Sravaka

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Sravaka

Sravaka or Shravaka (Sanskrit

Sanskrit

Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India....
) or Savaka (Pali

Páli

P?li is a village in Gyor-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary.External links...
) means "a hearer" or, more generally, "disciple."

This term is used by both Buddhists and Jains. In Jainism, a shravaka is any lay Jain. Thus the term shravaka has been used ofor the jain community itself (for example see Sarak

Sarak

The Saraks are a community in Bengal, Orissa and Jharkhand. They have been followers of Jainism since ancient times, however were isolated and separated from the main body of the Jain community in western, northern and southern India....
and Saraogi).

In Buddhism, the term is sometimes reserved for distinguished disciples of the Buddha.

a class="link1" onMouseover='showByLink("m2877405",this)' onMouseout='hide("m2877405")'href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Nikaya_Buddhism">Nikaya Buddhism

Nikaya Buddhism

The term Nikaya Buddhism was invented by Mahayanist scholars, in order to find a more acceptable term than Hinayana to refer to the Early Buddhist schools....
, savaka (m.) or savika (f.) is a disciple who accepts:

In Mahayana

Mahayana

Mahayana is one of the two main existing schools of Buddhism and a term for classification of Buddhist philosophy and practice. It was History of Buddhism in India....
texts, sravakas (or arhat

Arhat

In the shramana traditions of ancient India arhat or arahant signified a spiritual practitioner who had?to use an expression common in the tipitaka?"laid down the burden"?and realised the goal of nirvana, the culmination of the spiritual life ....
s) are sometimes contrasted with bodhisattva

Bodhisattva

In the Buddhist context, a bodhisattva means either "enlightened existence " or "enlightenment-being" or, given the variant Sanskrit spelling satva rather than sattva, "heroic-minded one for enlightenment "....
s (Sanskrit; Pali: bodhisatta).

he Pali canon

Pali Canon

The Pali Canon is the standard collection of scriptures in the Theravada Buddhism tradition, as preserved in the Pali. It is the only completely surviving Early Buddhist schools canon, and one of the first to be written down....
, the term "disciple" transcends monastic-lay divisions and can refer to anyone from the following "four assemblies":

Buddhist texts

Buddhist texts can be categorized in a number of ways. The Western terms "scripture" and "canonical" are applied to Buddhism in inconsistent ways by Western scholars: for example, one authority refers to "scriptures and other canonical texts", while another says that scriptures can be categorized into canonical, commentarial and pseudo-canon...
further mention three types of disciples based on spiritual accomplishment:

In the Pali canon, the Chief Disciples are Sariputta

Sariputra

Sariputra or Sariputta was one of two principal sravaka of the Buddha. He became an Arhat renowned for his wisdom and is depicted in the Theravada tradition as one of the most important disciples of the Buddha....
(Pali; Sanskrit: Sariputra) and Mahamoggallana

Maudgalyayana

Maudgalyayana , also known as Mahamaudgalyayana or Mahamoggallana, was one of the Buddha Shakyamuni's closest disciples. A contemporary of famous arhats such as Subhuti, Sariputra, and Mahakasyapa, he is considered the second of the two foremost disciples of the Buddha, together with Sariputta....
(Pali; Sanskrit: Maudgalyayana).

Examples of Great Disciples are Mahakassapa

Mahakasyapa

Mahakasyapa or Kasyapa was a brahman of Magadha, who became one of the principal disciples of Shakyamuni Buddha Buddha and who convened and directed the first Buddhist Councils....
(Pali; Sanskrit: Mahakasyapa), Ananda

Ananda

Ananda was one of many principal disciples and a devout attendant of the Gotama Buddha. Amongst the Buddha's many disciples, Ananda had the most retentive memory and most of the Sutra in the Sutta Pitaka are attributed to his recollection of the Buddha's teachings during the First Buddhist Council....
, Anuruddha

Anuruddha

Anuruddha was one of the five head sravaka and a cousin of Gautama Buddha....
and Mahakaccana.

Ordinary disciples, who constitute the majority of disciples, while devoted to the Buddha and his teaching and while having planted seeds for future liberation, have not yet irreversibly entered the path to emancipation and are still subject to infinite rebirths.

broadly: any lay disciple (Pali: upasaka, upasika) of the Buddha;

narrowly: one who is at least on the path to enlightenment

Bodhi

Bodhi is both the Pali and Sanskrit word traditionally translated into English language as "enlightenment." The word "Buddhahood" means "one who has achieved bodhi." Bodhi is also frequently translated as "awakening."...
(Pali: sotapatti maggattha).

