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Standards organization
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A standards organization, standards body, standards development organization or SDO is any entity whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise maintaining standards that address the interests of a wide base of users outside the standards development organization.
Most voluntary standards are offered for use by people, regulators, or industry.
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Encyclopedia
A standards organization, standards body, standards development organization or SDO is any entity whose primary activities are developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise maintaining standards that address the interests of a wide base of users outside the standards development organization.
Most voluntary standards are offered for use by people, regulators, or industry. When a published standard achieves widespread acceptance and dominance it can become a broader de facto standard for an industry. This has happened with the modem protocol developed by Hayes, Apple's TrueType font standard and the PCL protocol used by Hewlett-Packard in the computer printers they produced.
Normally, the term standards organization does not include the parties participating in the standards development organization in the capacity of founders, benefactors, stakeholders, members or contributors, who themselves may function as the standards organizations.
Overview
Generally, any given standards organization can be classified by its role, position and the extent of its influence on the local, national, regional and global standardization arena.
By geographic designation, there are international, regional, and national standards bodies (the latter often referred to as NSBs). By technology or industry designation, there are standards developing organizations (SDOs) and also standards setting organizations (SSOs) also known as consortia. Standards organizations may be governmental, quasi-governmental or non-governmental entities. Quasi- and non-governmental standards organizations are often non-profit organizations.
International Standards Organizations
Broadly, an international standards organization develops international standards. (This does not necessarily restrict the use of other published standards internationally.)
There are many international standards organizations. For example, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) have existed for more than 50 years (founded in 1947, 1906, and 1865, respectively) and they are all based in Geneva, Switzerland. They have established tens of thousands of standards covering almost every conceivable topic. Many of these are then adopted worldwide replacing various incompatible 'homegrown' standards. Many of these standards are naturally evolved from those designed in-house within an industry, or by a particular country, whilst others have been built from scratch by groups of experts who sit on various technical committees (TCs).
ISO is composed of the National Standards Bodies (NSBs), one per member economy. The IEC is composed of “National Committees”, one per member economy. In some cases, the National Committee to the IEC of an economy may be the ISO member from that country or economy.
The World Standards Cooperation (WSC) is a cooperative effort between ISO, the IEC, and the ITU.
ISO and IEC are non-treaty international organizations. Their members may be non-governmental organizations or governmental agencies. The ITU and Codex Alimentarius are two examples of treaty-based organizations (where only governments are the primary members). The members of these organizations are the government foreign ministry, and/or appropriate regulatory body (telecoms regulator, agricultural, food safety or pharmaceuticals regulator, etc).
In addition to these, independent standards organizations such as ASTM International develop and publish technical standards for international use. Others set standards within some more specialized context, such as SAE, IETF, TAPPI, W3C, IEEE, UPU or API. Often, these international standards organizations are not based on the principle of one member per country. Rather, membership in such international organizations is open, having either organizational/corporate or individual technical expert members from around the globe.
The Universal Postal Union (UPU), by means of its Standards Board (SB), defines, approves, and maintains postal standards. The SB’s objectives are to provide strategic direction and to plan, develop and maintain technical and communications standards aimed at improving postal operational efficiency and quality of service, besides promoting interoperability and compatibility of all UPU and international postal telematics initiatives.
Regional Standards Organizations
Regional standards bodies also exist such as CEN, CENELEC, ETSI, and the IRMM in Europe, the Pacific Area Standards Congress (PASC), the Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT), the African Organization for Standardization (ARSO), the Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization (AIDMO), and others.
Sub-regional standards organizations also exist such as the MERCOSUR Standardization Association (AMN), the CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality (CROSQ), and the ASEAN Consultative Committee for Standards and Quality (ACCSQ).
GSO Gulf Standardasation Organasation for GCC Arab Countries..www.gso.org.sa
National Standards Bodies (NSBs)
In general, each country or economy has a single recognized Standards Body (NSB). Examples include ABNT, ANSI, Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik, BSI, DGN, DIN, IRAM, JISC, KATS, SABS, SAC, SCC, SIS, SN, SNZ. An NSB is likely the sole member from that economy in ISO.
