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Sterilization (surgical procedure)
 
 
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Sterilization (also spelled
American and British English spelling differences

American and British English spelling differences are one aspect of American and British English differences.The spelling systems of Commonwealth of Nations countries, for the most part, closely resemble the British system....
 sterilisation) is a surgical
Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
 technique leaving a male or female unable to reproduce. It is a method of birth control
Birth control

Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions, devices, or medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or childbirth....
. For non-surgical causes of sterility, see infertility
Infertility

Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a person to contribute to fertilization. Infertility may also refer to the state of a woman who is unable to carry a pregnancy to full term....
.

Common sterilization methods include:

Other procedures that result in sterility:

nimals, castration
Castration

Castration is any action, surgery, chemical castration, or otherwise, by which a male loses the functions of the testicles. In common usage the term is usually applied to males, although as a medical term it is applied to both males and females....
 (removal of the testes) and salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes), called "neutering" or "spaying" when applied to pets, are used to reduce or eliminate sexual behaviour, and to prevent conception, heat and possible uterine diseases in females, potentially prolonging a female animal's lifespan.






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Sterilization (also spelled
American and British English spelling differences

American and British English spelling differences are one aspect of American and British English differences.The spelling systems of Commonwealth of Nations countries, for the most part, closely resemble the British system....
 sterilisation) is a surgical
Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
 technique leaving a male or female unable to reproduce. It is a method of birth control
Birth control

Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions, devices, or medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or childbirth....
. For non-surgical causes of sterility, see infertility
Infertility

Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a person to contribute to fertilization. Infertility may also refer to the state of a woman who is unable to carry a pregnancy to full term....
.

Common sterilization methods include:
  • Vasectomy
    Vasectomy

    Vasectomy is a surgical procedure in which the vas deferens of a man are cut for the purpose of Sterilization ....
     in male
    Malé

    Mal? , population 104,403 , is the Capital , the largest city in terms of population, and the name of an island in the Maldives. It is located at the southern edge of North Male' Atoll Kaafu Atoll....
    s. The vasa deferentia
    Vas deferens

    The vas deferens , also called ductus deferens, is part of the male anatomy of some species; they transport sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation....
    , the tubes which connect the testicle
    Testicle

    The testicle is the male gonad in animals. This article will concentrate on mammalian testicles unless otherwise noted.The etymology of the word is somewhat colorfully based on Roman law....
    s to the prostate
    Prostate

    The prostate is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system. Females do not have a prostate gland, although females do have tiny paraurethral Skene's glands connected to the distal third of the urethra in the prevaginal space that are homologous to the prostate....
    , are cut and closed. This prevents sperm
    Spermatozoon

    A sperm, from the ancient Greek word sp???a and and more commonly known as a sperm cell, is the ploidy cell that is the male gamete. It Fertilization an ovum to form a zygote....
     produced in the testicles to enter the ejaculated semen
    Semen

    Semen is an organic fluid, also known as seminal fluid, that usually contains spermatozoon....
     (which is mostly produced in the seminal vesicle
    Seminal vesicle

    The seminal vesicles are a pair of simple tubular glands posteroinferior to the urinary bladder of males....
    s and prostate
    Prostate

    The prostate is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system. Females do not have a prostate gland, although females do have tiny paraurethral Skene's glands connected to the distal third of the urethra in the prevaginal space that are homologous to the prostate....
    ). Although the term vasectomy is established in the general community, the correct medical terminology
    Medical terminology

    Medical terminology is a vocabulary for accurately describing the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and process in a science-based manner....
     is deferentectomy, since the structure known as the vas deferens has been renamed the ductus deferens.
  • Tubal ligation
    Tubal ligation

    Tubal ligation is a permanent form of female sterilization , in which the fallopian tubes are severed and sealed or "pinched shut", in order to prevent fertilization....
     in females, known popularly as "having one's tubes tied". The Fallopian tube
    Fallopian tube

    The Fallopian tubes, named after Gabriel Fallopius , also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, and salpinges are two very fine tubes lined with cilia epithelia, leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus....
    s, which allow the sperm to fertilize the ovum
    Ovum

    An ovum is a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete. Both animals and embryophytes have ova. The term ovule is used for the young ovum of an animal, as well as the plant structure that carries the female gametophyte and egg cell and develops into a seed after fertilization....
     and would carry the fertilized ovum to the uterus
    Uterus

    The uterus is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals, including humans. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation....
    , are closed. This generally involves a general anesthetic and a laparotomy
    Laparotomy

    A laparotomy is a surgery procedure involving an incision through the abdominal wall to gain access into the abdominal cavity. It is also known as coeliotomy....
     or laparoscopic approach to cut, clip or cauterize the fallopian tubes. Less commonly used is the Essure
    Essure

    Essure is a permanent Sterilization procedure for women developed by Conceptus Inc and approved for use in the United States on November 4, 2002....
     office procedure of inducing scarring and occlusion of the tubes by the effects of micro-inserts placed by a catheter passed through the cervix and uterus.


