Sports medicine
Encyclopedia
Sports medicine is a branch of medicine
Medicine
Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....

 that deals with physical fitness
Physical fitness
Physical fitness comprises two related concepts: general fitness , and specific fitness...

, treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise. Although sports teams have employed Team physicians for many years, it is only since the late 20th century that Sport and Exercise Medicine has emerged as a distinct entity in health care
Health care
Health care is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans. Health care is delivered by practitioners in medicine, chiropractic, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, allied health, and other care providers...

.

Domains

  1. Prevention
  2. Clinical education & diagnostic
  3. Immediate care
  4. Treatment, rehab & reconditioning
  5. Organizations & admin
  6. Professional responsibility (education & counselling)

Recent History

In recent years Western society has increasingly recognized the dangers of Physical inactivity, and significant efforts have been made within the Public Health
Public health
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals" . It is concerned with threats to health based on population health...

 community to encourage the nation to become more physically active. To reflect this paradigm shift BASM has renamed itself BASEM (British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine) and the speciality itself has rebranded from Sports Medicine to Sport & Exercise Medicine. Since 2007 several deaneries across the UK have established training programmes in SEM, and recurrent funding for 50 National Training Numbers (NTN’s) is available.

Qualification in Sport & Exercise Medicine

In the past SEM has largely been a special interest among General Practitioners. The minimal level of qualification is a Diploma available from FSEM (Faculty of Sport and Exercise Medicine), or MSc (with submission of research project) from,,,,, and. Provided a Medical Doctor (usually a GP, or specialist in A&E, Orthopaedic, Rheumatology or Musculoskeletal Radiology) can provide evidence of active involvement in SEM, they will be granted Membership of FSEM

Fellowship of the Faculty is only granted to senior sports physicians, or new entrants to the. The highest level of qualification in SEM is entry to the GMC Specialist Register. This is achieved through approval of prior qualification and experience, leading to a Certificate of Eligibility for Specialist Registration or through completion of an approved NHS, leading to a Certificate of Completion of Training. Only doctors on the GMC’s Specialist Register may hold substantive NHS Consultant posts, and although the title “Consultant” is not protected by law, the term is generally reserved for full NHS Consultants. In addition many private medical insurers will only grant specialist recognition and practice privileges to doctors entered on to the GMC specialist register."

Sports Medicine Team

Certified Athletic Trainer (ATC); Certified Athletic Therapist CAT(C) (Canada)

Athletic Trainers/Therapists (ATs) are highly skilled professional specializing in the health care of physical activity. They are responsible for care & prevention of athletic injury/illness and serve as a liaison between the team physician, coach, parent, and athlete.


Responsibilities include:
  1. Immediate on-field emergency injury assessment and management
  2. Making appropriate and unbiased sideline decisions regarding athletes returning to full participation
  3. Thorough assessment and appropriate management of sport related emergencies such as, but not limited to: concussions, heat-related emergencies, sudden cardiac death, and MRSA
  4. Clinical assessment of injury
  5. Design & implementation of contemporary rehab protocols
  6. Sport equipment fitting, maintenance, and emergency removal
  7. Applying protective/supportive techniques that allow the athlete to regain physically active lifestyle
  8. Inventory and purchasing of supplies
  9. Completing medical/accidental record form

Team Physician

Promotes the success of the AT program,
“cornerstone” of the medical team, available for emergencies.

Duties
  1. Supervising pre-participation physical & medical history
  2. Clearing of players for return to play after injury
  3. Work with AT and student athletic trainers/therapist in further development of AT program

Athletes

Duties
  1. Maintain good physical condition
  2. Selecting, fitting, and maintaining protective equipment
  3. Play by the rules
  4. Follow the instruction of the coaches and the ATC


Parents
Can assist by keeping the child healthy, if kept updated on the injury
Should be informed of recommended treatment at home for injury or if they are hurt

Officials
Duties
  1. enforcing fair rules
  2. Monitoring playing conditions
  3. Cooperating with ATC & physician when injury occur & when environmental hazards exist

Coaches

Duties
  1. Plan practice including: conditioning & training of the athlete & teach techniques /rules of sport
  2. Selecting,fitting & maintaining protective things
  3. Supervision of practice/ game facilities
  4. Update education by attending clinics that review rule changes, skill development, CPR/FA


ATS’s (athletic training students)
Duties
  1. Assisted by the ATC to develop skills in immediate care of injury, preventative techniques and basic treatment protocol
  2. Maintain clean facility
  3. Inventory control: keeping track of supplies and equipment
  4. Packing FA kits
  5. Preparing H20, inj ice &take to fields
  6. Taping, wrapping, change dressings, minor treatment, FA procedures

Sports Medicine Organizations

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

Founded in 1954, the American College of Sports Medicine is the largest and most prominent sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world. ACSM has more than 20,000 International, National and Regional Chapter members. Since its founding ACSM members have applied their knowledge, training and dedication in sports medicine and exercise science to promote healthier lifestyles for people around the globe.