NSBs may be either public or private sector organizations, or combinations of the two. For example, the three NSBs of Canada, Mexico and the United States are respectively the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), the General Bureau of Standards (Dirección General de Normas, DGN), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). SCC is a Canadian Crown Corporation, DGN is a governmental agency within the Mexican Ministry of Economy, and ANSI is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization with members from both the private and public sectors. The National Institute of Standards and Technology, the U.S. government's standards agency, cooperates with ANSI under a memorandum of understanding to collaborate on the United States Standards Strategy. The determinates of whether an NSB for a particular economy is a public or private sector body may include the historical and traditional roles that the private sector fills in public affairs in that economy or the development stage of that economy.
Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs)
Whereas the term national standards body (NSB) is generally used to refer to the one-per-country standardization organization which is that country’s member to ISO, the term Standards Developing Organization (SDO) generally refers to the thousands of industry or sector based standards organizations which develop and publish industry specific standards. Some economies feature only an NSB with no other SDOs. Large economies like the United States and Japan feature several hundred SDOs which are coordinated by the central NSBs of each country (ANSI and JISC in this case). SDOs are differentiated from Standards Setting Organizations (SSOs) (see Trends below) in that SDOs may be accredited to develop standards using open and transparent processes.
Scope of work
The developers of technical standards are generally concerned with interface standards, which detail how products interconnect with one another, and safety standards, which establish characteristics required for a product or process to be safe for the humans, animals and environment. The subject of their work can be narrow or broad.
Overlapping or competing standards bodies tend to cooperate purposefully, by seeking to define boundaries between the scope of their work, and by operating in a hierarchical fashion in terms of national, regional and international scope; international organizations tend to have as members national organizations; and standards emerging at national level (such as BS 5750) can be adopted at regional levels (BS 5750 was adopted as EN 29000) and at international levels (BS 5750 was adopted as ISO 9000).
Standards development process
When an organization develops standards which may be used openly, it is common to have formal rules published regarding the process. This may include:
- Who is allowed to vote and have input on new or revised standards
- What is the formal step-by-step process
- How are bias and commercial interests handled
- How are negative votes or ballots handled
- What type of consensus is required
- etc
Although it can be a tedious and lengthy process, formal standard setting is essential to developing new technologies. For example, since 1865, the telecommunications industry has depended on the ITU to establish the telecommunications standards that have been adopted worldwide. The ITU has created numerous telecommunications standards including telegraph specifications, allocation of telephone numbers, interference protection, and protocols for a variety of communications technologies. The standards that are created through standards organizations lead to improved product quality, ensured interoperability of competitors’ products, and they provide a technological baseline for future research and product development. Formal standard setting through standards organizations has numerous benefits for consumers including increased innovation, multiple market participants, reduced production costs, and the efficiency effects of product interchangeability.
Standards distribution
Since the standards development process costs a great deal of money, time and resources, virtually all but a few standards are distributed on a commercial basis rather than being provided free. Giving standards away free of charge would eliminate the significant source of funding for standards developers.
Some users of standards mistakenly assume that all standards are the works in the public domain. This assumption is correct only for standards produced by the central governments whose publications are not amenable to copyright. Any standards produced by non-governmental entities remain the intellectual property of their developers and are protected, just like any other publications, by copyright laws and international treaties.
Trends
The ever-quickening pace of technology evolution is now more than ever affecting the way new standards are proposed, developed and implemented.
Since traditional, widely respected standards organizations tend to operate at a slower pace than technology evolves, many standards they develop are becoming less relevant because of the inability of their developers to keep abreast with the technological innovation. As a result, a new class of standards setters appeared on the standardization arena: the industry consortia or Standards Setting Organization (SSO). Despite having limited financial resources, some of them enjoy truly international acceptance. One example is the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) whose standards for HTML, CSS, and XML are used universally throughout the world. There are also community-driven associations such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a world-wide network of volunteers who collaborate to set standards for lower level software solutions.
Some industry-driven standards development efforts don't even have a formal organizational structure. They are projects funded by large corporations. Among them are the OpenOffice.org, a Sun Microsystems-sponsored international community of volunteers working on an open-standard software that aims to compete with Microsoft Office, and two commercial groups competing fiercely with each other to develop an industry-wide standard for high-density optical storage.
International standards organizations
- 3GPP—3rd Generation Partnership Project
- 3GPP2—3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
- Accellera—Accellera Organization
- ACI—American Concrete Institute
- AIIM—Association for Information and Image Management
- ANSI—American National Standards Institute
- ASTM International
- AUTOSAR—Automotive technology
- BIPM, CGPM, and CIPM—Bureau International des Poids et Mesures and the related organizations established under the Metre Convention of 1875.
