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Spanish Guinea was an Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
n colony
Colony

In politics and in history, a colony is a Territory under the immediate political control of a state. For colonies in antiquity, city-states would often found their own colonies....
 of Spain
Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
 that became the independent nation of Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea

The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is a Spanish-speaking country located in Central Africa. With an area of 28,000 km2 it is one of the smallest countries in continental Africa, having a population estimated at half a million....
.

History
The Portuguese explorer
Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the earliest and longest lived of the modern European Colonialism empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999....
, Fernão do Pó
Fernão do Pó

Fern?o do P? , also Fern?o P?, Fernando P?, Fernando Poo was a Portugal navigator and Portugal in the Age of Discovery of the West African coast....
, seeking a route to India
India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
, is credited with having discovered the island of Bioko
Bioko

Bioko is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea, part of Equatorial Guinea. In colonial times it geographical renaming Fernando P? or Fernando Poo, and under the Africanization policy of dictator Francisco Mac?as Nguema it was renamed Masie Ngueme Biyogo Island ; on his overthrow in 1979 it was named...
 in 1472. He called it Formosa ("Beautiful"), but it quickly took on the name of its European discoverer. The islands of Fernando Pó and Annobón were colonized by Portugal
Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
 in 1474. The Portuguese retained control until 1778, when the island, adjacent islets, and commercial rights to the mainland between the Niger and Ogoue Rivers were ceded to Spain
Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies ruled by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries....
 in exchange for territory in the American continent (Treaty of El Pardo
Treaty of El Pardo (1778)

The Treaty of El Pardo was signed on March 11, 1778 between Queen Maria I of Portugal and King Charles III of Spain. Based on the terms of the treaty, Queen Maria ceded the islands of Annob?n and Bioko to King Charles, as well as the Guinea coast between the Niger River and the Ogoue River....
, between Queen Maria I of Portugal
Maria I of Portugal

Maria I was Queen of Portugal and the Algarves from 1777 until her death. Known as Maria the Pious, Maria the Mad, she was the first undisputed Queen regnant of Portugal....
 and King Charles III of Spain
Charles III of Spain

Charles III was list of Spanish monarchs 1759?88 , King of Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily 1735?59 , and Duchy of Parma 1732?35 . He was a proponent of enlightened absolutism....
).






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Spanish Guinea was an Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
n colony
Colony

In politics and in history, a colony is a Territory under the immediate political control of a state. For colonies in antiquity, city-states would often found their own colonies....
 of Spain
Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
 that became the independent nation of Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea

The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is a Spanish-speaking country located in Central Africa. With an area of 28,000 km2 it is one of the smallest countries in continental Africa, having a population estimated at half a million....
.

History


The Portuguese explorer
Portuguese Empire

The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the earliest and longest lived of the modern European Colonialism empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999....
, Fernão do Pó
Fernão do Pó

Fern?o do P? , also Fern?o P?, Fernando P?, Fernando Poo was a Portugal navigator and Portugal in the Age of Discovery of the West African coast....
, seeking a route to India
India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
, is credited with having discovered the island of Bioko
Bioko

Bioko is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea, part of Equatorial Guinea. In colonial times it geographical renaming Fernando P? or Fernando Poo, and under the Africanization policy of dictator Francisco Mac?as Nguema it was renamed Masie Ngueme Biyogo Island ; on his overthrow in 1979 it was named...
 in 1472. He called it Formosa ("Beautiful"), but it quickly took on the name of its European discoverer. The islands of Fernando Pó and Annobón were colonized by Portugal
Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
 in 1474. The Portuguese retained control until 1778, when the island, adjacent islets, and commercial rights to the mainland between the Niger and Ogoue Rivers were ceded to Spain
Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies ruled by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries....
 in exchange for territory in the American continent (Treaty of El Pardo
Treaty of El Pardo (1778)

