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Sodium chlorate

 
Sodium Chlorate

 
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Sodium chlorate
 
 
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Sodium chlorate is a chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 with the chemical formula
Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes in chemical reactions....
 (Na
Sodium

Sodium is an element which has the symbol Na , atomic number 11, atomic mass 23 amu , and a common oxidation number +1. Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" ....
Cl
Chlorine

Chlorine...
O
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
3). When pure, it is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water. It is hygroscopic. It decomposes above 250 °C to release oxygen
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 and leave sodium chloride
Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula SodiumChlorine....
.

strially, sodium chlorate is synthesised from the electrolysis
Electrolysis

In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating Chemical bond chemical compound by passing an electric current through them....
 of hot sodium chloride solution in a mixed electrode tank:

NaCl + 3H2O ? NaClO3 + 3H2


It can also be synthesised by passing chlorine
Chlorine

Chlorine...
 gas to a hot sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide , also known as lye, caustic soda and sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic Base . Sodium hydroxide forms a strong alkaline solution when dissolved in a solvent such as water, however, only the hydroxide ion is basic....
 solution.






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Encyclopedia


Sodium chlorate is a chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 with the chemical formula
Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes in chemical reactions....
 (Na
Sodium

Sodium is an element which has the symbol Na , atomic number 11, atomic mass 23 amu , and a common oxidation number +1. Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" ....
Cl
Chlorine

Chlorine...
O
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
3). When pure, it is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water. It is hygroscopic. It decomposes above 250 °C to release oxygen
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 and leave sodium chloride
Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula SodiumChlorine....
.

Synthesis

Industrially, sodium chlorate is synthesised from the electrolysis
Electrolysis

In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating Chemical bond chemical compound by passing an electric current through them....
 of hot sodium chloride solution in a mixed electrode tank:

NaCl + 3H2O ? NaClO3 + 3H2


It can also be synthesised by passing chlorine
Chlorine

Chlorine...
 gas to a hot sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide , also known as lye, caustic soda and sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic Base . Sodium hydroxide forms a strong alkaline solution when dissolved in a solvent such as water, however, only the hydroxide ion is basic....
 solution. It is then purified by crystallization
Crystallization

Crystallization is the process of formation of solid crystals Precipitation from a solution, melting or more rarely Deposition directly from a gas....
.

Uses


Herbicides

Sodium chlorate is used as a non-selective herbicide
Herbicide

A herbicide is used to kill unwanted plants. Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Some of these act by interfering with the growth of the weed and are often synthetic "imitations" of plant hormones....
. It is considered phytotoxic
Phytotoxicity

Phytotoxicity is a term used to describe the toxic effect of a compound on plant growth. Such damage may be caused by a wide variety of compounds, including trace metals, pesticides, or salinity....
 to all green plant parts. It can also kill through root absorption.

Sodium chlorate may be used to control:

  • morning glory
    Morning Glory

    Morning Glory is a pre-Code United States drama film which tells the story of an eager but unstable would-be actress whose good looks draw more attention than her acting....
    ,
  • Canada thistle,
  • johnson grass,
  • bamboo,
  • ragwort
    Senecio

    Senecio is a genus of the daisy family that includes ragworts and groundsels. The flower heads are normally rayed, completely yellow, and the heads are borne in branched clusters....
     and
  • St John's wort
    St John's wort

    St John's wort used alone refers to the species Hypericum perforatum, also known as Tipton's Weed or Klamath weed, but, with qualifiers, is used to refer to any species of the genus Hypericum....
    .


The herbicide is mainly used on non-crop land for spot treatment and for total vegetation control on roadsides, fenceways, ditches and suchlike.