- CableLabs—Cable Television Laboratories
- CISPR—International Special Committee on Radio Interference
- DIN—Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.
- DMTF—Distributed Management Task Force
- Ecma International—Ecma International (previously called ECMA)
- FAI—Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
- GS1—Global supply chain standards (identification numbers, barcodes, electronic commerce transactions, RFID)
- IBTA—Infiniband Trade Association
- IEC—International Electrotechnical Commission
- IAU*—International Arabic Union
- IEEE—Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
- IETF—Internet Engineering Task Force
- IFOAM—International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements
- ISO—International Organization for Standardization
- ITU—The International Telecommunication Union
- ITU-R—ITU Radiocommunications Sector (formerly known as CCIR)
- ITU-T—ITU Telecommunications Sector (formerly known as CCITT)
- ITU-D—ITU Telecom Development (formerly known as BDT)
- IUPAC—International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Liberty Alliance—Liberty Alliance
- Media Grid—Media Grid Standards Organization
- N3P—Neutral Third Party
- OASIS—Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards
- OGC—Open Geospatial Consortium
- OHICC—Organization of Hotel Industry Classification & Certification
- OMA—Open Mobile Alliance
- OGF—Open Grid Forum (merger of Global Grid Forum (GGF) and Enterprise Grid Alliance (EGA))
- OpenTravel Alliance—OpenTravel Alliance (previously known as OTA
- SAI—Social Accountability International
- SIF—Schools Interoperability Framework
- TM Forum—Telemanagement Forum
- UPU—Universal Postal Union
- WMO—World Meteorological Organization
- W3C—World Wide Web Consortium
- WSA—Website Standards Association
Regional standards organizations
Africa
- ARSO—African Regional Organization for Standardization
- SADCSTAN—Southern African Development Community (SADC) Cooperation in Standardization
Americas
- COPANT—Pan American Standards Commission
- AMN—MERCOSUR Standardization Association
- CROSQ—CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality
Asia Pacific
- PASC—Pacific Area Standards Congress
- ACCSQ—ASEAN Consultative Committee for Standards and Quality
Europe
- CEN—European Committee for Standardization
- CENELEC—European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
- URS—United Registrar of Systems, UK
- ETSI—European Telecommunications Standards Institute
- EASC—Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification
- IRMM—Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (European Union)
Middle East
- AIDMO—Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization
- IAU*—International Arabic Union
National standards organizations
- Algeria—IANOR—Institut algérien de normalisation
- Argentina—IRAM—Instituto Argentino de Normalización
- Armenia—SARM—National Institute of Standards and Quality
- Australia—SA—Standards Australia
- Austria—ON—Austrian Standards Institute
- Bangladesh—BSTI—Bangladesh Standards and Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institutio
- Barbados—BNSI—Barbados National Standards Institution
- Belarus—BELST—Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of Belarus
- Belgium—IBN/BIN—The Belgian Institution for Standardization
- Belgium—BEC/CEB—The Belgian Electrotechnical Committee
- Bolivia—IBNORCA—Instituto Boliviano de Normalización y Calidad
- Bosnia and Herzegovina—BASMP—Institute for Standards, Metrology and Intellectual Property of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Brazil—ABNT—Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas
- Brunei Darussalam—CPRU—Construction Planning and Research Unit, Ministry of Development
- Bulgaria—BDS—Bulgarian Institute for Standardization
- Canada—SCC—Standards Council of Canada
- Canada—CSA—Canadian Standards Association
- Chile—INN—Instituto Nacional de Normalizacion
- China—SAC—Standardization Administration of China
- China—CSSN—China Standards Information Center
- Colombia—ICONTEC—Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación
- Costa Rica—INTECO—Instituto de Normas Técnicas de Costa Rica
- Croatia—DZNM—State Office for Standardization and Metrology
- Cuba—NC—Oficina Nacional de Normalización
- Czech Republic—CSNI—Czech Standards Institute
- Denmark—DS—Dansk Standard
- Ecuador—INEN—Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización
- Egypt—EO—Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control
- El Salvador—CONACYT—Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Estonia—EVS—Eesti Standardikeskus
- Ethiopia—QSAE—Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia
