Spring Mountain District AVA

{{refimprove|date=March 2009}} The '''Spring Mountain District AVA''' is an [[American Viticultural Area]] located in the [[Napa Valley AVA]] in [[California]]. Spring Mountain District AVA was officially established as an American Viticulture Area in 1993. Encompassed within its bounds are about {{convert|8600|acre|ha|-1}}, of which about {{convert|1000|acre|ha|-1}} are planted to vineyards. Given the small crop yields on hillsides, the region represents less than 2% of Napa Valley wine. Currently the region has just over 30 winegrowers.{{fact|date=September 2008}} The appellation sits on steep terraces of the [[Mayacamas Mountains]] that separate Napa Valley from Sonoma Valley and the Santa Rosa Plain. It lies in a northwestern portion of the Napa Valley above and behind the town of [[Saint Helena, California|Saint Helena]]. The boundaries of the appellation extend from the top of the ridgeline on the western edge, tracing the Sonoma/Napa County border. From the ridgeline the boundaries extend down to the {{convert|400|ft|m|0}} contour line at the eastern base of the hillside. The southern boundary is [[Sulphur Creek (California)|Sulphur Creek]] and one of its tributaries, while the northern boundary is [[Ritchie Creek]]. [[Elevation]]s range from {{convert|400|ft|m|0}} to {{convert|2600|ft|m|0}}. The region has a predominantly eastern exposure.{{fact|date=September 2008}} == Climate == Local topography and regional weather patterns make the Spring Mountain District the coolest and wettest appellation within the Napa Valley. These same factors create a [[Diurnal temperature variation|diurnal]] fluctuation in temperature in the summertime that differs from other regions of the Napa Valley.{{fact|date=September 2008}} Spring Mountain is only {{convert|30|mi|km|0}} to the east of the Pacific Ocean. The coastal waters of northern California are strongly influenced by the [[California Current]], an icy flow of water that originates near the [[Aleutian Islands]]. This cold current moderates the summer weather in the coastal valleys of Northern California. Lying between the Spring Mountain appellation and the cold ocean current is a gap in the coastal mountains between [[Bodega Bay|Bodega]] and [[Tomales Bay]] and extending through the Santa Rosa Plain. Summer heat in the interior of California creates a low pressure area that draws cold air from the coast through this coastal gap and across the broad Santa Rosa plain. This on-shore air movement is bumped north by Sonoma Mountain pushing the cold air flow towards Santa Rosa Creek, the Northern Mayacamas Mountains, and directly at the Spring Mountain District AVA. The ridge of the Spring Mountain District is lower than Bald Mountain to its south and Diamond Mountain to its north. This lower ridgeline allows the cool, moist coastal air to enter the Napa Valley spilling down over forest and the vineyards that lie on the slopes of Spring Mountain and moderating peak daily temperatures.{{fact|date=September 2008}} A typical summer afternoon on Spring Mountain is cool, sometimes with “waterfalls” of fog tumbling over the western ridge and down through the canyons of the district. Into the evening, the cool air settles to the valley floor creating a cover of fog and warm air is lifted to the higher elevations. Nighttime temperature rise from this effect. Mornings warm more quickly on Spring Mountain than on the valley floor as most of the district lies above the morning fog line. The overall effect of this is moderately warm peak daily temperatures and moderately warm nighttime temperatures which keeps sugar accumulation in the berry in pace with flavor development.{{fact|date=September 2008}} The topography of the Spring Mountain District AVA also influences in the vineyards on the valley floor below it. While much of the Napa Valley depends on cooling from the [[San Pablo Bay]], the vineyards in and around Saint Helena benefit from this second and direct source of coastal cooling that comes through the Spring Mountain District AVA. Also moderating summer temperatures in the appellation is the altitude of the vineyards; generally they are cooler at higher elevations. A final moderating influence is the district's predominately eastern exposure which shades the district from the harsh afternoon sun. The topography influences climate over the entire year. Spring Mountain District AVA receives {{Convert|10|in|cm|0}} to {{convert|15|in|cm|0}} more annual rainfall than the Napa Valley floor or the eastern slopes of the valley. Total precipitation can range as high as {{convert|70|in|cm|0}} to {{convert|95|in|cm|0}} in some of the wettest years.