Sodium chlorate is also used as a defoliant
Defoliant

A defoliant is any chemical sprayed or dusted on plants to cause its leaves to fall off. A classic example of a highly toxic defoliant used for tactical purposes is Agent Orange, which was used widely by the United States armed forces during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1970....
 and desiccant
Desiccant

A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container.Commonly encountered pre-packaged desiccants are solids, and work through absorption or adsorption of water, or a combination of the two....
 for:

  • cotton,
  • safflower
    Safflower

    Safflower is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual, usually with many long sharp spines on the leaves. Plants are 30 to 150 cm tall with globular flower heads and commonly, brilliant yellow, orange or red flowers which bloom in July....
    ,
  • corn
    Maize

    Maize , known as corn in some countries, is a cereal domesticated in Mesoamerica and subsequently spread throughout the American continents....
    ,
  • flax
    Flax

    Flax is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae. It is native to the region extending from the eastern Mediterranean region to India and was probably first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent....
    ,
  • pepper
    Capsicum

    Capsicum is a genus of plants from the nightshade family native to the Americas, where it was cultivated for thousands of years by the people of the tropical Americas, and is now cultivated worldwide....
    s,
  • soybean
    Soybean

    The soybean or soya bean is a species of legume native to East Asia. The plant is classed as an oilseed rather than a Pulse . It is an annual plant that has been used in China for 5,000 years as a food and a component of drugs....
    s,
  • grain sorghum
    Sorghum

    Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of Poaceae, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are used as fodder plants either cultivated or as part of pasture....
    ,
  • southern peas,
  • dry beans,
  • rice
    Rice

    Rice is a staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in tropical Latin America, and East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia, making it the second-most consumed cereal grain, after maize....
     and
  • sunflower
    Sunflower

    The sunflower is an annual plant in the family Asteraceae and native to the Americas, with a large flowering head . The stem can grow as high as 3 meters , and the flower head can reach 30 cm in diameter with the "large" seeds....
    s.


If used in combination with atrazine
Atrazine

Atrazine, 2-chloro-4--6--s-triazine, an organic compound consisting of an s-triazine-ring is a widely used herbicide. Its use is controversial due to its effects on nontarget species, such as on amphibians....
, it increases the persistence of the effect. If used in combination with 2,4-D, it improves performance of the material. Sodium chlorate has a soil-sterilant effect. Mixing with other herbicides in aqueous solution is possible to some extent, so long as they are not susceptible to oxidation.

Chemical oxygen generation


Chemical oxygen generator
Chemical oxygen generator

A chemical oxygen generator is a device that releases oxygen created by a chemical reaction. The oxygen source is usually an inorganic superoxide, chlorate or perchlorate....
 for example in commercial aircraft provide emergency oxygen to passengers to protect them from drops in cabin pressure by catalytic decomposition of sodium chlorate. The catalyst is normally some iron powder and barium peroxide
Barium peroxide

Barium peroxide is the chemical compound with the chemical formula Bariumperoxide. This grey-white solid is one of the most common inorganic peroxides....
 (Ba
Barium

Barium is a chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and atomic number 56. Barium is a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. It is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with Earth's atmosphere....
O
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
2) is used to absorb the chlorine which is a minor product in the decomposition.

Sodium chlorate is used in some aircraft as a source of supplemental oxygen. Iron powder is mixed with sodium chlorate and ignited by a charge activated by pulling on the emergency mask. The reaction produces more oxygen than is required for combustion.

Toxicity in humans


Due to its oxidative nature, sodium chlorate can be very toxic if ingested. The oxidative effect on hemoglobin leads to methaemoglobin formation, which is followed by denaturation of the globin protein and a cross-linking of erythrocyte membrane proteins with resultant damage to the membrane enzymes. This leads to increased permeability of the membrane, and severe hemolysis. The denaturation of hemoglobin overwhelms the capacity of the G6PD enzymatic pathway - in addition, this enzyme is directly denatured by chlorate reducing its activity. Therapy with ascorbic acid and methylene blue may be effective, however, since methylene blue requires the presence of NADPH that requires normal functioning of G6PD system, it is less effective than in other conditions characterized by hemoglobin oxidation. Acute severe hemolysis results, with multi-organ failure, including DIC and renal failure.