American College of Sports Medicine

Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine
The Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine (CASEM) is an organization of physicians committed to excellence in the practice of medicine as it applies to all aspects of physical activity.

Our mission is to forge a strong, collective voice for sport medicine; to be a leader in advancing the art and science of sport medicine, including health promotion and disease prevention, for the benefit of all Canadians through advocacy, education, research and service.

http://www.casm-acms.org/

American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM)

Founded in 1991, AMSSM is a multi-disciplinary organization of physicians whose members are dedicated to education, research, collaboration and fellowship within the field of Sports Medicine. It now comprises over 1500 Sports Medicine Physicians whose goal is to provide a link between the rapidly expanding core of knowledge related to sports medicine and its application to patients in a clinical setting.
American Medical Society for Sports Medicine

National Athletic Trainers' Association(NATA)

Founded in the year 1950

The mission of the National Athletic Trainers’ Association is to enhance the quality of health care provided by certified athletic trainers and to advance the athletic training profession.

National Athletic Trainers' Association
National Athletic Trainers' Association
The National Athletic Trainers' Association is a professional membership association serving certified athletic trainers and others who support the athletic training profession in the United States...



Canadian Athletic Therapists' Association(CATA)

Founded in the year 1965.

The Canadian Athletic Therapist Association (CATA) is an organization devoted to the comprehensive health care of an individual at any level of physical ability by Certified Athletic Therapists.

Canadian Athletic Therapists Association
Canadian Athletic Therapists Association
-History:The Canadian Athletic Therapists Association is a professional body based in Calgary, Canada which was established on April 24 1965 at a meeting at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, Ontario....



http://www.athletictherapy.org/en/index.aspx

American Medical Association(AMA)

Recognized Athletic Training(AT) as an allied health profession in 1990

American Medical Association
American Medical Association
The American Medical Association , founded in 1847 and incorporated in 1897, is the largest association of medical doctors and medical students in the United States.-Scope and operations:...



American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine (AOASM)
http://aoasm.org/

Future Challenges

The challenge remains for SEM to establish itself within the UK medical community, particularly the NHS. SEM is the first medical speciality to be created ex nihilo
Ex nihilo
Ex nihilo is a Latin phrase meaning "out of nothing". It often appears in conjunction with the concept of creation, as in creatio ex nihilo, meaning "creation out of nothing"—chiefly in philosophical or theological contexts, but also occurs in other fields.In theology, the common phrase creatio ex...

, ‘out of nothing’. Whereas other medical specialities have emerged from others, i.e. Cardiology
Cardiology
Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...

 emerged when practicing general physicians decided to concentrate on, Heart conditions, SEM has not emerged from any other speciality, and therefore most of its practitioners do not practice within the NHS. Instead most SEM specialists work for Sports teams or Private Clinics.

In September 2009, the UK Department of Health took an SEM specialist, Dr Leon Creaney, on secondment from the London Deanery to tackle this specific issue. The specific projects include developing a business case to clearly elucidate the advantages of SEM services for the NHS, and the development of a National Centre of Excellence in Sport & Exercise Medicine.

National Centre

The development of a was a specific Olympic legacy commitment made to in February 2005 as part of the.

Chief Medical Officer Sir Liam Donaldson

To date a National Centre has not emerged, though the Department of Health continues to pursue the project.

Scope of the Speciality

Specialists in SEM will diagnose and treat any medical conditions which regular exercisers or sports persons encounter. The majority of an SEM Physicians time is therefore spent treating musculoskeletal injuries, however other conditions include Female athlete triad
Female athlete triad
Female Athlete Triad is a syndrome in which eating disorders , amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea and decreased bone mineral density are present. Also know simply as the Triad, this condition is seen in females participating in sports that emphasize leanness or low body weight...

, Unexplained Underperformance Syndrome, Exercise-induced asthma
Exercise-induced asthma
Exercise-induced asthma, or E.I.A., is a medical condition characterized by shortness of breath induced by sustained aerobic exercise. It shares many features with other types of asthma, and responds to some typical asthma medications, but does not appear to be caused by the same inflammatory...

, screening for Cardiac Abnormalities, Diabetes in Sport. In addition Team Physicians working in Elite Sport often play a role in performance medicine, whereby an athletes’ physiology
Physiology
Physiology is the science of the function of living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or...

 is monitored, and aberrations corrected, in order to achieve peak physical performance.

