Southwark

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Southwark

Southwark, or the Borough, is an area of south-east London

London

London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
in the London Borough of Southwark

London Borough of Southwark

The London Borough of Southwark is a London borough in south east London, England. It is directly south of the River Thames and the City of London, and forms part of Inner London....
, situated 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Charing Cross

Charing Cross

Charing Cross denotes the junction of the Strand, London, Whitehall and Cockspur Street, just south of Trafalgar Square in City of Westminster within Central London, England....
.

e the 1550s, to contrast it with the neighbouring City

City of London

Metropolitan Borough of Southwark

The Metropolitan Borough of Southwark was a metropolitan borough in the County of London....
and now to distinguish it from the much larger London Borough of Southwark

London Borough of Southwark

The London Borough of Southwark is a London borough in south east London, England. It is directly south of the River Thames and the City of London, and forms part of Inner London....
.

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Encyclopedia

Southwark, or the Borough, is an area of south-east London

London

London Borough of Southwark

Charing Cross

Charing Cross denotes the junction of the Strand, London, Whitehall and Cockspur Street, just south of Trafalgar Square in City of Westminster within Central London, England....
.

Naming

Southwark (locally also ) is the area of London immediately south of London Bridge

London Bridge

London Bridge is a bridge between the City of London and Southwark in London, England, over the River Thames. Situated between Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Tower Bridge, it forms the western end of the Pool of London....
. It will have the United Kingdom's tallest building in 2012, Shard London Bridge

Shard London Bridge

Shard London Bridge, also known as London Bridge Tower, the Shard of Glass, 32 London Bridge and Shard Tower is a supertall skyscraper under construction in Southwark, London....
.

It has been called The Borough (pronounced

Borough

A borough is an administrative division of various countries. In principle, the term borough designates a self-governing township although, in practice, official use of the term varies widely....
) since the 1550s, to contrast it with the neighbouring City

City of London

Metropolitan Borough of Southwark

The Metropolitan Borough of Southwark was a metropolitan borough in the County of London....
and now to distinguish it from the much larger London Borough of Southwark

London Borough of Southwark

The London Borough of Southwark is a London borough in south east London, England. It is directly south of the River Thames and the City of London, and forms part of Inner London....
. The core area of the Borough is virtually coterminous with the Guildable Manor

Guildable Manor

Guildable Manor formally 'The City of London?s Guildable Manorof the Town and Borough of Southwark' is an institution of the City of London which is not a Livery Company as it is territorially rather than trade based, being the organisation of the Juror freemen of the Court Leet....
.

The Cathedral precinct and the Borough Market are often misleadingly described as being in Bankside

Bankside

Bankside is an area in Southwark, London, on the southern bank of the River Thames, situated between Blackfriars Bridge to the west and London Bridge to the east....
and the Tooley Street area up to the St Saviour's Dockhead is also mistakenly described as part of Bermondsey

Bermondsey

Bermondsey is an area in London on the south bank of the river Thames, and is part of the London Borough of Southwark. To the west lies Southwark, to the east Rotherhithe, and to the south, Walworth, London....
, whereas they have always been part of Borough.

Manors and vestries

From the Norman period manorial organisation obtained through major lay and ecclesiastic magnates. Southwark still has vestiges of this because of the connection with the City of London. In 1327 the City acquired from Edward III the original 'vill

Vill

Vill is a term used in English history to describe a land unit which might otherwise be described as a parish, manor or tithing.The term is used in the period immediately after the Norman conquest and into the late medieval....
of Southwark' and this was also described as "the borough". However, even at that period the term "Southwark" was used to describe much else on the Surrey bank of the Thames. References are made to both Bermondsey and Lambeth as being "in Southwark". It seems that the informal name for the original settlement arose to avoid confusion, the earliest reference to it as 'Guildable Manor' is in 1377.

The neighbours to this were then:

(West of High Street)

Bishop of Winchester's 'Liberty of the Clink'

The Hospitaller's 'Wyldes' (later 'Paris(h) Garden')

Bermondsey Priory's (later an Abbey) 'west socne' (from taq 1550 'The King's Manor')

(East of High Street)

Archbishop of Canterbury's (from taq 1550 ' The Great Liberty ')

Bermondsey Manor

and two sub manors St Thomas (Hospital precinct); Earl de Warenne's (defunct from 1399)

In 1536 Henry VIII acquired the Bermondsey Priory properties and in 1538 that of the Archbishop. In 1550 these were sold to the City. From 1550 to 1899 it formed part of the City of London

City of London

The City of London is a geographically small city status in the United Kingdom within Greater London, England. It is the historic core of London around which, along with Westminster, the modern conurbation grew....
as the Ward of Bridge Without but was not included in the representative system at Guildhall.