Formulations


Sodium chlorate comes in dust
Dust

Dust is a general name for minute solid particles with diameters less than 20 Thou . Particles in the Earth's atmosphere arise from various sources such as soil dust lifted up by wind, volcanic eruptions, and pollution....
, spray
Spray

Spray can refer to:*A dynamic collection of liquid drops and the entrained surrounding gas: see Aerosol spray, sprinkler, atomization, spray nozzle, sprayer...
 and granule
Granule

Granule is a generic term used for a small particle or grain. The generic term is used in a variety of specific contexts.* Granule , visible structures in the photosphere of the Sun arising from activity in the Sun's convective zone...
 formulations. There is a risk of fire and explosion in dry mixtures with other substances, especially organic
Organic

Organic may refer to:* Organism, a living entity.* Organ , of or relating to a bodily organ.Life:*LifeMaterials and substances:...
 materials, that is other herbicides, sulfur
Sulfur

Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element that has the atomic number 16. It is denoted with the symbol S. It is an abundant Valence non-metal....
, phosphorus
Phosphorus

Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. The name comes from the and . A Valency nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus is commonly found in inorganic phosphate minerals....
, powdered metal
Metal

In chemistry, a metal is a chemical element whose atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions , and form metallic bonds between other metal atoms and ionic bonds between nonmetal atoms....
s, strong acid
Acid

An acid is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion Activity greater than in pure water, i.e....
s. Particularly when mixed with sugar
Sugar

Sugar is a class of edible crystalline substances, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose. Human taste buds interpret its flavor as sweet. Sugar as a basic food carbohydrate primarily comes from sugar cane and from sugar beet, but also appears in fruit, honey, sorghum, sugar maple , and in many other sources....
 it has explosive properties. If accidentally mixed with one of these substances do not store inside your home, garage etc.

Marketed formulations contain a fire depressant, but this has little effect if deliberately ignited. Most commercially available chlorate weedkillers contain approximately 53% sodium chlorate with the balance being a fire depressant such as sodium metaborate
Borate

Borates in chemistry are chemical compounds containing boron oxoanions, with boron in oxidation state +3. The simplest borate ion is the trigonal planar, BO33-, although many others are known....
 or ammonium phosphate
Ammonium phosphate

Ammonium phosphate - Molar Mass = 149.12g/mol. The normal ammonium phosphate, 3PO4, is obtained as a crystalline powder, on mixing concentrated solutions of ammonia and phosphoric acid, or on the addition of excess of ammonia to the acid phosphate 2HPO4....
s.

Trade Names

The active ingredient sodium chlorate is found in a variety of commercial herbicides. Some trade names for products containing sodium chlorate include Atlacide, Defol, De-Fol-Ate, Drop-Leaf, Fall, Harvest-Aid, Kusatol, Leafex, and Tumbleaf. The compound may be used in combination with other herbicides such as atrazine, 2,4-D, bromacil, diuron, and sodium metaborate. In the United Kingdom
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
 there are many brands of Sodium Chlorate Weedkillers. Two well known ones are Doff and Wilkinsons
Wilkinsons

Wilkinsons could refer to:*The Wilkinsons, a country music group.*The Wilkinsons , a reality TV show following the group of the same name....
. In Italy it is found under the Zapi brand, sold as "Grasskiller Liquid".

Cultural References

  • In the May 2006 Exploding Pants episode of MythBusters
    MythBusters

    MythBusters is a popular science television program produced by Australian firm Beyond Television Productions originally for the Discovery Channel in the United States and Canada....
    , Sodium Chlorate was used as the "secret ingredient" to explore the story of 1931 New Zealand
    New Zealand

    New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous Islands of New Zealand, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands....
     farmers, such as Richard Buckley, whose trousers exploded
    Exploding trousers

    In New Zealand in the 1930s, farmers reportedly had trouble with exploding trousers as a result of attempts to wipe out the weed Senecio. Farmers had been spraying sodium chlorate, a government recommended weedkiller, onto the ragwort, and some of the spray had ended up on their clothes....
     or caught on fire, leading to a number of deaths.
  • James Watson of Massey University
    Massey University

    Massey University is New Zealand's largest university with almost 40,000 students....
     in New Zealand won an Ig Nobel Prize
    Ig Nobel Prize

    The Ig Nobel Prizes are a parody of the Nobel Prizes and are given each year in early October for ten achievements that "first make people laugh, and then make them think." Organized by the scientific humor magazine Annals of Improbable Research , they are presented by a group that includes genuine Nobel Laureates at a ceremony at Harva...
     for agricultural history in October 2005 for his research into the exploding trousers of the early 1930s in New Zealand.


See also

  • Chloric acid
    Chloric acid

    Chloric acid, HydrogenChlorineOxygen3, is an oxoacid of chlorine, and the formal precursor of chlorate salts. It is a strong acid and oxidizing agent....


External links