Taban Lo Liyong
Encyclopedia
Taban Lo Liyong is one of Africa's well-known poets and writers of fiction and literary criticism. His political views, as well as his on-going denigration of the post-colonial system of education in East Africa, have inspired criticism and controversy since the late 1960s.
His real name is Mokotiyang Rekenet, meaning "born at night". His mother later re-named him Lo-Liyong after herself, and Taban is Arabic word, meaning "tired". He was born in the Sudan
and was carried “on the back” across the border into Uganda
about a year later. After matriculation there, he attended Howard University
and the University of Iowa
Writer’s Workshop, where he was the first African to graduate in 1968. On the completion of his studies in the U.S., the tyrannical regime of Idi Amin
prevented him from returning to Uganda. He went instead to neighbouring Kenya
, and taught at the University of Nairobi. He has also taught at international universities in Sudan, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Japan, and South Africa, and maintains that his diverse experience offers an opportunity to place Africa in a position intellectually on par with the rest of the world, thereby recognizing its various and valuable contributions to history and scholarship.
In collaboration with Henry Owuor-Anyumba and renowned Kenyan academic and writer Ngugi wa Thiong’o, he wrote On the Abolition of the English Department in 1968. Acknowledging the formidable influence of European literature over African writing, Liyong and his colleagues called for the educational system to emphasize the oral tradition (as a key traditional African form of learning), Swahili literature
, as well as prose and poetry from African-American and Caribbean society.
Through On the Abolition of the English Department, Lo-Liyong and his allies attempted a re-consideration of the humanities curriculum at the University of Nairobi, most particularly of its investment in foreign (British) literature and culture. They questioned the value of an English Department in an African context: “We have eyes, but we don’t see. We have ears, but we don’t hear. We can read, but we don’t understand what we read.” They suggested that the post-colonial African university must first establish a counter-curriculum of African languages and literatures and then return to a study of European and other world literatures from an African perspective: “If there is a need for ‘study of the historic continuity of a single culture’, why can’t this be African? Why can’t African literature be at the centre so that we can view other cultures in relationship to it?”
Liyong, Owuor-Anyumba, and wa Thiong'o were criticized for advocating cultural or even racial purity within academia. Rather, they sought to re-establish in East Africa traditional modes of knowledge and understanding in literature, in an effort towards authenticity and as a means for the region to better understand itself in the context of national independence. By placing African culture at the centre of education, “all other things [would] be considered in their relevance to [the African] situation, and their contribution towards understanding [itself]”. This philosophy was also politically significant at a time when East African governing bodies were struggling against the influence of colonial powers such as the U.S. and Britain.
Independently, Liyong has had published over twenty books. These include Carrying Knowledge Up a Palm Tree (1998), an anthology of poetry that addresses various contemporary issues and follows African progress in recent history.
The East African Literature Bureau (EALB) published many of Liyong’s earlier works in English as well as East African dialects. The EALB played an instrumental role in disseminating the opinions of African academics in the period right after Kenyan independence from Britain in 1963. Many of these publications criticized neocolonialism
, the new method by which former colonial nations maintained their dominance over the newly-independent states. The emerging theories held that East African governments and institutions were manipulated by money and corruption into upholding structures that undermined local culture while uplifting colonial ideals.
Lo-Liyong's work emerges out of this environment of cultural and political uncertainty. His work draws on the continent’s tradition in its form as well as its content. Of his poetry, Liyong says: “the period of introspection has arrived; personal introspection, communal introspection. Only through introspection can we appraise ourselves more exactly.” In one of his most controversial assertions, Liyong rejects long-established literary conventions defined by Aristotle
for effective writing. In The Uniformed Man (1971), Liyong calls for readers to approach text in a less familiar way, that is, not to follow the usual conventions of literature such as “introduction, exposition, rising action, etc. up to the climax”. Instead, text should be unconstrained by expectation and read with a consistent appreciation for “each word, phrase, or sentence”.
Lo-Liyong addresses an African audience in the majority of his work, but mostly he attempts to universally put forward the idea that African knowledge is of benefit to the intellectual world at large. African experience, including that of the diaspora, should not be marginalized intellectually. In his introduction to The Uniformed Man, he addresses the issues raised in On the Abolition of the English Department when he claims that “the [African] audience can only get full emotional satisfaction when they find that the world of the theatre and their world is completely evoked”.
Despite his various contributions to poetry and fiction, Liyong considers his essays of most significance, calling them “essays with a practical nature”. His eclectic and unconventional approaches to literature and literary theory make him an enduring study and a living icon of African nationalism. He remains a staunch political activist, committed to the causes of exploited communities, particularly in his native Sudan. He was recently a professor of literature and Head of the Centre for African Studies at the University of Venda in South Africa. Professor Liyong is currently the Acting Vice Chancellor of Juba University in South Sudan. After over 20 years of war, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement brought peace to South Sudan and Professor Liyong has returned home to contribute his outstanding intellectual and managerial prowess.