However, Elizabethan Poor Laws placed statutory burdens onto Parishes and this created a civic authority which at first ran alongside and eventually displaced manorial authority which was essentially tenurial. In Southwark these parishes did not exactly coincide with the Manors:

Southwark parishes from mediaeval period:-

St Margaret's (merged into St Saviour's 1539)

St Mary Magdalen, Southwark (merged into St Saviour's 1539)

St Olave

St George the Martyr

St Thomas (Hospital precinct)

St Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey

Civil parishes and District Boards of Works

The process of local authority development was that secular administration in the parishes were placed into 'vestries' i.e. a lay council originally meeting not in the church but in a robing room. The arrangement then became formalised when the Metropolis Management Act 1855 divided civil administration from religious (i.e. Church of England) observance and franchises. The Act created a Metropolitan Board of Works as a local government federation for what then was regarded as greater London out of parts of Middlesex, Surrey and Kent. Their previous parochial authorities were then given the status of 'Civil Parishes' out of the preceding organisations. Where the previous vestry parish was considered too small these were grouped together as 'District Boards of Works '. These sent representatives to the Metropolitan Board.

For Southwark these bodies were as follows:-

St Saviour DBW - St Saviour's and its daughter parish of Christchurch (previously ' Parish Garden') with part of St Thomas. The St Saviour's parish included ' the Clink '.

St Olave's DBW - St Olave's and its daughter parish of St John, Horsleydown with part of St Thomas (Hospital precinct). In 1899 this was given the status of a 'Civil Parish'.

St George the Martyr

The neighbours to these Southwark parishes were now:- St Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey; Lambeth; St Mary, Newington (Walworth).

These and other parishes in Kent, Surrey, Middlesex and Essex were put into the new London County Council created in 1889. In 1900 the London Government Act was to merge the various Civil Parishes and DBWs into ' Metropolitan Boroughs of London ' effectively giving to the metropolitan area municipal corporations on a par with those in the provinces and the City.

The St Saviour DBW and St George the Martyr districts and the neighbouring St Mary, Newington (Walworth) became the 'Metropolitan Borough of Southwark. However, the St Olave's DBW was merged with St Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey and the Rotherhithe district to become the 'Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey' which meant that the eastern side of Borough High Street was in 'Bermondsey' creating a confusion as to the delineation of both 'Borough' and 'Bermondsey' which lingers on today over forty years after the anomaly was resolved by the 1964 reorganisation which merged the two Metropolitan Boroughs.

Much of the area around the Tate Modern

Tate Modern

The Tate Modern in London is United Kingdom's national museum of international modern art and is, with Tate Britain, Tate Liverpool, Tate St Ives, and Tate#Tate Online, part of the group now known simply as Tate Gallery....
gallery and the Globe Theatre

Globe Theatre

The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, and was destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613....
is now referred to by the historic name of Bankside

Bankside

Bankside is an area in Southwark, London, on the southern bank of the River Thames, situated between Blackfriars Bridge to the west and London Bridge to the east....
, which was part of the Liberty of the Clink, rather than 'the Borough' but was part of Southwark because within the parish of St Saviour.

Today

In common with much of the south bank of the Thames, The Borough has seen extensive regeneration in the last decade. Declining light industry and factories have given way to residential development, shops, restaurants, galleries and bars. The area is in easy walking distance of the City

City of London

West End of London

The West End of London is an area of Central London, England, containing many of the city's major tourist attractions, businesses, headquarters and the commercial West End theatres....
. As such it has become a major business centre with many national and international corporations, professional practices and publishers locating to the area. The massive supertall skyscraper

Skyscraper

A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building. There is no official definition nor height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper....
, London Bridge Tower

Shard London Bridge

London Bridge station

River Thames

London Bridge station

Southwark Cathedral

Southwark Cathedral or The Cathedral and Collegiate Church of St Saviour and St Mary Overie, Southwark, London, lies on the south bank of the River Thames close to London Bridge....
. Borough Market

Borough Market

Borough Market is a wholesale and retail food market in London Borough of Southwark, South East London, England. It is one of the largest food markets in the world, and is regarded by some as one of the highest quality markets in the United Kingdom, selling a large variety of foods from all around the world ....
is a well-developed visitor attraction and has grown in size. The adjacent units have been converted and form a gastronomic focus for London. Borough High Street

Borough High Street

London Bridge

Elephant and Castle

The Elephant and Castle is a major road intersection in inner south London, England, and is also used as a name for the surrounding district. The Elephant, as it is known for short, consists of two large roundabouts connected by a short road called Elephant and Castle, part of the A3 road ....
.

