Soda-lime glass

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Soda-lime glass

Soda-lime glass, also called soda-lime-silica glass, is the most prevalent type of glassGlass Summary

Glass is a uniform amorphous solid material, usually produced when the viscous molten material cools very rapidly to below i...
, used for windowpanes, and glass containers (bottles and jars) for beverages, food, and some commodity items. Also PyrexPyrex

Pyrex® is a brand name of borosilicate glass introduced by Corning Glass Works in 1924....
brand kitchen glassware manufactured since 1998 (when the brand was spun off under World KitchenWorld Kitchen Summary

World Kitchen, LLC is a kitchenware products maker and distributor based in Reston, Virginia....
) is made of soda-lime glass (previously, it was made of better quality, thermal shockThermal shock Overview

Thermal shock is the name given to cracking as a result of rapid temperature change....
resistant borosilicate glassBorosilicate glass

Borosilicate glass is a particular type of glass, better known under the brand names Pyrex, Kimax, and Endural....
).

Soda-lime glass is prepared by melting the raw materialsGlass

Glass is a uniform amorphous solid material, usually produced when the viscous molten material cools very rapidly to below i...
, such as sodaSodium carbonate

Sodium carbonate, , is a sodium salt of carbonic acid....
, limeLime (mineral)

Lime is a general term for various naturally occurring minerals and materials derived from them, in which carbonates, oxides...
, silica, alumina, and small quantities of fining agents (e.g., sodium sulfateSodium sulfate

Sodium sulfate is an important compound of sodium....
, sodium chlorideSodium chloride Summary

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl....
) in a glass furnaceGlass container industry

Glass containers are a common part of everyday life - we enjoy beverages such as water, soft drink, juice, beer, wine, spiri...
at temperatures locally up to 1675°C. The temperature is only limited by the quality of the furnace superstructure material and by the glass composition. Green and brown bottles are obtained from raw materials containing iron oxideIron oxide

Altogether there are 16 known iron oxides....
. For lowering the price of the raw materials, pure chemicals are not used, but relatively inexpensive minerals such as tronaTrona

Trona, hydrated sodium bicarbonate carbonate, is an evaporite mineral....
, sandSand Overview

Sand is an example of a class of materials called granular matter....
, and feldsparFeldspar

Feldspar is the name of an important group of rock-forming minerals which make up perhaps as much as 60% of the Earth's crus...
. The mix of raw materials is termed batchGlass container industry

Glass containers are a common part of everyday life - we enjoy beverages such as water, soft drink, juice, beer, wine, spiri...
.

Soda-lime glass is divided technically into glass used for windows, called float glassFloat glass

Float glass is sheet glass made by floating the molten glass on a bed of molten tin....
or flat glassFlat glass Summary

Flat glass, sheet glass, or plate glass is a type of glass, initially produced in plane form, commonly used for ...
, and glass for containers, called container glassContainer glass

Container glass is a type of glass for the production of glass containers, such as bottles, jars, drinkware, and bowls...
. Both types differ in the application, production method, and chemical composition (see table below). Float glass has a higher magnesium oxideMagnesium oxide Overview

Magnesium oxide is a white solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium....
and sodium oxideSodium oxide

Sodium oxide has formula Na2O. It is also called sodium oxide, disodium oxide, sodium monoxide, and soda....
content as compared to container glass, and a lower silica, calcium oxideCalcium oxide Summary

Calcium oxide, commonly known as lime, quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound....
, and aluminium oxideAluminium oxide

Aluminium oxide is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula 23....
content. From this follows a slightly higher quality of container glass concerning the chemical durability against water (see table), which is required especially for storage of beverages and food.

Typical compositions and properties

The following table lists some physical properties soda-lime glasses. Unless otherwise stated, the glass compositions and many experimentally determined properties are taken from one large study. Those values marked in italic font have been interpolated from sililar glass compositions (see calculation of glass propertiesCalculation of glass properties

The calculation of glass properties is used to predict glass properties of interest or glass behavior under certain conditi...
) due to the lack of experimental data.