{{fact|date=September 2008}} == Soils == Soil depths vary, but tend to be deeper than in nearby mountain terrain and shallower than on the valley floor. The region contains mostly residual upland soils with only a few areas of alluvial soils at the lower elevations. The soils are derived almost equally from Franciscan sedimentary rocks (sandstone and conglomerates) and Sonoma volcanic formations which are predominately composed of Andesite. This equal mix of sedimentary and volcanic rocky soils distinguishes the region from adjacent mountain areas. To the north, in the Diamond Mountain area, soils are almost entirely of volcanic origin. To the south, in the Mount Veeder area, soils are primarily sedimentary. == Wine Production == About 90% of the wine produced in the Spring Mountain District AVA is red.{{fact|date=September 2008}} The predominating grape variety is [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] followed by [[Merlot]]. In addition to the other [[Bordeaux|Bordelaise]] grape varieties of [[Cabernet Franc]], [[Petit Verdot]] and [[Malbec]], a few sites favor and support small plantings of [[Zinfandel]], [[Syrah]], [[Petite Sirah]] and on the coolest sites, even a little [[Pinot Noir]]. Of the whites over half is [[Chardonnay]]. The other significant plantings of white grapes in the AVA are [[Sauvignon blanc]] and [[White Riesling]].{{fact|date=September 2008}} == History == Early on, the name Spring Mountain was used in a regional context and did not refer to the name of a peak or prominent point, rather than a particularly verdant area with numerous springs, and drained by several small streams. The appellation was among the first locations in Napa Valley to receive recognition as a grape growing region.{{fact|date=September 2008}} While grapes may have been grown in the area as early as the [[American Civil War]], the first documented planting is that of [[Charles Lemme]], who cultivated the {{convert|25|acre|ha|0}} La Perla Vineyard just south of York Creek in 1874. Steady growth followed. In the 1880s, Jacob and Frederick Beringer, who had already opened their historic winery near St. Helena, planted a vineyard on Spring Mountain. Later in the decade, Fortune Chevalier, a Frenchman who had come to San Francisco during the Gold Rush, planted {{convert|25|acre|ha|0}} and built a stone winery.{{fact|date=September 2008}} Most notable among the early growers was wealthy [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] [[bank]]er and financier Tiburcio Parrott, who established a vineyard that he named Miravalle and built a Victorian-style home that still stands on the property. In 1893, a local newspaper reported: "Old vineyardists asked him [Parrott] what he expected to do among those hills and rocks, and when told by Mr. Parrott that he expected to raise grapes and produce wine unsurpassed in the world, they laughed at him and told him his hopes would never be realized."{{fact|date=September 2008}} Parrott’s wines took first place at the San Francisco Midwinter Fair the following year and a gold medal at the World’s Fair two years later. The historic La Perla, Chevalier and Miravalle vineyards are now part of Spring Mountain Vineyard.{{fact|date=September 2008}} Grape growing and winemaking declined in Spring Mountain from 1910 to 1940 due to the onset of [[phylloxera]] and [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]]. The first reawakening of viticulture came in 1946, when Fred and Eleanor McCrea planted a small vineyard north of Mill Creek, and then in 1953 founded a legendary winery called Stony Hill. The resurgence began in earnest in the late 1960s and 1970s — with the founding of several wineries, including Ritchie Creek, Yverdon, Spring Mountain Vineyard, Smith-Madrone and Robert Keenan. The name Spring Mountain was first used as an origin on Cabernet Sauvignon wines produced by Ritchie Creek in the late 1970s.{{fact|date=September 2008}} ==Wineries== * [[Andesite Vineyard]] * [[Beringer Vineyards]] * [[Fantesca Estate & Winery]] * [[Newton Vineyard]] * [[Smith-Madrone Vineyards and Winery]] * [[Spring Mountain Vineyard]] * [[Stony Hill Vineyard]] == External links == * [http://www.springmountaindistrict.com/home.php Spring Mountain District Association] * [http://www.springmountaindistrict.com/about_terroir_pskinner.php Spring Mountain Terroir] by Paul W. Skinner, Ph.D*., Terra Spase, Inc. *[http://www.springmountainsociety.org/ Spring Mountain Wine Community] {{coord missing|Napa County, California}} {{-}}