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The Song of Songs (Hebrew title , Shir ha-Shirim), is a book of the Hebrew Bible
Hebrew Bible

The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written mostly in Biblical Hebrew with some Biblical Aramaic....
—Tanakh
Tanakh

The Tanakh is the Bible used in Judaism. The name "Tanakh" is a Hebrew language Acronym and initialism formed from the initial Hebrew alphabet of the Tanakh's three traditional subdivisions: The Torah , Nevi'im and Ketuvim - hence TaNaKh....
 or Old Testament
Old Testament

In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christianity Bible Biblical canon. These works correspond to the Hebrew Bible , with some variations and additions....
—one of the five megillot
The Five Scrolls

The Five Scrolls or The Five Megillot are parts of the third major section of the Hebrew Bible , which is Ketuvim . These five relatively short biblical books are grouped together in Jewish tradition....
 (scrolls). It is also known as the Song of Solomon or as Canticles, the latter from the shortened and anglicized Vulgate
Vulgate

The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labors of Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of Vetus Latina....
 title Canticum Canticorum, "Song of Songs" in Latin. It is known as Aisma in the Septuagint
Septuagint

The Septuagint , or simply "LXX", is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the 3rd century BC and 1st century BC in Alexandria....
, which is short for ???sµa ?sµ?t??, Aisma aismatôn, "Song of Songs" in Greek
Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
.

The Song of Songs is interpreted in some traditions as an allegorical representation
Allegory

Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to the eye, and is often found in realistic painting, sculpture or some other form of Mimesis, or representative art....
 of the relationship of God and Israel as husband and wife. Literally, however, the main characters of the Song are simply a woman and a man, and the poem suggests movement from courtship to consummation
Consummate

Consummation or consummation of a marriage, in many traditions and statutes of civil or religious law, is the first act of sexual intercourse between two people, following their marriage to each other....
.






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The Song of Songs (Hebrew title , Shir ha-Shirim), is a book of the Hebrew Bible
Hebrew Bible

The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written mostly in Biblical Hebrew with some Biblical Aramaic....
—Tanakh
Tanakh

The Tanakh is the Bible used in Judaism. The name "Tanakh" is a Hebrew language Acronym and initialism formed from the initial Hebrew alphabet of the Tanakh's three traditional subdivisions: The Torah , Nevi'im and Ketuvim - hence TaNaKh....
 or Old Testament
Old Testament

In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christianity Bible Biblical canon. These works correspond to the Hebrew Bible , with some variations and additions....
—one of the five megillot
The Five Scrolls

The Five Scrolls or The Five Megillot are parts of the third major section of the Hebrew Bible , which is Ketuvim . These five relatively short biblical books are grouped together in Jewish tradition....
 (scrolls). It is also known as the Song of Solomon or as Canticles, the latter from the shortened and anglicized Vulgate
Vulgate

The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labors of Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of Vetus Latina....
 title Canticum Canticorum, "Song of Songs" in Latin. It is known as Aisma in the Septuagint
Septuagint

The Septuagint , or simply "LXX", is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the 3rd century BC and 1st century BC in Alexandria....
, which is short for ???sµa ?sµ?t??, Aisma aismatôn, "Song of Songs" in Greek
Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
.

The Song of Songs is interpreted in some traditions as an allegorical representation
Allegory

Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to the eye, and is often found in realistic painting, sculpture or some other form of Mimesis, or representative art....
 of the relationship of God and Israel as husband and wife. Literally, however, the main characters of the Song are simply a woman and a man, and the poem suggests movement from courtship to consummation
Consummate

Consummation or consummation of a marriage, in many traditions and statutes of civil or religious law, is the first act of sexual intercourse between two people, following their marriage to each other....
. It is one of the shortest books in the Bible, consisting of only 117 verses. According to Ashkenazi tradition, it is read on the Sabbath that falls during the intermediate days of Passover. In the Sephardi Jewish community it is recited every Friday night.

Title

The name of the book comes from the first verse, "The Song of songs, which is Solomon's."