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Sravaka or Shravaka (Sanskrit

Sanskrit

Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India....
) or Savaka (Pali

Páli

Sarak

Buddhist references

In Nikaya Buddhism

Nikaya Buddhism

the Buddha
Gautama Buddha

Siddhartha Gautama was a Spirituality teacher in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent who founded Buddhism. He is generally seen by Buddhists as the Supreme Buddhahood of our age....
as their teacher,
the Buddha's teaching (the Dhamma),
the Buddha's rules of conduct (Five Precepts for laypersons, Patimokkha
Patimokkha

In Buddhism, the Patimokkha is the basic Theravada code of monastic discipline, consisting of 227 rules for fully ordained monks and 311 for nuns ....
for monastics).

In Mahayana

Mahayana

Arhat

Bodhisattva

Who's a "disciple"?

In the Pali canon

Pali Canon

monks (Pali: bhikkhu
Bhikkhu

A Bhikkhu , Bhiksu is a fully ordained male Buddhism monastic. Female monastics are called Bhikkhunis . Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis keep many precepts: they live by the vinaya's framework of monastic discipline, the basic rules of which are called the patimokkha....
)
nuns (Pali: Bhikkhuni

A Bhikkhuni is a fully ordained female Buddhism monastic. Male monastics are called Bhikkhus. Both Bhikkunis and Bhikkhus live by the vinaya. Bhikkhuni lineages enjoy a broad basis in Mahayana countries like Korea, Vietnam, China and Taiwan....
)
laymen (Pali: upasaka
Upasaka

Upasaka or Upasika are from the Sanskrit and Pali words for "attendant". This is the title of followers of Buddhism who are not bhiksus, bhiksunis or Samaneras in a Buddhist order and who undertake certain vows....
)
laywomen (Pali: upasika)

Buddhist texts

Chief Disciple (Pali: aggasavaka; Sanskrit: agrasravaka):

In the Pali canon, the Chief Disciples are Sariputta

Sariputra

Maudgalyayana

Great Disciple (Pali: mahasavaka; Sanskrit: maha-sravaka):

Examples of Great Disciples are Mahakassapa

Mahakasyapa

Ananda

Anuruddha

Anuruddha was one of the five head sravaka and a cousin of Gautama Buddha....
and Mahakaccana.

Ordinary Disciple (Pali: pakatisavaka; Sanskrit: ):

"Noble disciple"

In the Pali Canon, the term "noble disciple" (Pali: ariya-savaka) is used in two ways:

broadly: any lay disciple (Pali: upasaka, upasika) of the Buddha;
narrowly: one who is at least on the path to enlightenment
Bodhi

Bodhi is both the Pali and Sanskrit word traditionally translated into English language as "enlightenment." The word "Buddhahood" means "one who has achieved bodhi." Bodhi is also frequently translated as "awakening."...
(Pali: sotapatti maggattha). In this sense, "ordinary disciple" (pakatisavaka) can be contrasted with this narrow definition of "noble disciple" (ariya-savaka).

The canon occasionally references the "four pairs" and "eight types" of noble disciples. This refers to disciples (in the aforementioned narrow sense) who have achieved one of the four stages of enlightenment

Four stages of enlightenment

The four stages of enlightenment in Buddhism are the four degrees of approach to full enlightenment as an Arahant which a person can attain in this life....
:

stream-enterer
Sotapanna

In Buddhism, a sotapanna , a stream-enterer or stream-winner, is a person, who has eradicated the first three Fetter s of the mind, that prevent freedom....
(Pali: sotapatti)
once-returner
Sakadagami

In Buddhism, the Sakadagami is a partially-bodhi, who has cut off the first three Fetter s with which the ordinary mind is bound, and significantly weakened the fourth and fifth....
(Pali: sakadagamita)
non-returner
Anagami

In Buddhism, an anagami is a partially-bodhi person who has cut off the first five Fetter s that bind the ordinary mind. Anagami-ship is the third of the four stages of enlightenment....
(Pali: anagamita)
arahant
Arhat

In the shramana traditions of ancient India arhat or arahant signified a spiritual practitioner who had?to use an expression common in the tipitaka?"laid down the burden"?and realised the goal of nirvana, the culmination of the spiritual life ....
(Pali: arahatta)

For each of these stages, there is a "pair" of possible disciples: one who is on the stage's path (Pali: magga); the other who has achieved its fruit (Pali: phala). Thus, each stage represents a "pair" of individuals: the path traveler (Pali: maggattha) and the fruit achiever (Pali: phalattha). Hence, the community of disciples is said to be composed of four pairs or eight types of individuals (Pali: cattari purisayugani attha purisapuggala).

