Skumin syndrome
Encyclopedia
Skumin syndrome is a specific mental disorder, which a quarter of the patient
s develop after the prostheses of the valve heart
device and manifests with persistent doubts about the reliability of the implant
, fear of its breakdown, fixed negative attitude to physical and psychoemotional load, specific sleep
disorder, feeling of anxiety
, mental confusion
and depression
.
was described in 1978 by Victor A. Skumin and called cardioprosthetic psychopathological
syndrome
. V. Skumin for the first time studied the etiology
, pathogenesis
and the disease pattern, worked out methods of its diagnostics
, treatment
, prophylaxis, effective system of rehabilitation measures, programme of culture of health
basics fostering to that cohort of people. The stated above was based on the research lead in the Nikolai Amosov
Institute.
The main aim of medical science is to maintain the most effective methods of heart diseases treatment
as basic cause of disablement and death
rate
of the population
. Prosthetic appliance for valve apparatus of the heart is worked out and successfully used.
The state into which hospitalized patients get after a long conservative therapy is notable for characteristic features:
Cardiosurgical situation, being extreme and psychotraumatic by its character, affects a patient’s psychics in the preoperative period. The mental condition of a patient after the operation undergoes notable changes, which are caused by specific cardiosurgical procedure and peculiarities of an implanted prosthesis functioning in the body
.
After the implantation of artificial heart valve
s, basically with the psychopathological type of a person’s reaction, patients have a special complex of mental disorder – Skumin syndrome.
Thinking and behaviour of patients differ specifically.
The attention
is concentrated on the prosthesis functioning.
There appear unusual sensations from a heart when a person fears possible break-down of artificial valves, ball splitting and tearing off a prosthesis.
A person is depressed
, miserable, alarmed, with a special kind of dismay (how to live with "a piece of iron in the heart", with a prosthesis in the "motor of life").
Patients tend to keep themselves away from petty physical or psycho-emotional tenseness, introducing inadequate self-restrictions in the routine. They avoid walks, medical physical training and other adequate work, supposing this can prevent early wear of artificial valves.
Sleep disorder is typical of 79,6% of the patients
. At night
they cannot fall asleep because they listen to a heart beat, count the number of extrasystoles, note petty changes in the heart rhythm and melody of the implanted prosthesis. On the contrary, in the daytime, when it is noisy they can have sound sleep.
Neurologically
a patient has vegetative faults – painfulness in the zones of solar plexus and carotid artery, arterial hypotension.
The research registered faults in mental activity of the patients with a prosthesis.
It considerably hampers the realization of rehabilitation programmes.
Systematic use of special psychotherapeutic and psychoprophylactic measures is required for the correction and prevention of these faults.
and psychoprophylaxis in rehabilitation
of the patients with heart valve prosthesis.
Preparatory stage:
Sedative-mobilizing stage:
Psychotraining according to V. Skumin is one of the effective psychotherapeutic methods and it includes five exercises:
Special attention is paid to relaxation of hand
s, back
, face
, excessive tenseness of which is especially expressed in this cohort of people.
Patients with artificial heart valves and Skumin syndrome suffer from the cold in peripheral area.
Elimination of unpleasant feelings, besides its positive effect, leads to a person’s encouragement in the fight against the disease.
Having mastered this exercise one feels reduced pain, less heavy weight, which is characteristic of such patients; their mood and health improve.
They are targeted on developing adequate attitude to the work of implants, normalization of sleep
, correction of character deviations, overcome of fears and uneasiness, mobilization of personal resources.
It is stressed that a body is charged with energy, force, and it heads to health restoration and further health improvement.
The five exercises according to V. Skumin are the most optimal and highly effective means of mental selfregulation, which lead to quick stabilization of mental
condition and have a positive influence on self-esteem
and medical state
.
By the whole, inclusion of mental
rehabilitation
into medical-management programmes eliminates and predicts the progress of psychological adaptation
.
Patient
A patient is any recipient of healthcare services. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, advanced practice registered nurse, veterinarian, or other health care provider....
s develop after the prostheses of the valve heart
Human heart
The human heart is a muscular organ that provides a continuous blood circulation through the cardiac cycle and is one of the most vital organs in the human body...
device and manifests with persistent doubts about the reliability of the implant
Implant
Implant can refer to:*Implant , or specifically:**Brain implant**Breast implant**Buttock implant**Cochlear implant**Contraceptive implant**Dental implant**Mini dental implant**Extraocular implant**Fetal tissue implant...
, fear of its breakdown, fixed negative attitude to physical and psychoemotional load, specific sleep
Sleep
Sleep is a naturally recurring state characterized by reduced or absent consciousness, relatively suspended sensory activity, and inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles. It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, and is more easily reversible than...
disorder, feeling of anxiety
Anxiety
Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components. The root meaning of the word anxiety is 'to vex or trouble'; in either presence or absence of psychological stress, anxiety can create feelings of fear, worry, uneasiness,...