Exercise Medicine

The Foresight Report issued by the Government Office for Science
Government Office for Science
The Government Office for Science is part of the British government. This organisation exists to ensure that Government policy and decision-making is underpinned by robust scientific evidence and long-term thinking...

, 17 October 2007, highlighted the unsustainable health and economic costs of a nation that continues to be largely sedentary. It forecasts that the incremental costs of this inactivity will be £10 billion per year by 2050 and the wider costs to society and businesses £49.9billion. Physical inactivity inevitably leads to ill-health and it forecasts the cost of paying for this impact will be unsustainable in the future. No existing group of medical specialists is equipped with the skills and training to deal with this challenge.

The concept of Exercise as Health tool or is becoming increasingly important. SEM Physicians are able to evaluate medical patients co-morbidities, perform exercise testing and provide an exercise prescription
Exercise prescription
Exercise prescription is the referral of patients to exercise programmes. The term is also used to describe the development of exercise programs.- Patient Referral :...

, together with a motivational programme and exercise classes.

Public Health

SEM Physicians are frequently involved in promoting the therapeutic benefits of Physical Activity, Exercise and Sport for the individuals and communities. SEM Physicians in the UK spend a period of their training in Public Health
Public health
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals" . It is concerned with threats to health based on population health...

, and advise Public Health Physicians on matters relating to Physical Activity promotion. An example of published work includes the Royal College of publication –

Common Sports Injuries

Concussion- caused by severe head trauma where the brain moves violently within the skull so that brain cells all fire at once, much like a seizure

Muscle Cramps- a sudden tight, intense pain caused by a muscle locked in spasm. Muscle cramps are also recognized as an involuntary and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax

ACL Sprains- The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a ligament involved in knee stabilization. An ACL rupture can occur when the foot is planted and the knee twists to change direction.

Ankle Sprain- The ligaments that hold the ankle bones in place can easily be overstretched.

Shin Splints- The tissue that attaches the muscles of your lower leg to the shin bone may be pulling away from the bone, or it may be inflamed from overuse.

See also

  • Athletic trainer
    Athletic trainer
    An athletic trainer is a certified, health care professional who practices in the field of sports medicine. Athletic training has been recognized by the American Medical Association as an allied health care profession since 1990....

  • Canadian Athletic Therapists Association
    Canadian Athletic Therapists Association
    -History:The Canadian Athletic Therapists Association is a professional body based in Calgary, Canada which was established on April 24 1965 at a meeting at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, Ontario....

  • Augustus Thorndike
    Augustus Thorndike
    Augustus Thorndike , was the chief of surgery at Harvard University from 1931 to 1962 and a pioneer in sports medicine.Thorndike served in World War I and was a graduate of Harvard University and Harvard Medical School...

  • Exercise
    Physical exercise
    Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons including strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, as well as for the purpose of...

  • Ice bath
    Ice bath
    In sports therapy, an ice bath or sometimes a cold-water immersion or cold therapy is a training regimen usually following a period of intense exercise in which a substantial part of a human body is immersed in a bath of ice or ice-water for a limited duration...

  • National Academy of Sports Medicine
    National Academy of Sports Medicine
    The National Academy of Sports Medicine sells study courses and examinations for personal trainer certification and funds fitness research and education. NASM was founded in Chicago, Illinois, USA in 1987. NASM develops continuing education in the form of study courses for professional athletic...

  • Nutrition
    Nutrition
    Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet....

  • Overtraining
    Overtraining
    Overtraining is a physical, behavioral, and emotional condition that occurs when the volume and intensity of an individual's exercise exceeds their recovery capacity. They cease making progress, and can even begin to lose strength and fitness...


  • Physical fitness
    Physical fitness
    Physical fitness comprises two related concepts: general fitness , and specific fitness...

  • Sports Chiropractic
    Sports Chiropractic
    Sports chiropractic, also known as chiropractic sports sciences/medicine, is a specialty of chiropractic. In Canada it is generally a 2 year post-graduate residency program that results in the designation of certified chiropractic sports specialist offered by the Royal College of Chiropractic...

  • Sports injuries
    Sports injuries
    Sports injuries are injuries that occur in athletic activities. In many cases, these types of injuries are often due to overuse or acute trauma of a part of the body when participating in a certain activity. For example, runner's knee is a painful condition generally associated with running, while...

  • Sports nutrition
    Sports nutrition
    Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is concerned with the type and quantity of fluid and food taken by an athlete, and deals with nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, supplements and organic substances such as carbohydrates,...

  • Sports training
  • Ventricular hypertrophy
    Ventricular hypertrophy
    Ventricular hypertrophy is the enlargement of ventricles in the heart. Although left ventricular hypertrophy is more common, enlargement can also occur in the right ventricle, or both ventricles.- Physiology :...

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