Properties	Soda-lime glass for containersContainer glass Container glass is a type of glass for the production of glass containers, such as bottles, jars, drinkware, and bowls...	Soda-lime glass for windowWindow ----A window is an opening in an otherwise solid and opaque surface through which light and, sometimes, air can pass.... s
Chemical composition, wt%	74 SiO₂Silicon dioxide The chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is the oxide of silicon, chemical formula SiO2.... , 13 Na₂OFacts About Sodium oxide Sodium oxide has formula Na2O. It is also called sodium oxide, disodium oxide, sodium monoxide, and soda.... , 10.5 CaOCalcium oxide Calcium oxide, commonly known as lime, quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound.... , 1.3 Al₂O₃Aluminium oxide Aluminium oxide is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula 23.... , 0.3 K₂OPotassium oxide Summary Potassium oxide is a compound of potassium and oxygen used mainly as an intermediate in inorganic synthesis.... , 0.2 SO₃Sulfur trioxide Sulfur trioxide has the chemical formula SO3.... , 0.2 MgOMagnesium oxide Magnesium oxide is a white solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium.... , 0.01 TiO₂Titanium dioxide Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemica... , 0.04 Fe₂O₃Iron(III) oxide Iron oxide also known as ferric oxide, 'Hematite, 'red iron oxide, 'synthetic maghemite, 'colcothar'...	73 SiO₂, 14 Na₂O, 9 CaO, 0.15 Al₂O₃, 0.03 K₂O, 4 MgO, 0.02 TiO₂, 0.1 Fe₂O₃
ViscosityViscosity Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under shear stress.... log(?, Pa·s) = A + B / (T in °C - T_o)	550-1450°C: A = -2.309 B = 3922 T_o = 291	550-1450°C: A = -2.585 B = 4215 T_o = 263
Glass transitionFacts About Glass transition temperature A materials glass transition temperature, Tg, is the temperature below which molecules have little relative mobility.... temperatureGlass transition temperature A materials glass transition temperature, Tg, is the temperature below which molecules have little relative mobility.... , T_g, °C	573	564
Coefficient ofCoefficient of thermal expansion During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes.... thermal expansionCoefficient of thermal expansion Overview During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes.... , ppm/K, ~100-300°C	9	9.5
DensityDensity Density is a measure of mass per unit of volume.... at 20°C, g/cm³	2.52	2.53
Refractive indexRefractive index The refractive index of a material is the factor by which the phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation is slowed in that... n_D at 20°C	1.518	1.520
DispersionDispersion (optics) Overview In optics, dispersion is a phenomenon that causes the separation of a wave into spectral components with different wavelengt... at 20°C, 10⁴×(n_F-n_C)	86.7	87.7
Young's modulusFacts About Young's modulus In solid mechanics, Young's Modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a given material.... at 20°C, GPa	72	74
Shear modulusShear modulus In materials science, shear modulus, G, or sometimes S, sometimes referred to as the modulus of rigidity, is d... at 20°C, GPa	29.8	29.8
LiquidusLiquidus temperature The liquidus temperature, TL or Tliq, is mostly used for glasses and alloys.... temperatureLiquidus temperature The liquidus temperature, TL or Tliq, is mostly used for glasses and alloys.... , °C	1040	1000
HeatHeat capacity Heat capacity is a measurable physical quantity that characterizes the ability of a body to store heat as it changes in temp... capacityHeat capacity Heat capacity is a measurable physical quantity that characterizes the ability of a body to store heat as it changes in temp... at 20°C, J/(mol·K)	49	48
Surface tensionSurface tension Summary In physics, surface tension is an effect within the surface layer of a liquid that causes that layer to behave as an elastic... , at ~1300°C, mJ/m²	315
Chemical durability, Hydrolytic classCorrosion Corrosion is deterioration of intrinsic properties in a material due to reactions with its environment.... , after ISO 719	3	3...4

Coefficient of Restitution (glass sphere vs. glass wall): 0.97 ± 0.01

Thermal Conductivity: 0.9-1.3 W/m.K

Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6–7

Knoop Hardness: 585 kg/mm2 + 20

Soda-lime glass

Typical compositions and properties

See also