynAli Akbar ibn HusaynAli al-Akbar ibn Husayn was the son of the third Shi'ah Imam, Husayn ibn Ali, and Umm Layla.- Life :...
was killed at the Battle of KarbalaBattle of KarbalaThe Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10, in the year 61 of the Islamic calendar in Karbala, in present day Iraq. On one side of the highly uneven battle were a small group of supporters and relatives of Muhammad's grandson Husain ibn Ali, and on the other was a large military detachment...
. - Atiyya bin SaadAtiyya bin SaadAtiyya ibn Sad belonged to the Judaila family of the tribe known as Qays and his patronymic appellation was Abdul Hasan according to al-Tabari. Some accounts suggest Atiyya's mother was a Roman slavegirl.-Story surrounding his name:Saad bin Junada i.e...
was a student of Abdullah ibn Abbas
Positive status
- Umm Kulthum bint Abu Bakr was the daughter of Abu BakrAbu BakrAbu Bakr was a senior companion and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632-634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death...
and Asma bint UmaysAsma bint UmaysAsma bint Umais from the Banu Hashim tribe was a Sahabiyyah . Her grave can be found in Baab Sagheer cemetery, Damascus, Syria.-Family:...
. She moved into Ali's household with his mother. - Sa'id ibn Jubayr was a student of Abdullah ibn Abbas and a staunch defender of Ali ibn Husayn.
- Uwais al-QarniUwais al-QarniUwais Qarni, known also as Saint Uwais Qarni was a Muslim mystic, martyr and philosopher of Yemen who lived during the lifetime of Muhammad, but never met Muhammad personally. As reported by the renowned historical scholar Ibn Battuta, Uwais' tomb is found in Ar-Raqqah, Syria, where he was killed...
was admired for his love of the Prophet Muhammad and sought out by Ali ibn Abi Talib, who personally requested Uwais' blessings on himself and the Muslim ummahUmmahUmmah is an Arabic word meaning "community" or "nation." It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or the whole Arab world...
. Uwais was killed fighting on the side of Ali during the Battle of SiffinBattle of SiffinThe Battle of Siffin occurred during the First Fitna, or first Muslim civil war, with the main engagement taking place from July 26 to July 28. It was fought between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah I, on the banks of the Euphrates river, in what is now Ar-Raqqah, Syria...
.
Neutral status
- Abd Allah ibn Zubayr fought YazidYazid IYazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān , commonly known as Yazid I, was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate . He ruled for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE. Many Muslims condemn Yazid's rule as contentious and unjust...
. - Abd-Allah ibn Amr
Abd Allah ibn Zubayr has not been viewed neutrally rather negatively among shi'ites for two reasons.
1. For bearing grudge against the Caliph and Imam of his time Ali Ibn Abi Talib and his role in Jamal war for inciting his father Zubair Ibn Awam to rise against Ali.
2. Ibn Zubair has been viewed as an opportunist who did not fight Yazid to protect the sanctity of Islam the way Hussain Ibn Ali did or to avenge the blood of the House Hold of the Prophet of Islam. Instead he fought Yazid to protect his own rule over Hejaz.
Strong negative status
- Yazid ibn MuawiyaYazid IYazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān , commonly known as Yazid I, was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate . He ruled for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE. Many Muslims condemn Yazid's rule as contentious and unjust...
is often referred to by Shias with "La‘an" (removal of God's mercy) after his name. He is viewed by the Shi‘a as one of the most despicable creatures that ever lived.. - Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf was for Shi‘as even worse than Yazid ibn MuawiyaYazid IYazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān , commonly known as Yazid I, was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate . He ruled for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE. Many Muslims condemn Yazid's rule as contentious and unjust...
. - ‘Abd ar-Rahman ibn Khalid ibn Walid fought against Ali as a general under Muawiya at the Battle of SiffinBattle of SiffinThe Battle of Siffin occurred during the First Fitna, or first Muslim civil war, with the main engagement taking place from July 26 to July 28. It was fought between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah I, on the banks of the Euphrates river, in what is now Ar-Raqqah, Syria...
. - Umar ibn Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas — he is cursed by all Shia Muslims for killing Husayn ibn Ali.