In the Pali canon, the Buddha often contrasts the "instructed noble disciple" (Pali: sutava ariya-savaka) with the "uninstructed worlding" (Pali: assutava puthujjana). For instance, in the "Sabbasava Sutta," the Buddha states:

The well-instructed disciple of the noble ones — who has regard for noble ones, is well-versed & disciplined in their Dhamma; who has regard for men of integrity

Sangha

Sangha is a word in Pali or Sanskrit that can be translated roughly as "association" or "assembly," "company" or "community" with common goal, vision or purpose....
, is well-versed & disciplined in their Dhamma — discerns what ideas are fit for attention and what ideas are unfit for attention.

"Foremost" disciples

In the "Etadaggavagga" ("These are the Foremost Chapter," AN

Anguttara Nikaya

The Anguttara Nikaya is a Buddhist scripture, the fourth of the five nikayas, or collections, in the Sutta Pitaka, which is one of the "three baskets" that comprise the Pali Tipitaka of Theravada Buddhism....
1.14), the Buddha identifies 80 different categories for his "foremost" (Pali: agga) disciples: 47 categories for monks, 13 for nuns, ten for laymen and ten for laywomen. Some of these categories and the associated disciples are identified in the table below.

	The Buddha's Foremost Disciples (Based on AN Anguttara Nikaya The Anguttara Nikaya is a Buddhist scripture, the fourth of the five nikayas, or collections, in the Sutta Pitaka, which is one of the "three baskets" that comprise the Pali Tipitaka of Theravada Buddhism.... 1.14)
CATEGORY	MONKS Bhikkhu A Bhikkhu , Bhiksu is a fully ordained male Buddhism monastic. Female monastics are called Bhikkhunis . Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis keep many precepts: they live by the vinaya's framework of monastic discipline, the basic rules of which are called the patimokkha....	NUNS Bhikkhuni A Bhikkhuni is a fully ordained female Buddhism monastic. Male monastics are called Bhikkhus. Both Bhikkunis and Bhikkhus live by the vinaya. Bhikkhuni lineages enjoy a broad basis in Mahayana countries like Korea, Vietnam, China and Taiwan....	LAYMEN Upasaka Upasaka or Upasika are from the Sanskrit and Pali words for "attendant". This is the title of followers of Buddhism who are not bhiksus, bhiksunis or Samaneras in a Buddhist order and who undertake certain vows....	LAYWOMEN
First	Kondañña	Mahapajapati Mahapajapati Gotami Mahapajapati Gotami was the first woman to request Ordination of women#Buddhism from the Gotama Buddha and to join the Sangha. She was both the Buddha's maternal aunt and adoptive mother, raising him after her sister, Queen Maya , the Buddha's birth mother, died....	—	—
Great / High Wisdom	Sariputta Sariputra Sariputra or Sariputta was one of two principal sravaka of the Buddha. He became an Arhat renowned for his wisdom and is depicted in the Theravada tradition as one of the most important disciples of the Buddha....	Khema Khema Khema was one of the two chief female disciples of Gautama Buddha .The name Khema means well-composed and she was quite beautiful. The nun belonged to the royal family of Magadha and was one of the chief queens of King Bimbisara.... , Bhadda Kaccana Yashodhara Princess Yasodhara was the daughter of King Suppabuddha , and Pamita, sister of the Gautama Buddha's father, King Suddhodana.The meaning of the name Yasodhara [from yasas glory, splendor + dhara bearing from the verbal root dhri to bear, support] is Bearer of glory....	—	—
Psychic Powers	Mahamoggallana Maudgalyayana Maudgalyayana , also known as Mahamaudgalyayana or Mahamoggallana, was one of the Buddha Shakyamuni's closest disciples. A contemporary of famous arhats such as Subhuti, Sariputra, and Mahakasyapa, he is considered the second of the two foremost disciples of the Buddha, together with Sariputta....	Uppalavanna Uppalavanna Uppalavanna was considered to be amongst the two chief female sravaka of the Gautama Buddha, the other being Khema.She was the daughter of a wealthy merchant and was known for her great beauty....	—	—
Discipline	Mahakassapa Mahakasyapa Mahakasyapa or Kasyapa was a brahman of Magadha, who became one of the principal disciples of Shakyamuni Buddha Buddha and who convened and directed the first Buddhist Councils....	Patacara	—	—
Heavenly Eye	Anuruddha Anuruddha Anuruddha was one of the five head sravaka and a cousin of Gautama Buddha....	Bakula	—	—
Teaching / Knowledge	Mahakaccana, Punna Mantaniputta, Vangisa	Dhammadinna	Citta Macchikasandika Citta Citta was one of the chief lay disciples of the Gautama Buddha. He was a wealthy merchant from Savatthi. His life and character were so pure that near his death, had he wished to be a chakravartin, it would've been granted....	Kujjuttara Khujjuttara Khujjuttara was one of the Gautama Buddha's foremost female lay disciples .According to atthakatha to the Pali canon, Khujjuttara was a servant to one of the queens of King Udena of Kosambi named Samavati....
Foremost Layperson	—	—	Sudatta	Visakha Visakha Visakha, also referred to as Migara's mother , was one of the chief female sravakas of the Gautama Buddha. She became a sotapanna and died at the age of 120....
First Taking Refuge Refuge (Buddhism) In lay and monastic ordination ceremonies, Buddhists take the Three Refuges in the Three Jewels and are said to "take refuge." The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text ....	—	—	Tapassu, Balluka	Sujata Sujata Sujata is a Sanskrit word meaning "from a good family origin". 'Su' means 'good' and 'jata' implies 'jati' or 'caste'. Thus the implied and correct meaning of the word Sujata means 'of good caste' or 'the well born'....

