Specific activity
Encyclopedia
In nuclear sciences and technologies, "activity" is the SI quantity related to the phenomenon of natural and artificial radioactivity. The SI unit of "activity" is becquerel, Bq, while that of "specific activity" is Bq/kg. The old unit of "activity" was curie
, Ci, while that of "specific activity" was Ci/g. For its use in radiochemistry
, see radioactivity.
One can use the experimentally measured specific activity to calculate the half-life of an element.
Starting from the definition of the half-life (T1/2) -
with, N0, atoms of an element, the number of atoms, N,
remaining after time, t, is giving by:
Take the natural log of both sides:
Take the derivative with respect to time, t:
Multiply both sides by N:
Which is:
dN/dt represents the decay rate of atoms. The negative sign shows that the rate is negative, so the number of atoms is decreasing with time as you would expect. Rearranging terms:
Example: determine the half-life of Rb-87
Suppose you have a gram of rubidium-87 and with your Geiger counter, you get a count rate which, after taking solid angle effects into account, is consistent with a decay rate of 3200 decays per second; this would correspond to a specific activity of 3.2×106 Bq/kg. The atomic weight is of the rubidium is 87, so one gram is one 87th of a mole, or N=6.9×1021 atoms. Plugging in the numbers:
Curie
The curie is a unit of radioactivity, defined asThis is roughly the activity of 1 gram of the radium isotope 226Ra, a substance studied by the pioneers of radiology, Marie and Pierre Curie, for whom the unit was named. In addition to the curie, activity can be measured using an SI derived unit,...
, Ci, while that of "specific activity" was Ci/g. For its use in radiochemistry
Radiochemistry
Radiochemistry is the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes...
, see radioactivity.
One can use the experimentally measured specific activity to calculate the half-life of an element.
Starting from the definition of the half-life (T1/2) -
with, N0, atoms of an element, the number of atoms, N,
remaining after time, t, is giving by:
Take the natural log of both sides:
Take the derivative with respect to time, t:
Multiply both sides by N:
Which is:
dN/dt represents the decay rate of atoms. The negative sign shows that the rate is negative, so the number of atoms is decreasing with time as you would expect. Rearranging terms:
Example: determine the half-life of Rb-87
Suppose you have a gram of rubidium-87 and with your Geiger counter, you get a count rate which, after taking solid angle effects into account, is consistent with a decay rate of 3200 decays per second; this would correspond to a specific activity of 3.2×106 Bq/kg. The atomic weight is of the rubidium is 87, so one gram is one 87th of a mole, or N=6.9×1021 atoms. Plugging in the numbers: