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Substrate-level phosphorylation

 

 
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
 
 
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Substrate-level phosphorylation is a type of chemical reaction
Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of chemical substances. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants....
 that results in the formation and creation of adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 (ATP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphate
Phosphate

A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry....
 group to adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate Functional group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine....
 (ADP) from a reactive intermediate. In cells
Cell (biology)

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known Life organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often called the building bricks of life....
, it occurs primarily and firstly in the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the part of a Cell that is enclosed within the plasma membrane. In eukaryote cells the cytoplasm contains organelles, such as mitochondrion, that are filled with liquid kept separate from the rest of the cytoplasm by biological membranes....
 (in glycolysis
Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H5O3-....
) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Unlike oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the redox of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate . Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, almost all carry out oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism....
, here the oxidation and phosphorylation
Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule. Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes....
 are not coupled or joined.

In the pay-off phase of glycolysis
Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H5O3-....
, four ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation: two and only two 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate , also known as PGAP, is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all, living organisms. It primarily exists as a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis during Cellular respiration and the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis....
 are converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by transferring
Transferase

In biochemistry, a transferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another . For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a transferase:...
 a phosphate group to ADP by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase; two phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate

Phosphoenolpyruvic acid , or phosphoenolpyruvate as the anion, is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It has the high-energy phosphate bond found in living organisms, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis....
 are converted to pyruvate by the transfer of their phosphate groups to ADP by the enzyme pyruvate kinase.

Substrate-level phosphorylation is also seen in working skeletal muscles and the brain.






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Substrate-level phosphorylation is a type of chemical reaction
Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of chemical substances. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants....
 that results in the formation and creation of adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 (ATP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphate
Phosphate

A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry....
 group to adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate Functional group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine....
 (ADP) from a reactive intermediate. In cells
Cell (biology)

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known Life organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often called the building bricks of life....
, it occurs primarily and firstly in the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the part of a Cell that is enclosed within the plasma membrane. In eukaryote cells the cytoplasm contains organelles, such as mitochondrion, that are filled with liquid kept separate from the rest of the cytoplasm by biological membranes....
 (in glycolysis
Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H5O3-....
) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Unlike oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the redox of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate . Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, almost all carry out oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism....
, here the oxidation and phosphorylation
Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule. Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes....
 are not coupled or joined.

In the pay-off phase of glycolysis
Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H5O3-....
, four ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation: two and only two 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate , also known as PGAP, is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all, living organisms. It primarily exists as a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis during Cellular respiration and the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis....
 are converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by transferring
Transferase

In biochemistry, a transferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another . For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a transferase:...
 a phosphate group to ADP by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase; two phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate

Phosphoenolpyruvic acid , or phosphoenolpyruvate as the anion, is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It has the high-energy phosphate bond found in living organisms, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis....
 are converted to pyruvate by the transfer of their phosphate groups to ADP by the enzyme pyruvate kinase.

Substrate-level phosphorylation is also seen in working skeletal muscles and the brain. Phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine

Phosphocreatine, also known as creatine phosphate or Pcr, is a phosphorylation creatine molecule that is an important energy store in skeletal muscle....
 is stored as a readily available high-energy phosphate supply, and the enzyme creatine phosphokinase transfers a phosphate from phosphocreatine to ADP to produce ATP. Then the ATP releases giving chemical energy.

An alternative way to create ADP is through oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the redox of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate . Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, almost all carry out oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism....
, which takes place during the process of aerobic cellular respiration
Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolism reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cell s to convert Energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate , and then release waste products....
, in addition to the substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. During oxidative phosphorylation NADH is oxidized to NAD+, yielding 2.5 ATPs, and FADH2 yields 1.5 ATPs when it is oxidized.