In addition, in SN 17.23, SN 17.24 and AN 4.18.6, the Buddha identifies four pairs of disciples "who have no compare" and who should thus be emulated. These four pairs are a subset of the 80 foremost disciples identified in the aforementioned sutta AN 1.14. These four pairs of disciples to be most emulated are:

monks: Sariputta
Sariputra

Sariputra or Sariputta was one of two principal sravaka of the Buddha. He became an Arhat renowned for his wisdom and is depicted in the Theravada tradition as one of the most important disciples of the Buddha....
and Mahamoggallana
Maudgalyayana

Maudgalyayana , also known as Mahamaudgalyayana or Mahamoggallana, was one of the Buddha Shakyamuni's closest disciples. A contemporary of famous arhats such as Subhuti, Sariputra, and Mahakasyapa, he is considered the second of the two foremost disciples of the Buddha, together with Sariputta....
nuns: Khema
Khema

Khema was one of the two chief female disciples of Gautama Buddha .The name Khema means well-composed and she was quite beautiful. The nun belonged to the royal family of Magadha and was one of the chief queens of King Bimbisara....
and Uppalavanna
Uppalavanna

Uppalavanna was considered to be amongst the two chief female sravaka of the Gautama Buddha, the other being Khema.She was the daughter of a wealthy merchant and was known for her great beauty....
laymen: Citta (Macchikasandika) the householder
Citta

Citta was one of the chief lay disciples of the Gautama Buddha. He was a wealthy merchant from Savatthi. His life and character were so pure that near his death, had he wished to be a chakravartin, it would've been granted....
and Hatthaka of Alavaka
Hatthaka of Alavi

Hatthaka of Alavi was one of the foremost lay male Sravaka of the Gautama Buddha, mentioned in text along with Citta in the Buddhavamsa xxvi.19 and considered the foremost in gathering a following using the "four bases of sympathy" which he describes as being:...
laywomen: Kujjuttara
Khujjuttara

Khujjuttara was one of the Gautama Buddha's foremost female lay disciples .According to atthakatha to the Pali canon, Khujjuttara was a servant to one of the queens of King Udena of Kosambi named Samavati....
and Velukandaki the mother of Nanda
Velukandakiya

Velukandakiya is considered one of the two standard-bearer layman female disciples of the Gautama Buddha, the other being Khujjuttara. She is known as the mother of Nanda ....
(also known as Uttaranandamata)

"Community of disciples"

In Buddhism, there are two traditional communities (Pali: sangha):

The "community of monks" (Pali: bhikkhu
Bhikkhu

A Bhikkhu , Bhiksu is a fully ordained male Buddhism monastic. Female monastics are called Bhikkhunis . Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis keep many precepts: they live by the vinaya's framework of monastic discipline, the basic rules of which are called the patimokkha....
-sangha or sammati-sangha) refers to a community of four or more monks. (See the article on "Sangha
Sangha