, mental confusion
Mental confusion
Confusion of a pathological degree usually refers to loss of orientation sometimes accompanied by disordered consciousness and often memory Confusion (from Latin confusĭo, -ōnis, noun of action from confundere "to pour together", also "to confuse") of a pathological degree usually refers to loss...
and depression
Depression (mood)
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behaviour, feelings and physical well-being. Depressed people may feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, or restless...
.
History
This diseaseDisease
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune...
was described in 1978 by Victor A. Skumin and called cardioprosthetic psychopathological
Psychopathology
Psychopathology is the study of mental illness, mental distress, and abnormal/maladaptive behavior. The term is most commonly used within psychiatry where pathology refers to disease processes...
syndrome
Syndrome
In medicine and psychology, a syndrome is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs , symptoms , phenomena or characteristics that often occur together, so that the presence of one or more features alerts the physician to the possible presence of the others...
. V. Skumin for the first time studied the etiology
Etiology
Etiology is the study of causation, or origination. The word is derived from the Greek , aitiologia, "giving a reason for" ....
, pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism by which the disease is caused. The term can also be used to describe the origin and development of the disease and whether it is acute, chronic or recurrent...
and the disease pattern, worked out methods of its diagnostics
Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis refers both to the process of attempting to determine or identify a possible disease or disorder , and to the opinion reached by this process...
, treatment
Treatment
Treatment may refer to:* Treatment, therapy used to remedy a health problem* Treatment, a process or intervention in the design of experiments* Treatment group, a collection of items or individuals given the same treatment in an experiment* Water treatment...
, prophylaxis, effective system of rehabilitation measures, programme of culture of health
Health
Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being. In humans, it is the general condition of a person's mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain...
basics fostering to that cohort of people. The stated above was based on the research lead in the Nikolai Amosov
Nikolai Amosov
Nikolai Amosov, MD was an Ukrainian doctor, heart surgeon, inventor, best-selling author, and exercise enthusiast, known for his inventions of several surgical procedures for treating heart defects.Born to Russian peasants, Nikolai fought in the German-Soviet War...
Institute.
The main aim of medical science is to maintain the most effective methods of heart diseases treatment
Treatment
Treatment may refer to:* Treatment, therapy used to remedy a health problem* Treatment, a process or intervention in the design of experiments* Treatment group, a collection of items or individuals given the same treatment in an experiment* Water treatment...
as basic cause of disablement and death
Death
Death is the permanent termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include old age, predation, malnutrition, disease, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury....
rate
Rate
In mathematics, a rate is a ratio between two measurements, often with different units. If the unit or quantity in respect of which something is changing is not specified, usually the rate is per unit time. However, a rate of change can be specified per unit time, or per unit of length or mass or...
of the population
Population
A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same group or species and live in the same geographical area. The area that is used to define a sexual population is such that inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals...
. Prosthetic appliance for valve apparatus of the heart is worked out and successfully used.
Etiology and pathogenesis
Etiopathogenetic mechanisms, which cause its origin, are as follows:- Presence of functioning foreign matter (prosthesisProsthesisIn medicine, a prosthesis, prosthetic, or prosthetic limb is an artificial device extension that replaces a missing body part. It is part of the field of biomechatronics, the science of using mechanical devices with human muscle, skeleton, and nervous systems to assist or enhance motor control...
) into the heartHeartThe heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system , that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions...
, work of which is accompanied by specific sound matters. As a result there appears unnatural feedback: heart-central nervous system which supplies the sensation of the prosthesis vibrations and the existence of auditory analyzer. - The surgical traumatization of nerve-muscular heart apparatus, big vessels, cerebral-cordial links violation.
- Peculiarities of mental and somatic condition of the patients with valvular heart diseaseValvular heart diseaseValvular heart disease is any disease process involving one or more of the valves of the heart . Valve problems may be congenital or acquired...
.
The state into which hospitalized patients get after a long conservative therapy is notable for characteristic features:
- They offer patients a more complicated surgical procedure in the heart - the organ which has special psychological significance.
- A person imagines a heart not as a mere pump that transfers blood, but as Ivan PavlovIvan PavlovIvan Petrovich Pavlov was a famous Russian physiologist. Although he made significant contributions to psychology, he was not in fact a psychologist himself but was a mathematician and actually had strong distaste for the field....
stated, "a sensitive organ of sense", which possesses a life’s destiny.
Cardiosurgical situation, being extreme and psychotraumatic by its character, affects a patient’s psychics in the preoperative period. The mental condition of a patient after the operation undergoes notable changes, which are caused by specific cardiosurgical procedure and peculiarities of an implanted prosthesis functioning in the body
Body
With regard to living things, a body is the physical body of an individual. "Body" often is used in connection with appearance, health issues and death...
.
After the implantation of artificial heart valve
Artificial heart valve
An artificial heart valve is a device implanted in the heart of a patient with heart valvular disease. When one of the four heart valves malfunctions, the medical choice may be to replace the natural valve with an artificial valve. This requires open-heart surgery.Valves are integral to the normal...
s, basically with the psychopathological type of a person’s reaction, patients have a special complex of mental disorder – Skumin syndrome.
