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Stoneware a vitreous
Vitreous

Vitreous or glassy refers to a material in an amorphous state , thereby forming a glass. In such a state, the constituent atoms do not exhibit the long-range order that is characteristic of crystals....
 or semi-vitreous ceramic
Ceramic

File:Bridge from dental porcelain.jpgFile:Qing vase p1070256.jpgA ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetal solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling....
 ware of fine texture made primarily from non-refractory fire clay.

eware's maturation temperature
Temperature

In physics, temperature is a physical property of a Physical system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the greater temperature....
 ranges from about 1200 °C
Celsius

Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death....
 to 1315 °C. In essence, it is man-made stone
Stone

Stone may refer to:...
.






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Stoneware a vitreous
Vitreous

Vitreous or glassy refers to a material in an amorphous state , thereby forming a glass. In such a state, the constituent atoms do not exhibit the long-range order that is characteristic of crystals....
 or semi-vitreous ceramic
Ceramic

File:Bridge from dental porcelain.jpgFile:Qing vase p1070256.jpgA ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetal solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling....
 ware of fine texture made primarily from non-refractory fire clay.

Description

Stoneware's maturation temperature
Temperature

In physics, temperature is a physical property of a Physical system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the greater temperature....
 ranges from about 1200 °C
Celsius

Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death....
 to 1315 °C. In essence, it is man-made stone
Stone

Stone may refer to:...
. One widely recognized definition is from the Combined Nomenclature
Combined Nomenclature

Council Regulation No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987, creates the goods nomenclature called the Combined Nomenclature, or in abbreviated form 'CN', established to meet, at one and the same time, the requirements both of the Common Customs Tariff and of the external trade statistics of the European Union....
 of the European Communities, which states:
"Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs from porcelain because it is more opaque, and normally only partially vitrified. It may be vitreous or semi-vitreous. It is usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed."


In contrast, earthenware
Earthenware

Earthenware is a common ceramic material, which is used extensively for pottery tableware and decorative objects. Although body formulations vary tremendously between countries, and even between individual makers, a generic composition is 25% ball clay, 28% kaolin, 32% quartz, and 15% feldspar....
 is fired at lower temperatures and is not impervious to liquids. Porcelain
Porcelain

Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between and ....
, which some consider to be a type of stoneware, is distinguished as being whiter than stoneware and always vitreous. Kaolin, or China Clay, has a lower content of impurities than many other clays. It is also fired to a vitreous
Vitreous

Vitreous or glassy refers to a material in an amorphous state , thereby forming a glass. In such a state, the constituent atoms do not exhibit the long-range order that is characteristic of crystals....
 state, transforming the constituent silica into glass
Glass

Glass generally refers to a Hardness, brittle, transparency amorphous solid, such as that used for windows, many Glass Bottles, or eyewear, including, but not limited to, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, acrylic glass, sugar glass, Muscovite , or aluminium oxynitride....
. Some porcelain bodies are translucent after firing. Firing a piece of pottery to too high a temperature will result in warping or melting. Vitreous clay bodies can be made at different temperatures ranges, but they are typically fired in the stoneware/porcelain range. Fired stoneware absorbs up to 5% water, porcelain 0%, and earthenware up to 10%. Earthenware, when moist, is typically not freeze resistant.

Clay refers to group of mineral
Mineral

A mineral is a naturally occurring solid formed through Geology processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties....
s that generally exhibit plasticity
Plasticity (physics)

In physics and materials science, plasticity describes the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces....
 when mixed with water, and which chemically primarily consist of alumina
Aluminium

Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white and ductile member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al; its atomic number is 13....
 and silica. Potters refer to combinations of clays mixed with other materials as clay bodies. Different kinds of clay bodies are created by mixing additives, such as feldspar
Feldspar

Feldspars are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals which make up as much as 60% of the Earth's Crust .Feldspars crystallize from magma in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, as veins, and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock....
, grog
Grog (clay)

Grog, also known as firesand and chamotte, is a ceramic raw material. It has high percentage of silica and alumina. It can be produced by firing selected fire clays to high temperature before grinding and screening to specific particle sizes....
, quartz
Quartz

Quartz is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust . It is made up of a Crystal structure of silica tetrahedra. Quartz has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale and a density of 2.65 g/cm?....
, flint
Flint

Flint is a hard, sedimentary rock cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as a variety of chert. It occurs chiefly as Nodule s and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones....
, many other minerals are used and these can include spodumene
Spodumene

Spodumene is a pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminium Silicate minerals - lithiumaluminum2 - and is a source of lithium. It occurs as colorless to yellowish, purplish or lilac kunzite , yellowish-green or emerald-green hiddenite, prismatic crystals, often of great size....
, wollastonite
Wollastonite

Wollastonite is a calcium Silicate minerals mineral that may contain small amounts of iron, magnesium, and manganese substituting for calcium. It is usually white....
 to modify clays. Clay bodies can thereby be formulated to fire at a range of temperatures. Darker clays often contain iron and other metal oxide impurities. The clay used for porcelain and white stoneware clay bodies contain very little of these impurities.

Usage


Glaze
Ceramic glaze

Glaze is a layer or coating of a vitreous substance which has been fired to fuse to a ceramic object to color, decorate, strengthen or waterproof it....
 may be applied to stoneware pottery before a second firing at a different temperature, or a glaze may be applied before a single, raw firing. American Stoneware
American Stoneware

The term American Stoneware refers to the predominant houseware of nineteenth century North America?stoneware pottery usually covered in a salt glaze and often decorated using cobalt oxide to produce bright blue decorations....
 became the dominant houseware of nineteenth century America.

See also

  • Coade stone
    Coade stone

    Coade stone was a ceramic material that has been described as an artificial stone. It was first created by Mrs Eleanor Coade , and sold commercially from 1769 to 1833....


Bibliography


  • Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities - EC Commission in Luxembourg, 1987


External links

  • -- Provides photographs and history of early Rhenish stoneware vessels, produced circa 1500s-1700s.