Sangha is a word in Pali or Sanskrit that can be translated roughly as "association" or "assembly," "company" or "community" with common goal, vision or purpose....
" for more information.)
The "community of disciples" (Pali: savaka-sangha or ariya-sangha) refers to the community of monks
Bhikkhu

A Bhikkhu , Bhiksu is a fully ordained male Buddhism monastic. Female monastics are called Bhikkhunis . Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis keep many precepts: they live by the vinaya's framework of monastic discipline, the basic rules of which are called the patimokkha....
, nuns
Bhikkhuni

A Bhikkhuni is a fully ordained female Buddhism monastic. Male monastics are called Bhikkhus. Both Bhikkunis and Bhikkhus live by the vinaya. Bhikkhuni lineages enjoy a broad basis in Mahayana countries like Korea, Vietnam, China and Taiwan....
, and male
Upasaka

Upasaka or Upasika are from the Sanskrit and Pali words for "attendant". This is the title of followers of Buddhism who are not bhiksus, bhiksunis or Samaneras in a Buddhist order and who undertake certain vows....
and female layfollowers, especially those who are on the path to enlightenment.

For an example of a traditional stock reference to the savaka-sangha in the Pali canon, in "The Crest of the Standard" discourse (SN
Samyutta Nikaya

The Samyutta Nikaya is a Buddhist scripture, the third of the five nikayas, or collections, in the Sutta Pitaka, which is one of the "three baskets" that compose the Pali Tipitaka of Theravada Buddhism....
11.3), the Buddha advises his monks that, if they experience fear, they can recollect
Anussati

Anussati means "recollection," "contemplation," "remembrance," "meditation" and "mindfulness." In Buddhism, anussati refers to either:* specific Buddhist meditation or devotional practices, such as recollecting the sublime qualities of the Buddha, which lead to Samatha and Piti; or,...
the Buddha or the Dhamma or the Sangha; and, in recollecting the Sangha they should recall:

'The Sangha of the Blessed One's disciples [savaka-sangha] is practising the good way, practising the straight way, practising the true way, practising the proper way; that is, the four pairs of persons, the eight types of individuals....'

A similar phrase can also be found in the lay disciple's daily chant
Buddhist chant

A Buddhist chant is a form of musical verse or incantation, in some ways analogous to Hindu or Christian religious recitations. They exist in just about every part of the Buddhist world, from the Wats in Thailand to the Tibetan Buddhism temples of India ....
, "Sangha Vandana" ("Salutation to the Sangha").

Mahayana view

According to Je Tsongkhapa
Je Tsongkhapa

Tsongkhapa , whose name means "The Man from Onion Valley", was a famous teacher of Tibetan Buddhism whose activities led later to the formation of the Geluk school....
(founder of the Tibetan Gelug School): "The Sutra on the Ten Levels says that those who have cultivated these ten [virtuous practices, i.e. not killing, not stealing, not lying etc.] through fear of cyclic existence and without [great] compassion, but following the words of others, will achieve the fruit of a Sravaka."

Jain references
Sravaka in Jainism
Jainism

Jainism is one of the oldest Indian religions that originated in India. Jains believe that every soul is divine and has the potential to achieve God-consciousness....
is a lay Jain. He is the hearer of Jinavani
Jain literature

Jainism puts great value on learning. Jains have been prolific authors and avid readers for centuries. India's oldest manuscript libraries have been preserved in Jaisalmer and Patan by Jain scholars....
i.e. discourses of Jain muni]s and scholars. The Jain chaturvidha sangha
Sangha (Jainism)

In Jainism, Sangha can mean the assembly of monks, nuns, lay men and women of a region. It can also mean an order of monks and nuns, along with its branches....
includes monks, nuns, lay men and women.

See also

Shravakabuddha
Shravakayana
Shravakayana

Sravakayana is one of the three Yana known to Mahayana. It translates literally as the "vehicle of hearers [i.e. disciples]". The term is used by some Mahayana Buddhism to describe one hypothetical path to enlightenment....
Arhat
Arhat

In the shramana traditions of ancient India arhat or arahant signified a spiritual practitioner who had?to use an expression common in the tipitaka?"laid down the burden"?and realised the goal of nirvana, the culmination of the spiritual life ....

