|
|
|
|
Solar pond
|
| |
|
| |
A solar pond is large-scale solar thermal energy collector with integral heat storage for supplying thermal energy. A solar pond can be used for various applications, such as process heating, water desalination, refrigeration, drying and solar power generation.
lar pond is simply a pool of saltwater which collects and stores solar thermal energy. The saltwater naturally forms a vertical salinity gradient also known as a "halocline", in which low-salinity water floats on top of high-salinity water.
Discussion
Ask a question about 'Solar pond' Start a new discussion about 'Solar pond' Answer questions from other users |
Encyclopedia
A solar pond is large-scale solar thermal energy collector with integral heat storage for supplying thermal energy. A solar pond can be used for various applications, such as process heating, water desalination, refrigeration, drying and solar power generation.
Description
A solar pond is simply a pool of saltwater which collects and stores solar thermal energy. The saltwater naturally forms a vertical salinity gradient also known as a "halocline", in which low-salinity water floats on top of high-salinity water. The layers of salt solutions increase in concentration (and therefore density) with depth. Below a certain depth, the solution has a uniformly high salt concentration.
There are 3 distinct layers of water in the pond:
- The top layer, which has a low salt content.
- An intermediate insulating layer with a salt gradient, which establishes a density gradient that prevents heat exchange by natural convection.
- The bottom layer, which has a high salt content.
If the water is relatively translucent, and the pond's bottom has high optical absorption, then nearly all of the incident solar radiation (sunlight) will go into heating the bottom layer.
When solar energy is absorbed in the water, its temperature increases, causing thermal expansion and reduced density. If the water were fresh, the low-density warm water would float to the surface, causing a convection current. The temperature gradient alone causes a density gradient that decreases with depth. However the salinity gradient forms a density gradient that increases with depth, and this counteracts the temperature gradient, thus preventing heat in the lower layers from moving upwards by convection and leaving the pond. This means that the temperature at the bottom of the pond will rise to over 90 °C while the temperature at the top of the pond is usually around 30 °C.
The heat trapped in the salty bottom layer can be used for many different purposes, such as the heating of buildings or industrial hot water or to drive an organic Rankine cycle turbine or Stirling engine for generating electricity.
The largest operating solar pond for electricity generation was the Bet Ha-Arava pond built in Israel and operated up until 1988. It had an area of 210,000 m² and gave an electrical output of 5 MW.
Advantages and disadvantages
- The approach is particularly attractive for rural areas in developing countries. Very large area collectors can be set up for just the cost of the clay or plastic pond liner.
- The evaporated surface water needs to be constantly replenished.
- The accumulating salt crystals have to be removed and can be both a valuable by-product and a maintenance expense.
Efficiency
The energy obtained is in the form of low-grade heat of 70 to 80 °C compared to an assumed 20 °C ambient temperature. According to the second law of thermodynamics (see Carnot-cycle), the maximum theoretical efficiency of a power plant's heat engine is: 1-(273+20)/(273+80)=17%. By comparison, a solar concentrator system with molten salt delivering high-grade heat at 800 °C would have a maximum theoretical limit of 73% for converting absorbed solar heat into useful work (and thus would be forced to divest as little as 27% in waste heat to the cold temperature reservoir at 20 °C). The low efficiency of solar ponds is usually justified with the argument that the 'collector', being just a plastic-lined pond, might potentially result in a large-scale system that is of lower overall levelised energy cost than a solar concentrating system.
Development
Further research is aimed at addressing the problems, such as the development of membrane ponds. These use a thin permeable membrane to separate the layers without allowing salt to pass through.
See also
External links
|
| |
|
|