The Borough is generally an area of mixed development, with council estates, major office developments, social housing and high value residential gated communities

Gated community

In its modern form, a gated community is a form of residential community containing controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and sometimes characterised by a closed perimeter of walls and fences....
side by side with each other.

History

Early history

Southwark is on a previously marshy area south of the River Thames

River Thames

The Thames is a major river flowing through southern England. While best known because its lower reaches flow through central London, the river flows through several other towns and cities, including Oxford, Reading, Berkshire and Windsor, Berkshire....
. Recent excavation has revealed prehistoric activity including evidence of early ploughing, burial mounds and ritual activity. The area was originally a series of islands in the River Thames

River Thames

The Thames is a major river flowing through southern England. While best known because its lower reaches flow through central London, the river flows through several other towns and cities, including Oxford, Reading, Berkshire and Windsor, Berkshire....
. This formed the best place to bridge the Thames and the area became an important part of Londinium

Londinium

This article covers the history of London during the Roman Britain from around 47 AD when the Roman city of Londinium was founded, to its abandonment during the 5th century....
owing its importance to its position as the endpoint of the Roman London Bridge

London Bridge

Roman road

The Roman roads were essential for the growth of the Roman Empire, by enabling the Romans to move Military history of ancient Rome and Roman commerce goods and to communicate news....
s, Stane Street

Stane Street

There are several Roman Stane Streets - see also Stane Street Stane Street, sometimes called Stone Street , is the modern name given to an important Roman road in England that linked London to the Roman town of Noviomagus Reginorum or Regnentium renamed Chichester by the conquering Anglo-Saxons....
and Watling Street

Watling Street

Watling Street is the name given to an ancient trackway in England and Wales that was first used by the Celts mainly between the modern cities of Canterbury and St Albans....
, met at Southwark in what is now Borough High Street

Borough High Street

Borough High Street is the last section of the road from Dover to London as it approaches London Bridge. It is also the northern section of the A3 road from London to Portsmouth....
. Archaeological work at Tabard Street in 2004 discovered a plaque with the earliest reference to 'London' from the Roman period on it.

Londinium was abandoned at the end of the Roman occupation in the early fifth century and both the city and its bridge collapsed in decay. Archaeologically, evidence of settlement is replaced by a largely featureless soil called the Dark Earth

Dark earth

Dark Earth in archaeology is an archaeological horizon often as much as 0.6m - 0.9m thick which covers Roman remains, notably in London and in Roman ruins in the rest of England, particularly urban ones....
which probably (although this is contested) represents an urban area abandoned.

Southwark appears to recover only during the time of King Alfred

Alfred the Great

Alfred the Great , also spelled ?lfred, was king of the southern Anglo-Saxons kingdom of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred is noted for his defence of the kingdom against the Danish people Vikings, becoming the only English people king to be awarded the epithet "the Great"....
and his successors. Sometime about 886 AD, the 'burh' of Southwark was created and the Roman City area reoccupied. Southwark was referred to as 'Suthringa Geweorc' in the Burghal Hidage

Burghal Hidage

The Burghal Hidage is an Old English language document providing a list of Wessex's fortified burhs. It offers an unusually detailed picture of the network of burhs that Alfred the Great designed to defend his kingdom from the predations of Viking invaders....
, meaning the 'defensive works of the men of Surrey

Surrey

Surrey is a counties of England in the South East England of England and is one of the Home Counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire, and Berkshire....
'. It was probably fortified to defend the bridge and hence the re-emerging City of London

City of London

The City of London is a geographically small city status in the United Kingdom within Greater London, England. It is the historic core of London around which, along with Westminster, the modern conurbation grew....
to the north. This defensive role is highlighted by the use of the bridge in 1016 as a defence against King Swein and his son King Cnut by Ethelred the Unready

Ethelred the Unready

Ethelred II , also known as ?thelred II, Aethelred II, Ethelred the Unready, ?thelred the Unready and Aethelred the Unready , was Kingdom of England ....
and again, in 1066, against King William the Conqueror. He failed to force the bridge during the Norman

Normans

The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. They descended from Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of mostly Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock....
Conquest of England, but Southwark was devastated.