- Finland—SFS—Finnish Standards Association
- France—AFNOR—Association française de normalisation
- Germany—DIN—Deutsches Institut für Normung and Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik
- Greece—ELOT—Hellenic Organization for Standardization
- Grenada—GDBS—Grenada Bureau of Standards
- Guatemala—COGUANOR—Comisión Guatemalteca de Normas
- Guyana—GNBS—Guyana National Bureau of Standards
- Hong Kong—ITCHKSAR—Innovation and Technology Commission
- Hungary—MSZT—Magyar Szabványügyi Testület
- Iceland—IST—Icelandic Council for Standardization
- IndiaBIS—Bureau of Indian Standards
- Indonesia—BSN—Badan Standardisasi Nasional
- Iran—ISIRI—Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran
- Ireland—NSAI—National Standards Authority of Ireland
- Israel—SII—The Standards Institution of Israel
- Italy—UNI—Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione
- Jamaica—BSJ—Bureau of Standards, Jamaica
- Japan—JISC—Japan Industrial Standards Committee
- Jordan—JISM—Jordan Institution for Standards and Metrology
- Kazakstan—KAZMEMST—Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification
- Kenya—KEBS—Kenya Bureau of Standards
- Republic of Korea—KATS—Korean Agency for Technology and Standards
- Kuwait—KOWSMD—Public Authority for Industry, Standards and Industrial Services Affairs
- Kyrgyzstan—KYRGYZST—State Inspection for Standardization and Metrology
- Latvia—LVS—Latvian Standard
- Lebanon—LIBNOR—Lebanese Standards Institution
- Lithuania—LST—Lithuanian Standards Board
- Luxembourg—SEE—Service de l'Energie de l'Etat, Organisme Luxembourgeois de Normalisation
- Malaysia—Department of Standards Malaysia
- Malta—MSA—Malta Standards Authority
- Mauritius—MSB—Mauritius Standards Bureau
- Mexico—DGN—Dirección General de Normas
- Moldova—MOLDST—Department of Standardization and Metrology
- Morocco—SNIMA—Service de Normalisation Industrielle Marocaine
- Netherlands—NEN—Nederlandse Norm, maintained by the Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut (NNI)
- New Zealand—SNZ—Standards New Zealand
- Nicaragua—DTNM—Dirección de Tecnología, Normalización y Metrología
- Nigeria—SON—Standards Organisation of Nigeria
- Norway—SN—Standards Norway (Standard Norge)
- Oman—DGSM—Directorate General for Specifications and Measurements
- Pakistan—PSQCA—Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority
- Palestine—PSI—Palestine Standards Institution
- Panama—COPANIT—Comisión Panameña de Normas Industriales y Técnicas
- Papua New Guinea—NISIT—National Institute of Standards and Industrial Technology
- Peru—INDECOPI—Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intellectual
- Philippines—BPS—Bureau of Product Standards
- Poland—PKN—Polish Committee for Standardization
- Portugal—IPQ—Instituto Português da Qualidade
- Romania—ASRO—Asociatia de Standardizare din România
- Russian Federation—Rostekhregulirovaniye—Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
- Saint Lucia—SLBS—Saint Lucia Bureau of Standards
- Saudi Arabia—SASO—Saudi Arabian Standards Organization
- Serbia and Montenegro—ISSM -Institution for Standardization of Serbia and Montenegro
- Seychelles—SBS—Seychelles Bureau of Standards
- Singapore—SPRING SG—Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board
- Slovakia—SUTN—Slovak Standards Institute
- Slovenia—SIST—Slovenian Institute for Standardization
- South Africa—SABS—South African Bureau of Standards
- Spain—AENOR—Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación
- Sri Lanka—SLSI—Sri Lanka Standards Institution
- Sweden—SIS—Swedish Standards Institute
- Switzerland—SNV—Swiss Association for Standardization
- Syrian Arab Republic—SASMO—The Syrian Arab Organization for Standardization and Metrology
- Taiwan (Republic of China)—BSMI—The Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection
- Tanzania—TBS—Tanzania Bureau of Standards
- Thailand—TISI—Thai Industrial Standards Institute
- Trinidad and Tobago—TTBS—Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards
- Turkey—TSE—Türk Standardlari Enstitüsü
- Uganda—UNBS—Uganda National Bureau of Standards
- Ukraine—DSSU—State Committee for Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy of Ukraine
- United Kingdom—BSI—British Standards Institution aka BSI Group
- United States of America—ANSI—American National Standards Institute
- Uruguay—UNIT—Instituto Uruguayo de Normas Técnicas
- Venezuela—FONDONORMA—Fondo para la Normalización y Certificación de la Calidad
- Vietnam—TCVN—Directorate for Standards and Quality
See also
External links
- —a network of publicly accessible web servers of standards organizations around the world
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