"Song of songs" is a Hebrew
Hebrew language

Hebrew is a Semitic languages of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Modern Hebrew is spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Classical Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jews communities around the world....
 grammatical construction denoting the superlative
Superlative

In grammar the superlative of an adjective or adverb is the greatest form of adjective or adverb which indicates that something has some feature to a greater degree than anything it is being compared to in a given context....
; that is, the title attests to the greatness of the song, similar to "the lord of lords", "the king of kings" or "holy of holies
Holy of Holies

The Holy of Holies is a term in the Hebrew Bible which referred to the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle and later the Temple in Jerusalem which could be entered only by the Kohen Gadol on Yom Kippur....
" (used of the inner sanctuary of the Jerusalem temple). Rabbi Akiba
Rabbi Akiva

Akiba ben Yossef or simply Rabbi Akiva was a Judean tannaim of the latter part of the 1st century and the beginning of the 2nd century ....
 declared, "Heaven forbid that any man in Israel ever disputed that the Song of Songs is holy. For the whole world is not worth the day on which the Song of Songs was given to Israel, for all the Writings are holy and the Song of Songs is holy of holies." (Mishnah Yadayim
Tohorot

Tohorot is the sixth order of the Mishnah . This order deals with the clean/unclean distinction and family purity. This is the longest of the orders in the Mishnah....
 3:5). Similarly, Martin Luther
Martin Luther

Martin Luther was a Germans monk, theology, university professor, priest, father of Protestantism, and Protestant Reformers whose ideas started the Protestant Reformation and changed the course of Western culture....
 called it das Hohelied (the high song). This is still its name in German
German language

German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....
, Swedish
Swedish language

Swedish is a North Germanic languages language, spoken by around 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the coast and on the ?land islands....
 and in Dutch
Dutch language

Dutch is a West Germanic languages spoken by over 22 million people as a first language, and about 5 million people as a second language."1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language speakers of Dutch is very small. Most native...
.

Some interpret the Hebrew construction differently, a song of several songs, and argue for a degree of independence between sections within the Song.

Authorship


Solomon


Solomon as author
Some people translate the first clause of the title as "which is of Solomon," meaning that the book is authored by Solomon
Solomon

Solomon is a figure described in the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an. The biblical accounts identify Solomon as the son of David. He is also called Jedidiah in the Tanakh , and is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, and the final king before the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah split; following th...
. Rabbi Hiyya the Great said Solomon first wrote Proverbs
Proverbs

Proverbs may refer to:*The plural of the word proverb*The Book of Proverbs, one of the books of the Hebrew Tanakh and the Old Testament...
, then The Song of Songs, and afterward Ecclesiastes. Rabbi Jonathan
Rabbi Jonathan

Rabbi Jonathan was a Tannaim of the 2nd century and schoolfellow of R. Josiah, apart from whom he is rarely quoted. Jonathan is generally so cited without further designation; but there is ample reason for identifying him with the less frequently occurring Jonathan ben Joseph ....
 said Solomon first wrote The Song of Songs, then Proverbs, then Ecclesiastes. The Talmud
Talmud

The Talmud is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Halakha, Jewish ethics, customs, and history. It is a central text of mainstream Judaism....
, however, states the order of the canon, listing Proverbs first, then Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes

Ecclesiastes is a book of the Hebrew Bible. The English name derives from the Greek language translation of the Hebrew #Title.The main speaker in the book, identified by the name or title Qohelet, introduces himself as "son of David, and king in Jerusalem." The work consists of personal or autobiographic matter, at times expressed in aph...
, and then The Song of Songs.

Solomon as audience
Others translate the first clause as "which is for Solomon," meaning that the book is dedicated to Solomon. It was common practice in ancient times for an anonymous writer seeking recognition for his work to write eponymously
Eponymous author

The eponymous author of a literary work, often a work that is meant to be prophetic or homiletic, is not really the author. An anonymous author chooses to write in the name of another....
 in the name of someone more famous. Some read the book as contrasting the nobility of monogamous love with the debased nature of promiscuous love, and suggest that the book is actually a veiled criticism of Solomon, who, according to , had seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines.

God

Another approach to the authorship is that offered by Rashi
Rashi

Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki, , better known by the acronym Rashi , , was a rabbi from France, famed as the author of the first comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, and Jewish commentaries on the Bible....
, consistent with allegorical interpretations, rendering the narrator "he to whom peace belongs", i.e: God. The Hebrew name of Solomon, Shlomo, can also be inflected to mean the constructed form of the noun shalom
Shalom

File:Shalom gradient.pngShalom is a Hebrew language word meaning peace, completeness, and welfare and can be used idiomatically to mean both hello and goodbye....
, peace, which through noun declension can be possessive
Hebrew grammar

Hebrew language grammar is partly analytic language, expressing such forms as dative case, ablative case, and accusative case using prepositional particles rather than declension....
. This means that the author is in fact Solomon, but he narrates the book from the perspective of God, who is conversing with the Jewish people, his allegorical bride.

