Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

SIRS + infection = sepsis

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Definition of SIRS

• Heart rate
  Heart rate
  
  Heart rate is a measure of the number of heart beats per minute . The average resting human heart rate is about 70 bpm for adult males and 75 bpm for adult females....
   > 90 beats per minute
• Body temperature < 36 or > 38°C
• Tachypnea
  Tachypnea
  
  Tachypnea is characterized by rapid breathing.It is not identical with hyperventilation - tachypnea may be necessary for a sufficient gas-exchange of the body, for example after exercise, in which case it is not hyperventilation....
   (high respiratory rate) > 20 breaths per minute or, on blood gas, a P_aCO₂ < 4.3 kPa (32 mm Hg)
• White blood cell
  White blood cell
  
  White blood cells , or leukocytes , are cell of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials....
   count < 4000 cells/mm³
  Leukopenia
  
  Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells in the blood. As the principal function of white cells is to combat infection, a decrease in the number of these cells can place patients at increased risk for infection....
   or > 12000 cells/mm³
  Leukocytosis
  
  Leukocytosis is a raised white blood cell count above the normal range. This increase in leukocytes is usually accompanied by a "left shift" in the ratio of immature to mature neutrophils....
    (< 4 x 10⁹ or > 12 x 10⁹ cells/L), or the presence of greater than 10% immature neutrophils.

Difference between SIRS and sepsis

SIRS + infection = sepsis

Complications of SIRS

• Severe sepsis, defined as sepsis with one or more organ failure.
• SIRS can result in the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
  Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
  
  'Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome' , previously known as 'multiple organ failure ', is altered organ function in an acutely ill patient requiring medicine intervention to achieve homeostasis....
  .
• Hypotension
  Hypotension
  
  In physiology and medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low blood pressure. This is best understood as a physiologic state, rather than a disease....
   related to vessel dilation
• Hypovolemic shock

Causes of SIRS

• Severe trauma
  Physical trauma
  
  Physical trauma refers to a body injury. A trauma patient is someone who has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury with the potential for secondary complications such as Shock , respiratory failure and death....
  
• Surgery, complication of
• Adrenal insufficiency
  Adrenal insufficiency
  
  Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands, located above the kidneys, do not produce adequate amounts of steroid hormones , primarily cortisol, but may also include impaired aldosterone production which regulates sodium, potassium and water retention....
  
• Pulmonary embolism
  Pulmonary embolism
  
  Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches, usually occurring when a deep vein thrombosis becomes dislodged from its site of formation and travels, or embolism, to the pulmonary artery blood supply of one of the lungs....
  
• Complicated aortic aneurysm
  Aortic aneurysm
  
  An aortic aneurysm is a general term for any swelling of the aorta, usually representing an underlying weakness in the wall of the aorta at that location....
  
• Myocardial infarction
  Myocardial infarction
  
  Myocardial infarction , commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the Blood flow to part of the heart is interrupted. This is most commonly due to occlusion of a coronary artery following the rupture of a Vulnerable plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids and white blood cells in the wall of an artery....
  
• Hemorrhage
• Cardiac tamponade
  Cardiac tamponade
  
  Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade, is an medical emergency condition in which fluid accumulates in the pericardium . If the fluid significantly elevates the pressure on the heart it will prevent the Ventricle from filling properly....
  
• Anaphylaxis
  Anaphylaxis
  
  Anaphylaxis is an acute Circulatory system and very severe Type I hypersensitivity allergy reaction in humans and other mammals. The term comes from the Greek words a?a ana and f??a??? phylaxis ....
  
• Drug overdose
• Burns
  Burn (injury)
  
  A burn is a type of injury that may be caused by heat, Temperature, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation, or friction. Burns can be highly variable in terms of the tissue affected, the severity, and resultant complications....
  
• Acute pancreatitis
  Acute pancreatitis
  
  Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas. Depending on its severity, it can have severe complications and high mortality despite treatment....
  
• Immunodeficiency
  Immunodeficiency
  
  Immunodeficiency is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired but some people are born with defects in the immune system, or primary immunodeficiency....
   (such as AIDS
  AIDS
  
  Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the HIV ....
  )
• Infected
  Infection
  
  An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. In an infection, the infecting organism seeks to utilize the host resources to multiply ....
   Skin lesion

Relation to cytokine storm

Treatment

See also

• Sepsis
  Sepsis
  
  Sepsis, is a serious medicine condition characterized by a whole-body Inflammation state and the presence of a known or suspected infection.
• Shock
• Septic shock
  Septic shock
  
  Septic shock is a serious medicine condition caused by decreased tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery as a result of infection and sepsis, though the microbe may be systemic or localized to a particular site....