Bibliography

Acharya, Kala (2002). : A Glossary of Buddhist Terms. Mumbai, New Delhi:Somaiya Publications. ISBN 81-7039-246-2. Available on-line at: http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/DBLM/resource/ebooks/102946/102946.htm.

Bodhi, Bhikkhu
Bhikkhu Bodhi

Bhikkhu Bodhi , born Jeffrey Block, is an American Buddhist monk, ordained in Sri Lanka and currently teaching in the New York/New Jersey area....
(trans.) (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-331-1.

Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2005). In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon.Boston: Wisdom Pubs. ISBN 0-86171-491-1.

Buddhaghosa
Buddhaghosa

Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosaas a 5th-century Indian Theravadin Buddhist commentator and scholar. His name means "Voice of the Buddha" in the Pali....
, Bhadantacariya & (trans.) (1999). The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga. Seattle, WA: BPS Pariyatti Editions. ISBN 1-928706-00-2.

Indaratana Maha Thera, Elgiriye (2002). Vandana: The Album of Pali Devotional Chanting and Hymns. Penang, Malaysia:Mahindarama Dhamma Publication. Available on-line at: http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/vandana02.pdf.

Nyanaponika Thera
Nyanaponika Thera

Nyanaponika Thera or Nyaniponika Mahathera was a German-born Sri-Lanka-ordained Theravada monk, co-founder of the Buddhist Publication Society, contemporary author of numerous seminal Theravada books, and teacher of contemporary Western Buddhist leaders such as Bhikkhu Bodhi....
, Hellmuth Hecker & Bhikkhu Bodhi (ed.) (2003). Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their lives, their works, their legacy. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-381-8.

Nyanatiloka Mahathera (4^th ed., 1980). Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines. Kandy, Sri Lanka:Buddhist Publication Society
Buddhist Publication Society

The Buddhist Publication Society is a charity whose goal is to explain and spread the dhamma of the Gautama Buddha. It was founded in Sri Lanka in 1958 by two Sri Lankan Buddhist laymen, A.S....
. ISBN 955-24-0019-8. Available on-line at: http://www.budsas.org/ebud/bud-dict/dic_idx.htm.

Pali Text Society
Pali Text Society

The Pali Text Society was founded in 1881 by Thomas William Rhys Davids "to foster and promote the study of Pali texts".Pali is the language in which the texts of the Theravada school of Buddhism is preserved....
(PTS) (1921-1925). The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary. London: Chipstead. Available on-line at: http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.

Prayudh Payutto (1986). Sangha: The Ideal World Community. A lecture delivered in January 2529/1986 at the Fourth International Congress of the World Buddhist Sangha Council, held at Buddha's Light Vihara, Bangkok. Available on-line at: http://www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/ebdha062.htm.

Thanissaro Bhikkhu
Thanissaro Bhikkhu

Thanissaro Bhikkhu is an United States Buddhist monk of the Thai forest kammatthana tradition. He was born Geoffrey DeGraff and converted to Buddhism in high school....
(trans., 2006a). Metta Sutta: Good Will (1)" (AN 4.125). Available on-line at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.125.than.html.

Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans., 2006b). Metta Sutta: Good Will (2)" (AN 4.126). Available on-line at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.126.than.html.

Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans., 1997). Sabbasava Sutta: All the Fermentations (MN
Majjhima Nikaya

The Majjhima Nikaya is a Buddhist scripture, the second of the five nikayas, or collections, in the Sutta Pitaka, which is one of the "three baskets" that compose the Pali Tipitaka of Theravada Buddhism....
2). Available on-line at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.002.than.html.

Uppalavanna, Sister (trans.) (n.d.-a). Aayacanasuttam: Wishing (AN 4.18.6). Retrieved from "MettaNet" at http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara2/4-catukkanipata/018-sacetaniyavaggo-e.html.

Uppalavanna, Sister (trans.) (n.d.-b). Etadaggavagga: These are the foremost (AN 1.14). Retrieved from "MettaNet" at http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara1/1-ekanipata/014-Etadaggapali-e.html. A Romanized Pali version of this chapter is available from this same site at http://www.mettanet.org/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara1/1-ekanipata/014-Etadaggapali-p.html.

Webu Sayadaw & Roger Bischoff (trans.) (1995). "A Happiness that Ever Grows" in The Essential Practice (Part II). Available on-line at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/webu/wheel384.html#happy.

External links

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