Characters


The text, read without allegory as a celebration of sexual love, alternates between the speeches of a woman and her lover. A series of antiphon
Antiphon

An antiphon is a response, usually sung in Gregorian chant, to a psalm or some other part of a religious service, such as at Vespers or at a mass ....
al remarks are provided by the "daughters of Jerusalem." The woman's brothers have a few lines near the conclusion of the Song. Most scholars also see some verses as the voice of a narrator.

Views vary regarding authorship and composition of the Song. Some have suggested the Song is composed from a collection of originally more independent poetry.

Interpretation and use


Although it is commonly held that an allegorical interpretation
Allegory

Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to the eye, and is often found in realistic painting, sculpture or some other form of Mimesis, or representative art....
 justified its inclusion in the Biblical canon
Biblical canon

A Biblical canon or canon of scripture is a list or set of Bible books considered to be authoritative as scripture by a particular religious community, generally in Judaism or Christianity....
, scholarly discussion hasn't reached any consensus yet on the Song of Songs and leaves other possibilities open.

Jewish tradition


According to Jewish tradition in the Midrash
Midrash

Midrash is a Hebrew language term referring to the not exact, but comparative method of exegesis of Biblical texts, which is one of four methods cumulatively called Pardes ....
 and the Targum
Targum

A targum is an Aramaic language translation of the Hebrew Bible written or compiled from the Second Temple period until the early Middle Ages ....
, the book is an allegory
Allegory

Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to the eye, and is often found in realistic painting, sculpture or some other form of Mimesis, or representative art....
 of God's love for the Children of Israel. In keeping with this understanding, it is read by Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews on Sabbath eve, to symbolize the love between the Jewish People and God that is also represented by Sabbath. Most traditional Jews also read the Song on the Sabbath of Chol HaMoed
Chol HaMoed

Chol HaMoed, a Hebrew language phrase which means "weekdays [of] the festival", refers to the intermediate days of Passover and Sukkot. During Chol HaMoed the usual 39 categories of activity prohibited on Shabbat that apply to the Biblical Jewish holidays are relaxed, but not entirely eliminated....
 of Passover
Passover

Passover is a Jewish and Samaritan holy day and festival commemorating God sparing the Israelites when He killed the first born of Egypt, and is followed by the seven day Feast of the Unleavened Bread commemorating the Exodus from Ancient Egypt and the liberation of the Israelites from Judaism and slavery....
, or on the seventh day of the holiday, when the Song of the sea
Song of the sea

The Exodus 15.1-15.18 also known as Az Yashir Moshe is a poem which appears in Exodus at . The text describes the destruction of the Egyptian army at the Red Sea, and the future conquest of Canaan by the Israelites....
 is also read.

Kabbalah


The Song of Songs is perhaps the most important Biblical text for the Kabbalah
Kabbalah

Kabbalah is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mysticism aspect of Judaism. It is a set of esoteric teachings that are meant to explain the relationship between an infinite, eternal and essentially unknowable Creator deity with the finite and mortal universe of His creation....
. Following the writing and dissemination of the Book of the Zohar in the 14th and 15th centuries, Jewish mysticism took on a strongly erotic element, and the Song of Songs came to be regarded as an example of sacred erotica
Erotica

Erotica or "curiosa," works of art, including erotic literature, photography, film, sculpture and painting, that deal substantively with eroticism sexual stimulation or sexual arousal descriptions....
. In Zoharic Kabbalah, God is represented by a system of ten sephirot, or spheres, each symbolizing a different aspect of God, who is perceived as both male and female. The Shechina, or indwelling of God on earth, was identified with the sephira Malchut, which is female in essence, and symbolizes both the Jewish people and the female sexual organs. Malchut was, in turn, identified with the woman in the Song of Songs. Her beloved was identified with the sephira Yesod, which represents God's foundation and the phallus or male essence. The text thus became a description of an act of divine eroticism, symbolizing--depending on the interpreter--the creation of the world, the passage of the Sabbath, the covenant with Israel, or the coming of the Messianic age. "Lecha Dodi" a 16th century liturgical song with strong Kabbalistic and messianic symbolism, contains many passages, including its opening words, taken directly from the Song of Songs.

Christian tradition


The Song of Songs is not directly quoted by New Testament
New Testament

The New Testament is the name given to the second major division of the Christianity Bible, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
 writers, but is possibly alluded to on a number of occasions.