Other procedures that result in sterility:
  • Hysterectomy
    Hysterectomy

    A hysterectomy is the surgery removal of the uterus, usually performed by a gynaecology. Hysterectomy may be total or partial . It is the most commonly performed gynecological surgical procedure....
     in female
    Female

    Female is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, which produces mobile ovum . The ova are defined as the larger gametes in a heterogamous reproduction system, while the smaller, usually motile gamete, the spermatozoon, is produced by the male....
    s. The uterus
    Uterus

    The uterus is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals, including humans. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation....
     is surgically removed, permanently preventing pregnancy
    Pregnancy

    Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo, inside the uterus of a female. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or Multiple birth....
     and some disease
    Disease

    A disease or medical condition is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions, associated with specific symptoms and Medical signs....
    s, such as uterine cancer
    Uterine cancer

    The term uterine cancer may refer to any of several different types of cancer which occur in the uterus, namely:*Uterine sarcomas: sarcomas of the myometrium, or muscular layer of the uterus, are most commonly leiomyosarcomas....
    .
  • Castration
    Castration

    Castration is any action, surgery, chemical castration, or otherwise, by which a male loses the functions of the testicles. In common usage the term is usually applied to males, although as a medical term it is applied to both males and females....
     in males. The testicles are surgically removed. This is frequently used for the sterilization of animals, with added effects such as docility, greatly reduced sexual behaviour, and faster weight gain (which is desirable in some cases, for example to accelerate meat
    Meat

    In modern English usage, meat most often refers to animal biological tissue used as food, mostly skeletal muscle and associated fat, but it may also refer to offal, including livers, skin, brains, bone marrow, kidneys, in some countries lungs, and a variety of other internal organs as well as blood....
     production).


Sterilization of animals

In animals, castration
Castration

Castration is any action, surgery, chemical castration, or otherwise, by which a male loses the functions of the testicles. In common usage the term is usually applied to males, although as a medical term it is applied to both males and females....
 (removal of the testes) and salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes), called "neutering" or "spaying" when applied to pets, are used to reduce or eliminate sexual behaviour, and to prevent conception, heat and possible uterine diseases in females, potentially prolonging a female animal's lifespan. The impact on the long-term health of a neutered
Neutering

Neutering, from the Latin neuter , is the removal of an animal's reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part. It is the most drastic surgical procedure with sterilization purposes....
 male is more negative. Due to the hormonal
Hormone

Hormones are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism....
 changes involved with both genders, this will definitely cause minor behavioral changes in the animal. When these changes are undesired, a different method of sterilization can be used, such as vasectomy in males or tubal ligation in females. A typical example of this practise is when male cats are subjected to vasectomy so that they are able to mate with females, thereby "bringing them off heat" (terminating estrus). This keeps the condition of the female from deteriorating due to the extra energy that is expended during estrus. A vasectomized male cat is called a "teaser tom" by cat breeders.

Animal control organizations urge owners who do not keep animals for the specific purpose of breeding to have their pets spayed or neutered in order to prevent an increase in the population of stray animals. Such stray animals are often malnourished, and are frequently euthanized
Animal euthanasia

Animal euthanasia is the act of inducing humane death in an animal. Euthanasia methods are designed to cause minimal pain and distress.In domesticated animals, this process is commonly referred to by the euphemisms "lay down," "put down," "put to sleep," "put out of his/her misery," or "sent away to the farm."...
 by animal welfare societies.

See also

  • Compulsory sterilization
    Compulsory sterilization

    Compulsory sterilization programs are government policies which attempt to force people to undergo surgical sterilization . In the first half of the twentieth century, many such programs were instituted in countries around the world, usually as part of eugenics programs intended to prevent the reproduction and multiplication of members of the...
  • Eugenics
    Eugenics

    Eugenics is a scientific field involving the controlled breeding of humans in order to achieve desirable traits in future generations. Eugenics was at its height in first half of the 20th century and was largely abandoned with the end of World War II....
  • Male contraceptive
    Male contraceptive

    The only forms of contraceptives currently available to men are condoms, the coitus interruptus, and vasectomy. Other forms of male contraception are in various stages of research and development....
  • Quinacrine
    Quinacrine

    Quinacrine is a medication with a number of different medicine applications....
  • Sterilization
    Sterilization

    Sterilization can refer to:* Sterilization , an operation which renders an animal or human unable to procreate** Compulsory sterilization, where the government forces particular members of society to undergo the procedure...
  • Vas-occlusive contraception
    Vas-occlusive contraception

    Vas-occlusive contraception is an experimental male contraceptive method that is not yet approved for general use. Proposed methods of vas-occlusive contraception attempt to prevent Spermatozoon from traveling down the vasa deferentia....


External links

  • —The website of newsgroup alt.support.vasectomy.
  • —One man's personal experience.
  • - /mk.nkl/cvas1.html Is Vasectomy the Right Method For Me?] and
  • [https://www.no-scalpelvasectomy.com/nsv_book.html No-Scalpel Vasectomy: The NSV Book]
  • [https://www.no-scalpelvasectomy.com/nsv_video.html Video: The NSV Procedure (graphic)]