Southwark appears in the Domesday Book
Domesday Book

The Domesday Book is the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086, executed for William I of England, or William the Conqueror....
of 1086 as Sudwerc(h) and Sudwerche. It was held by several Surrey

Surrey

Manor house

A manor house or fortified manor-house is a country house, which has historically formed the administrative centre of a manor , the lowest unit of territorial organization in the feudal system....
s. Its Domesday assets were: The Bishop Odo of Bayeux held the monastery

Monastery

Monastery , a term derived from the Greek language word ???ast?????, neut. of ???ast????? - monasterios denotes the building, or complex of buildings, that houses a room reserved for prayer as well as the domestic quarters and workplace of Monk, whether monks or nuns, and whether living in Cenobium or alone ....
(the site of the Cathedral), the 'tide-way' - which still exists as St Mary Overy dock; the King owned the 'church' (probably St Olave's) and its 'tidal stream' (St Olave's Dock); the dues of the 'waterway' or mooring place were shared between the 'King' and Earl Godwin

Godwin

The name Godwin is an Anglo-Saxon name carried by:*Godwin, Earl of Wessex*Saint Godwin of Stavelot*Godwin a bishop of LichfieldAs a surname it is borne by numerous people with individual entries, including:...
; the King also had the 'toll' of the strand; and the 'men of Southwark' had the right to a 'haw and its toll'. Southwark's value to the King was £16.

Much of Southwark was originally owned by the church—the greatest reminder of monastic London is Southwark Cathedral

Southwark Cathedral

Middle Ages

File:Karl 1 mit papst gelasius gregor1 sacramentar v karl d kahlen.jpgThe Middle Ages of European history are a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christi...
, Southwark developed and was one of the four Surrey towns which returned Members of Parliament for the first commons assembly in 1295. Southwark remained outside of the control of the City and was a haven for criminals and free traders, who would sell goods and conduct trades outside the regulation of the City Livery Companies

Livery Company

The 108 Livery Companies are trade associations based in the City of London, almost all of which are known as the "Worshipful Company of" the relevant trade or profession....
. In 1327 the City obtained control from Edward III, of the manor next to the south-side of London Bridge ' the town of Southwark' (called latterly 'Guildable Manor', i.e. the place of taxes and tolls). The Livery Companies also ensured that they had jurisdiction over the area. An important market occupied the High Street from some time in the 13th century, which was controlled by the City's officers—it was later removed in order to improve traffic to the Bridge, under a separate Trust by Act of Parliament of 1756 as the Borough Market

Borough Market

Borough Market is a wholesale and retail food market in London Borough of Southwark, South East London, England. It is one of the largest food markets in the world, and is regarded by some as one of the highest quality markets in the United Kingdom, selling a large variety of foods from all around the world ....
on the present site. The area was renowned for its inns, especially The Tabard

The Tabard

The Tabard, an inn that stood on the east side of Borough High Street in Southwark, was established in 1307, when the Hyde Abbey purchased the land to construct a hostel for himself and his brethren, when business took them to London, as well as an inn to accommodate the numerous pilgrims headed on annual pilgrimage to the Thomas Beckett in...
, from which Chaucer's pilgrims set off on their journey in The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century . The tales, some of which are originals and others not, are contained inside a frame tale and told by a collection of pilgrims on a pilgrimage from London Borough of Southwark to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathed...
.

Post 1500

After many decades of petitioning, in 1550 Southwark was incorporated into the City of London as 'The Ward of Bridge Without'. However, the Alderman was appointed by the Court of Aldermen

Court of Aldermen

The Court of Aldermen is an elected body forming part of the City of London Corporation. The Court of Aldermen is made up of the twenty five Alderman of the City of London, presided over by the Lord Mayor of the City of London....
and no Common Councilmen were ever elected. This 'Ward' was constituted of the original 'Guildable Manor' and the properties previously held by the church, under a charter of Edward VI, latterly called the 'King's Manor' and 'Great Liberty' manor. These manors are still constituted by the City under a Bailiff and Steward with their Courts Leet and View of Frankpledge Juries and Officers which still meet - their annual assembly being held in November under the present High Steward (the Recorder of London). The Ward and Aldermanry were effectively abolished in 1978, by merging it with the Ward of Bridge. These manorial courts were preserved under the Administration of Justice Act 1977. Therefore, between 1750 and 1978 Southwark had two persons (the Alderman and the Recorder) who were members of the City's Court of Aldermen and Common Council who were elected neither by the City freemen or by the Southwark electorate but appointed by the Court of Aldermen.