The Treaty of El Pardo was signed on March 11, 1778 between Queen Maria I of Portugal and King Charles III of Spain. Based on the terms of the treaty, Queen Maria ceded the islands of Annob?n and Bioko to King Charles, as well as the Guinea coast between the Niger River and the Ogoue River....
, between Queen Maria I of Portugal
Maria I of Portugal

Maria I was Queen of Portugal and the Algarves from 1777 until her death. Known as Maria the Pious, Maria the Mad, she was the first undisputed Queen regnant of Portugal....
 and King Charles III of Spain
Charles III of Spain

Charles III was list of Spanish monarchs 1759?88 , King of Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily 1735?59 , and Duchy of Parma 1732?35 . He was a proponent of enlightened absolutism....
). From 1827 to 1843, Britain
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
 established a base on the island to, supposedly, combat the slave trade
Slavery

Slavery is a form of forced labor where a person is compelled to Labor for another . Slaves are held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase, or birth, and are deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to receive Remuneration in return for their labor....
. However human trafficking continued through existing networks of slave trade established long before Europeans arrived. The mainland portion, Rio Muni, became a protectorate in 1885 and a colony in 1900. Conflicting claims to the mainland by France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 and Spain were settled in 1900 by the Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris (1900)

The Treaty of Paris was signed on June 27, 1900 between representatives of the Spanish Empire and the French Colonial Empire. Based on the terms of the treaty, R?o Muni was relieved of all conflicting claims....
, and periodically, the mainland territories were united administratively under Spanish rule. Between 1926 and 1959 they were united as the colony of Spanish Guinea. During the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted coup d'?tat by a group of Spanish Army generals, supported by the conservative Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right , Carlist groups and the fascistic Falange, against the government of the Second Spanish Republic, then under the leadership of pr...
 (1936-1939), the nationalist side from Fernando Poo (who rebelled on September 19, 1936) overtook the Republican
Second Spanish Republic

The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King of Spain Alfonso XIII of Spain left the country following local and municipal elections in which republican candidates won the majority of votes in urban areas and April 1 1939, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered to Nationalist...
 forces of Río Muni on October 14, 1936.

The population of the colony was stratified as:
  1. Whites
    Peninsulares

    In the Colonialism caste system of Spanish America, a peninsular was a Spain Spanish people or mainland Spaniard residing in the New World, as opposed to a person of full Spanish descent born in the Americas ....
    , whose immigration was regulated by the Spanish government.
  2. Emancipados
    Emancipados

    Emancipado was a term used for an African descended social-political demographic within the population of Spanish Guinea that existed in the early to mid 1900's....
    , black population assimilated to the Whites. They had a Christian Spanish education. Some of them descended from freed Cuban slaves, brought to Africa by Royal Orders of 13 September 1845 (voluntary) and 20 June 1861 (deportation). This group included mestizos (mulattoes) acknowledged by the White father.
  3. "Individuals of colour" under patronage, the majority of the black indigenous people, of different ethnic groups, mostly Bantus. They were not allowed to own property and were liable to forced labour. They included unacknowleged mestizos.
  4. Nigerian and Cameroonian
    Cameroon

    The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary state of central and western Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south....
    , Chinese
    Han Chinese

    Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and, by most modern definitions, the largest single ethnic group in the Earth.Han Chinese constitute about 92 percent of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98 percent of the population of the Republic of China , 75 percent of the population of Singapore, and about 19 percent...
     and Indian
    India

    India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
    .


See also

  • History of Equatorial Guinea
    History of Equatorial Guinea

    The History of Equatorial Guinea is diverse and varied....
  • Bubi
    Bubi

    Also known as the Bantu Speaking Bubi language, the Bubi People are an African ethnic group, members of the Bantu peoples group, who are indigenous to Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea....
  • Fernandinos
  • Emancipados
    Emancipados

    Emancipado was a term used for an African descended social-political demographic within the population of Spanish Guinea that existed in the early to mid 1900's....