His real name is Mokotiyang Rekenet, meaning "born at night". His mother later re-named him Lo-Liyong after herself, and Taban is Arabic word, meaning "tired". He was born in the Sudan
Sudan
Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...
and was carried “on the back” across the border into Uganda
Uganda
Uganda , officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is also known as the "Pearl of Africa". It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by...
about a year later. After matriculation there, he attended Howard University
Howard University
Howard University is a federally chartered, non-profit, private, coeducational, nonsectarian, historically black university located in Washington, D.C., United States...
and the University of Iowa
University of Iowa
The University of Iowa is a public state-supported research university located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. It is the oldest public university in the state. The university is organized into eleven colleges granting undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees...
Writer’s Workshop, where he was the first African to graduate in 1968. On the completion of his studies in the U.S., the tyrannical regime of Idi Amin
Idi Amin
Idi Amin Dada was a military leader and President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946. Eventually he held the rank of Major General in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its Commander before seizing power in the military...
prevented him from returning to Uganda. He went instead to neighbouring Kenya
Kenya
Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east...
, and taught at the University of Nairobi. He has also taught at international universities in Sudan, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Japan, and South Africa, and maintains that his diverse experience offers an opportunity to place Africa in a position intellectually on par with the rest of the world, thereby recognizing its various and valuable contributions to history and scholarship.
In collaboration with Henry Owuor-Anyumba and renowned Kenyan academic and writer Ngugi wa Thiong’o, he wrote On the Abolition of the English Department in 1968. Acknowledging the formidable influence of European literature over African writing, Liyong and his colleagues called for the educational system to emphasize the oral tradition (as a key traditional African form of learning), Swahili literature
Swahili literature
Swahili literature is, generally speaking, literature written in the Swahili language particularly by Swahili people of the East African coast and the neighboring islands. It may also refer to literature written by people who write in Swahili language...
, as well as prose and poetry from African-American and Caribbean society.
Through On the Abolition of the English Department, Lo-Liyong and his allies attempted a re-consideration of the humanities curriculum at the University of Nairobi, most particularly of its investment in foreign (British) literature and culture. They questioned the value of an English Department in an African context: “We have eyes, but we don’t see. We have ears, but we don’t hear. We can read, but we don’t understand what we read.” They suggested that the post-colonial African university must first establish a counter-curriculum of African languages and literatures and then return to a study of European and other world literatures from an African perspective: “If there is a need for ‘study of the historic continuity of a single culture’, why can’t this be African? Why can’t African literature be at the centre so that we can view other cultures in relationship to it?”
Liyong, Owuor-Anyumba, and wa Thiong'o were criticized for advocating cultural or even racial purity within academia. Rather, they sought to re-establish in East Africa traditional modes of knowledge and understanding in literature, in an effort towards authenticity and as a means for the region to better understand itself in the context of national independence. By placing African culture at the centre of education, “all other things [would] be considered in their relevance to [the African] situation, and their contribution towards understanding [itself]”. This philosophy was also politically significant at a time when East African governing bodies were struggling against the influence of colonial powers such as the U.S. and Britain.
Independently, Liyong has had published over twenty books. These include Carrying Knowledge Up a Palm Tree (1998), an anthology of poetry that addresses various contemporary issues and follows African progress in recent history.
Neocolonialism
Neocolonialism is the practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural forces to control a country in lieu of direct military or political control...
, the new method by which former colonial nations maintained their dominance over the newly-independent states. The emerging theories held that East African governments and institutions were manipulated by money and corruption into upholding structures that undermined local culture while uplifting colonial ideals.
Lo-Liyong's work emerges out of this environment of cultural and political uncertainty. His work draws on the continent’s tradition in its form as well as its content. Of his poetry, Liyong says: “the period of introspection has arrived; personal introspection, communal introspection. Only through introspection can we appraise ourselves more exactly.” In one of his most controversial assertions, Liyong rejects long-established literary conventions defined by Aristotle
Aristotle
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology...
for effective writing. In The Uniformed Man (1971), Liyong calls for readers to approach text in a less familiar way, that is, not to follow the usual conventions of literature such as “introduction, exposition, rising action, etc. up to the climax”. Instead, text should be unconstrained by expectation and read with a consistent appreciation for “each word, phrase, or sentence”.
Lo-Liyong addresses an African audience in the majority of his work, but mostly he attempts to universally put forward the idea that African knowledge is of benefit to the intellectual world at large. African experience, including that of the diaspora, should not be marginalized intellectually. In his introduction to The Uniformed Man, he addresses the issues raised in On the Abolition of the English Department when he claims that “the [African] audience can only get full emotional satisfaction when they find that the world of the theatre and their world is completely evoked”.
Despite his various contributions to poetry and fiction, Liyong considers his essays of most significance, calling them “essays with a practical nature”. His eclectic and unconventional approaches to literature and literary theory make him an enduring study and a living icon of African nationalism. He remains a staunch political activist, committed to the causes of exploited communities, particularly in his native Sudan. He was recently a professor of literature and Head of the Centre for African Studies at the University of Venda in South Africa. Professor Liyong is currently the Acting Vice Chancellor of Juba University in South Sudan. After over 20 years of war, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement brought peace to South Sudan and Professor Liyong has returned home to contribute his outstanding intellectual and managerial prowess.