Just west of the Bridge was the 'Clink Liberty

Liberty of the Clink

The Liberty of the Clink was an area in Southwark, on the south bank of the River Thames, opposite the City of London. Although situated in Surrey the liberty was exempt from the jurisdiction of the High Sheriff of Surrey and was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester....
' manor, which was never controlled by the City, technically held under the Bishopric of Winchester's nominal authority. This area therefore became the entertainment district for London, and it was also the red-light area. In 1584, Southwark was given its first playhouse theatre, The Rose. The Rose was set up by a famous local businessman, Philip Henslowe

Philip Henslowe

Philip Henslowe was an Elizabethan era theatrical entrepreneur and impresario. Henslowe's modern reputation rests on the survival of his "Diary", a primary source for information about the theatrical world of Renaissance London....
, and it soon became a very popular place of entertainment for all classes of Londoners. Both Christopher Marlowe

Christopher Marlowe

Christopher "Kit" Marlowe was an Kingdom of England Playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. The foremost English Renaissance theatre tragedy next to William Shakespeare, he is known for his blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his own mysterious and untimely death....
and William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was an English people poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist....
, two of the finest writers of the Elizabethan age, worked at the Rose. In 1599, Shakespeare's Globe Theatre

Globe Theatre

Bankside

Bankside is an area in Southwark, London, on the southern bank of the River Thames, situated between Blackfriars Bridge to the west and London Bridge to the east....
in the Clink Liberty, though it burned down in 1613. A modern replica, also called the Globe, has been built near the original site. Southwark was also a favourite area for entertainment such as bull

Bull-baiting

Bull-baiting is a blood sport involving the Bait of Cattle....
and bear-baiting

Bear-baiting

Bear-baiting is a blood sport involving the animal-baiting of bears....
. The impressario in the later Elizabethan period for these entertainments was Shakespeare's colleague Edward Alleyn

Edward Alleyn

Edward Alleyn was an England actor who was a major figure of the Elizabethan theatre and founder of Dulwich College and Alleyn's School. He was born in Bishopsgate, London, the son of an innkeeper, and baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate....
, who left many local charitable endowments, most notably Dulwich College

Dulwich College

Dulwich College is a selective independent school for boys in Dulwich, a suburb of south-east London, United Kingdom. The College was founded in 1619 by Edward Alleyn, a successful Elizabethan era actor, with the original purpose of educating 12 poor scholars as the foundation of "God's Gift"....
.

On 26 May 1676, ten years after the Great Fire of London

Great Fire of London

The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of London, England, from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666....
, a great fire broke out, which continued for 17 hours before houses were blown up to create fire breaks. King Charles II

Charles II of England

Charles II was the Monarchy of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland.His father Charles I of England Regicide#The regicide of Charles I of England at Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War....
and his brother the Duke of York

Duke of York

The title Duke of York is a title of nobility in the British peerage. Since the 15th century, it has, when granted, usually been given to the second son of the British monarch....
were involved in the effort.

There was also a famous fair in Southwark which took place near the Church of St George the Martyr. William Hogarth

William Hogarth

William Hogarth was a major England painting, Printmaking, pictorial satire, Social criticism and editorial cartoonist who has been credited with pioneering western sequential art....
depicted this fair in his engraving of Southwark Fair (1733).

Southwark was also the location of several prisons, including those of the Crown or 'Prerogative Courts', the Marshalsea and King's Bench

King's Bench Prison

The King's Bench Prison was a prison in Southwark, south London, from medieval times until it closed in 1880. It took its name from the King's Bench court of law in which cases of defamation, bankruptcy and other misdemeanours were heard; as such, the prison was often used as a debtor's prison until the practice was abolished in the 1860s....
prisons, that of the local manors courts e.g. Borough Compter

Borough Compter

The Borough Compter was a small compter or debtor's prison located in Mill Lane, off Tooley Street, Southwark, from the mid-16th century until 1855....
, The Clink

The Clink

The Clink was a notorious prison in Southwark, England which functioned from the 12th century until 1780 either deriving its name from, or bestowing it on, the local manor, the Clink Liberty ....
, and the Surrey county gaol originally housed at the 'White Lion Inn' (also called informally the 'Borough Gaol') and eventually at Horsemonger Lane Gaol

Horsemonger Lane Gaol

Horsemonger Lane Gaol was a prison located close to modern-day Newington Causeway in Southwark, south London....
.