In a Christian tradition that began with Origen
Origen

Origen was an Early Christianity scholar, theology, and one of the most distinguished of the early Church father of the Christian Church. According to tradition, he is held to have been an Ancient Egypt who taught in Alexandria, reviving the Catechetical School of Alexandria where Clement of Alexandria had taught....
, the Song is regarded as an allegory of the relationship of Christ and the Church, or else Christ and the individual believer (see the Sermon
Sermon

A sermon is an public speaking by a prophet or member of the clergy. Sermons address a Bible, Theology, Religion, or Morality topic, usually expounding on a type of belief, law or Human behavior within both past and present contexts....
s on the Song of Songs by Bernard of Clairvaux
Bernard of Clairvaux

Bernard of Clairvaux, Cistercians was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order. After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order....
 which is the outcome of abundant patristic and early medieval commentary). This type of allegorical interpretation was applied later to even passing details in parable
Parable

A parable is a brief, succinct story, in prose or Verse , that illustrates a moral or religious lesson. It differs from a fable in that fables use animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature as characters, while parables generally feature human characters....
s of Jesus
Jesus

Jesus of Nazareth , also known as Jesus Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and is revered by most Christian churches as the Son of God and the Incarnation ....
. Other prominent and accessible commentaries are those of Apponius and Nilus of Ancyra (Sources Chrétiennes
Sources chretiennes

Sources Chr?tiennes is a bilingual collection of patristics founded in Lyon in 1943 by the Jesuits Jean Dani?lou, Claude Mond?sert, and Henri de Lubac....
) and Gregory of Nyssa
Gregory of Nyssa

Gregory of Nyssa was a Christian bishop and saint. He was a younger brother of Basil the Great and a good friend of Gregory Nazianzus. His significance has long been recognized in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Roman Catholic branches of Christianity....
 and Rupert of Deutz
Rupert of Deutz

Rupert of Deutz was an influential Benedictine theologian, exegete and writer on liturgical and musical topics.He was from Li?ge, and late in life became abbot of Deutz Abbey....
 (Fontes Christiani
Fontes Christiani

Fontes Christiani is a widely-cited German bilingual collection of patristic and medieval Latin works with modern German translations. Published initially by Herder publishers, a long-established German theological publisher beginning in 1988, it is now published by the Belgian company Brepols, a major specialized academic publisher in th...
).

Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI

Pope Benedict XVI is the List of popes and reigning Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the head of the Roman Catholic Church and, as such, monarch of the Vatican City....
's encyclical Deus Caritas Est
Deus Caritas Est

Deus Caritas Est is the first encyclical written by Pope Benedict XVI, on the subject of Christian love, as expressed by its subtitle De Christiano Amore....
 (God is Love) of 2006 refers to the Song of Songs in both its literal and allegorical meaning, stating that erotic love (eros) and self-donating love (agape) is shown there as the two halves of true love, which is both giving and receiving.

Messianic interpretation


It has been suggested that the book is a messianic
Messiah

Messiah literally means "anointed ".In Jewish messiah tradition and Jewish eschatology, messiah refers to a future monarch of United Monarchy from the Davidic line, who will rule the people of Israelite#The Twelve Tribes, and herald the Messianic Age of global peace....
 text, in that the lover can be interpreted as the Messiah. It could refer to the Messiah because it often speaks of the Davidic king, Solomon. Nathan
Nathan (Prophet)

Nathan the Prophet was a court prophet who lived in the time of King David and his wife Bathsheba. He came to David to reprimand him over his committing adultery with Bathsheba while she was the wife of Uriah....
’s prophecy in showed that the promised Messiah would issue from the progeny of David. Each Davidic king was viewed as a potential Messiah, so the Song’s speaking of the Temple-builder Solomon would bring to readers’ minds their Messianic hopes. When the Song references “mighty men” , it brings to mind David and his mighty men . Describing the lover as “ruddy” again brings to mind David (c.f. ). The Aramaic Jewish targums also interpreted the lover as the awaited Messiah. All these references to kingship, to shepherding, to David, and to Solomon, bring to mind the expected Messiah.

In the New Testament
New Testament

The New Testament is the name given to the second major division of the Christianity Bible, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
, Jesus
Jesus

Jesus of Nazareth , also known as Jesus Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and is revered by most Christian churches as the Son of God and the Incarnation ....
 later claimed his identity as Messiah when he presented himself as greater than Solomon because, as the builder of the Temple, Solomon was an “obvious messianic model”.

The king's garden (for example ) can be viewed in the light of the Garden of Eden
Garden of Eden

The Garden of Eden is a location described in the Book of Genesis as being the place where the first man, Adam , and his wife, Eve , lived after they were created by God....
 , bringing to mind the Messiah who was expected to restore Israel to an Edenic state. The lovers are portrayed as having overcome the alienation produced by the Fall. The state of woman whose “desire shall be for your husband” has even been reversed: “his desire is for me” .

