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Spring (hydrosphere)
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A spring is a point where groundwater flows out from the ground, and is thus where the aquifer surface meets the ground surface.
Dependent upon the constancy of the water source (rainfall or snowmelt that infiltrates the earth), a spring may be ephemeral (intermittent) or perennial (continuous).
r issuing from an artesian spring rises to a higher elevation than the top of the confined aquifer from which it issues.
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Encyclopedia
A spring is a point where groundwater flows out from the ground, and is thus where the aquifer surface meets the ground surface.
Dependent upon the constancy of the water source (rainfall or snowmelt that infiltrates the earth), a spring may be ephemeral (intermittent) or perennial (continuous).
Formation
Water issuing from an artesian spring rises to a higher elevation than the top of the confined aquifer from which it issues. When water issues from the ground it may form into a pool or flow downhill, in surface streams. Sometimes a spring is termed a seep.
Minerals become dissolved in the water as it moves through the underground rocks. This may give the water flavor and even carbon dioxide bubbles, depending upon the nature of the geology through which it passes. This is why spring water is often bottled and sold as mineral water, although the term is often the subject of deceptive advertising. Springs that contain significant amounts of minerals are sometimes called 'mineral springs'. Springs that contain large amounts of dissolved sodium salts, mostly sodium carbonate, are called 'soda springs'. Many resorts have developed around mineral springs known as spa towns.
A stream carrying the outflow of a spring to a nearby primary stream is called a spring branch or run. Groundwater tends to maintain a relatively long-term average temperature of its aquifer; so flow from a spring may be cooler than a summer day, but remain unfrozen in the winter. The cool water of a spring and its branch may harbor species such as certain trout that are otherwise ill-suited for a warmer local climate.
Water emanating from karst topography is another type of spring, often called a resurgence as much of the water may come from one or more sinkholes at a higher altitude. Karst springs generally are not subjected to as great a degree of ground filtering as spring water which may have continuously passed through soils or a porous aquifer.
Classification
Springs are often classified by the volume of the water they discharge. The largest springs are called "first-magnitude," defined as springs that discharge water at a rate of at least 2800 L/s. The scale for spring flow is as follows:
| Magnitude | Flow (ft³/s, gal/min, pint/min) | Flow (L/s) |
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| 1st Magnitude | > 100 ft³/s | 2800 L/s | | 2nd Magnitude | 10 to 100 ft³/s | 280 to 2800 L/s | | 3rd Magnitude | 1 to 10 ft³/s | 28 to 280 L/s | | 4th Magnitude | 100 US gal/min to 1 ft³/s (448 US gal/min) | 6.3 to 28 L/s | | 5th Magnitude | 10 to 100 gal/min | 0.63 to 6.3 L/s | | 6th Magnitude | 1 to 10 gal/min | 63 to 630 mL/s | | 7th Magnitude | 1 pint to 1 gal/min | 8 to 63 mL/s | | 8th Magnitude | Less than 1 pint/min | 8 mL/s | | 0 Magnitude | no flow (sites of past/historic flow) |
See also
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