One other local family is of note - the Harvards. John Harvard

John Harvard (clergyman)

John Harvard was an England clergyman after whom Harvard University is named....
went to the local parish free school of St Saviour's and on to Cambridge. He migrated to the Massachusetts

Massachusetts

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a U.S. state located in the New England region of the Northeastern United States United States. It borders Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north....
Colony and left his library and the residue of his will to the new college, named after him as its first benefactor. Harvard University

Harvard University

Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Massachusetts, United States, and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1636 by the colonial Massachusetts legislature, Harvard is the Colonial Colleges institution of higher learning in the United States....
maintains a link, having paid for a memorial chapel within Southwark Cathedral (his family's parish church), and where their UK-based alumni hold services. John Harvard's mother's house is in Stratford upon Avon.

Urbanization

Fire At Cotton's Wharf, Southwark, 1861 Iln

In 1838 the first railway for the London area was created, planned to run from Southwark at London Bridge station

London Bridge station

London Bridge station is a National Rail and London Underground station in the London Borough of Southwark, which occupies a large area on two levels immediately south-east of London Bridge and 1.6 miles east of Charing Cross....
to Greenwich only.

In 1861, another Great Fire of Southwark destroyed a large number of buildings between Tooley Street and the Thames, including those around Hays Wharf, where Hays Galleria was later built, and blocks to the west almost as far as St Olave's Church.

The first deep level London 'tube' underground line was 'The City and South London Railway', now the City Branch of the Northern Line

Northern Line

The Northern line is a deep-level tube line on the London Underground, coloured black on the Tube map. It carries more passengers per year than any other Underground line; 206,734,000 passengers per annum....
, opened in 1890, running from King William Street

King William Street tube station

King William Street was the original but short-lived northern terminus of the City & South London Railway , the first deep tube underground railway in London and one of the component parts of the London Underground's Northern Line....
through Borough

Borough tube station

Borough tube station is a London Underground station in The Borough, London Borough of Southwark. It is on the Northern Line, between Elephant & Castle tube station and London Bridge tube station stations....
to Kennington

Kennington tube station

Kennington tube station is a London Underground station in Kennington, on both the Charing Cross tube station and Bank and Monument stations branches of the Northern Line....
. Southwark, since 1999, is also now serviced by Southwark

Southwark tube station

Southwark tube station is a London Underground station on the corner of Blackfriars Road and The Cut in the London Borough of Southwark. It is on the Jubilee Line, between Waterloo station and London Bridge tube station....
and London Bridge stations on the Jubilee Line

Jubilee Line

The Jubilee line is a line on the London Underground , in the United Kingdom. It was built in two major sections - initially to Charing Cross tube station in Central London, and Jubilee Line Extension in 1999 to Stratford station in East London, England....
.

Having been part of Surrey, Southwark became part of the County of London

County of London

The County of London was a ceremonial counties of England and administrative counties of England of England from 1889 to 1965. It bordered Middlesex to the north and west, Essex to the north east, Kent to the south east and Surrey to the south....
in 1889. In 1900 it was incorporated along with St Mary, Newington

Newington, London

Newington is an area within the London Borough of Southwark in London, England. It was the site of the early administration of the county of Surrey and the location of the County of London Sessions House from 1917, in a building now occupied by the Inner London Crown Court....
alias Walworth

Walworth, London

Walworth is an inner-city district in the London Borough of Southwark. Walworth probably derives its name from the old English "Wealhworth" which meant Welsh farm....
into the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark

Metropolitan Borough of Southwark

The Metropolitan Borough of Southwark was a metropolitan borough in the County of London....
, and in 1965 this was in turn incorporated with the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell

Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell

The Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell was a metropolitan borough in the County of London. It was created in 1900 by the London Government Act 1899, covering the area of the ancient parish of Camberwell....
and Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey

Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey

The Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey was a metropolitan borough in the County of London, created in 1900 by the London Government Act 1899. It was abolished and its area became part of the London Borough of Southwark in 1965....
into the London Borough of Southwark

London Borough of Southwark

The London Borough of Southwark is a London borough in south east London, England. It is directly south of the River Thames and the City of London, and forms part of Inner London....
.

External links

Town Crier Borough of Southwark www.thevoiceoflondon.co.uk

was Member of Parliament
Member of Parliament

A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative of the voters to a parliament. In many countries the term applies specifically to members of the lower house, as upper houses often have a unique title, such as senate, and thus also have unique titles for its members, such as senators....
for Southwark between 1765 - 1780