Other interpretations


Historians have noted that the Song of Songs closely resembles the Egyptian love poetry of its time.

Feminist theologians
Feminist theology

Feminist theology is a movement found in several religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and New Thought, to reconsider the traditions, practices, scriptures, and theologies of those religions from a feminism perspective....
 have interpreted the Song of Songs as a positive representation of sexuality and egalitarian gender relations within the Bible.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement
Latter Day Saint movement

The Latter Day Saint movement is a group of Restorationism religious denominations and adherents who follow at least some of the Teachings of Joseph Smith, Jr....
, does not recognize the book as authoritative, although it is included in the Church's canon
Standard Works

The Standard Works of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints consists of several books that constitute its continuous revelation sacred text biblical canon, and include the following:...
 and printed in Church-published copies of the Bible.

See also

  • 4Q106
    4Q106

    4Q106 is one large and three small fragments from three columns of a scroll containing portions of the Song of Solomon in Hebrew language. It is one of three scrolls found in Cave 4 at Qumran that have been reconstructed as copies of the Song of Songs....
    , 4Q107
    4Q107

    4Q107 is a fragment of the Song of Songs in Hebrew found in Cave 4 at Qumran in Israel and which comprises part of the Dead Sea Scrolls. From the palaeography on the fragment it has been identified as being early-Herod the Great, i.e....
    , 4Q108
    4Q108

    4Q108 is a fragment containing a portion of the Song of Solomon in Hebrew language. Fragments from three such scrolls were found in Cave 4 at Qumran....
    , 6Q6
    6Q6

    6Q6 is a small portion of a scroll from Cave 6 at Qumran, containing Song of Solomon 1:1-7 in Hebrew language. Together with three scroll portions found in Cave 4, they comprise the total witness to the Song from the Dead Sea Scrolls....
     (portions of Song in Dead Sea Scrolls
    Dead Sea scrolls

    The Dead Sea scrolls consist of roughly 900 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1956 in eleven caves in and around the Wadi Qumran near the ruins of the ancient settlement of Qumran, on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea....
    )
  • Hortus conclusus
    Hortus conclusus

    Hortus Conclusus is a Latin term, meaning literally "enclosed garden". "The word garden is at root the same as the word 'yard". It means an enclosure", observed Derek Clifford, at the outset of a series of essays on garden design, in which he skirted the conventions of the hortus conclusus....
  • Rose of Sharon
    Rose of Sharon

    The Rose of Sharon is a flower of uncertain identity mentioned in English language translations of the Bible. The word in question is the Hebrew language ????? , which has been uncertainly linked to the words ??? , meaning 'bulb', and ??? , which is understood as meaning either 'pungent' or 'splendid' ....


External links

Jewish
Judaism

Judaism is a set of beliefs and practices originating in the Hebrew Bible , as later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other texts....
 translations and commentary:
  • translation with Rashi
    Rashi

    Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki, , better known by the acronym Rashi , , was a rabbi from France, famed as the author of the first comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, and Jewish commentaries on the Bible....
    's commentary at Chabad.org
  • Song of Songs


Christian
Christian

A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism#Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus and interpreted by Christians to have been prophesied in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament....
 translations and commentary:
  • Song of Songs, Shir Hashirim
  • Song of Songs, Shir Hashirim
  • (various versions)
  • by H. Speckard


Literature

  • Garrett, Duane A. Song of Songs. Word Biblical Commentary 23B. Nashville: Nelson, 2004.
  • Linafelt, Tod. "Biblical Love Poetry (...and God)". Journal of the American Academy of Religion 70 (2) 2002.
  • Pope, Marvin H. Song of Songs: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Bible
    Anchor Bible Series

    The Anchor Bible Project, consisting of the Anchor Bible Commentary Series, Anchor Bible Dictionary and Anchor Bible Reference Library is a scholarly and commercial co-venture that began in 1956, when individual volumes in the commentary series began production....
     7C. 2 volumes. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1977.
  • Theo Kobusch, Metaphysik, C. Metaphysik als Exegese des Hohenliedes, in Der Neue Pauly, Band 15, La-Ot, Stuttgart Weimar 2001.


Recording

Canticum Canticorum. Eloge De L'amour. La Cantique Des Cantiques à la Renaissance, Capilla Flamenca
Capilla Flamenca

Capilla Flamenca is a prominent vocal and instrumental early music consort based in Leuven, Belgium. The group specialises in 14th to 16th Century music from Flanders and takes its name from the choir of the court chapel of Emperor Charles V....
, 2004 (Eufoda 1359).

  • by Rafi Metz [in Hebrew]