Signs and symptoms
Skumin syndrome has a typical disease pattern.Thinking and behaviour of patients differ specifically.
The attention
Attention
Attention is the cognitive process of paying attention to one aspect of the environment while ignoring others. Attention is one of the most intensely studied topics within psychology and cognitive neuroscience....
is concentrated on the prosthesis functioning.
There appear unusual sensations from a heart when a person fears possible break-down of artificial valves, ball splitting and tearing off a prosthesis.
A person is depressed
Depression (mood)
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behaviour, feelings and physical well-being. Depressed people may feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, or restless...
, miserable, alarmed, with a special kind of dismay (how to live with "a piece of iron in the heart", with a prosthesis in the "motor of life").
Patients tend to keep themselves away from petty physical or psycho-emotional tenseness, introducing inadequate self-restrictions in the routine. They avoid walks, medical physical training and other adequate work, supposing this can prevent early wear of artificial valves.
Sleep disorder is typical of 79,6% of the patients
Patient
A patient is any recipient of healthcare services. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, advanced practice registered nurse, veterinarian, or other health care provider....
. At night
Night
Night or nighttime is the period of time when the sun is below the horizon. This occurs after dusk. The opposite of night is day...
they cannot fall asleep because they listen to a heart beat, count the number of extrasystoles, note petty changes in the heart rhythm and melody of the implanted prosthesis. On the contrary, in the daytime, when it is noisy they can have sound sleep.
Neurologically
Neurology
Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...
a patient has vegetative faults – painfulness in the zones of solar plexus and carotid artery, arterial hypotension.
The research registered faults in mental activity of the patients with a prosthesis.
It considerably hampers the realization of rehabilitation programmes.
Systematic use of special psychotherapeutic and psychoprophylactic measures is required for the correction and prevention of these faults.
Psychotherapy
There is the system of psychotherapyPsychotherapy
Psychotherapy is a general term referring to any form of therapeutic interaction or treatment contracted between a trained professional and a client or patient; family, couple or group...
and psychoprophylaxis in rehabilitation
Rehabilitation
-Mental health:* Drug rehabilitation* Rehabilitation , the rehabilitation of criminal behavior.* Rehabilitation , therapy aimed at improving neurocognitive function that has been lost or diminished by disease or traumatic injury...
of the patients with heart valve prosthesis.
Preparatory stage:
- mental state study,
- establishment of psychotherapeutic contact,
- psychological preparation for the process of equipping with a prosthesis of valve heart device. Aspects of psychoprophylaxis are as follows: teaching patients to adjust to conditions of life, preventing psychotraumatic and stressful influence, supporting positive emotional tone, regulating industrial and appliance load, maintaining favourable sanitary conditions, wise use of one’s knowledge and experience.
Sedative-mobilizing stage:
- calming down of the operated on,
- forming adequate attitude to the postoperational period,
- working out active personal positions.
Psychotraining according to V. Skumin is one of the effective psychotherapeutic methods and it includes five exercises:
- «RelaxationRelaxationRelaxation stands quite generally for a release of tension, a return to equilibrium.In the sciences, the term is used in the following ways:*Relaxation , and more in particular:...
»- successive muscleMuscleMuscle is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to...
debilitation of legLegŁęg may refer to the following places in Poland:*A former name for the town of Ełk *Part of the Czyżyny district of Kraków*Łęg, Pleszew County in Greater Poland Voivodeship...
s, armArmIn human anatomy, the arm is the part of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow joints. In other animals, the term arm can also be used for analogous structures, such as one of the paired forelimbs of a four-legged animal or the arms of cephalopods...
s, trunkTrunkTrunk may refer to:In biology:*Trunk, an elephant's proboscis or nose*Trunk, torso*Trunk , a tree's central superstructureIn containers:*Trunk , a large storage compartment*Trunk...
, neckNeckThe neck is the part of the body, on many terrestrial or secondarily aquatic vertebrates, that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. The adjective signifying "of the neck" is cervical .-Boner anatomy: The cervical spine:The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven boney...
, headHeadIn anatomy, the head of an animal is the rostral part that usually comprises the brain, eyes, ears, nose and mouth . Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many bilaterally symmetric forms do....
.
Special attention is paid to relaxation of hand
Hand
A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered extremity located at the end of an arm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs...
s, back
Back
- People :* Adam Back, British cryptographer* Charles Back, South African winemaker* Chris Back , Australian politician* Ernst Emil Alexander Back , German physicist* Frédéric Back , Canadian animator...
, face
Face
The face is a central sense organ complex, for those animals that have one, normally on the ventral surface of the head, and can, depending on the definition in the human case, include the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelashes, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, philtrum, temple, teeth, skin, and...
, excessive tenseness of which is especially expressed in this cohort of people.
- «Warmness» – is generated in legs, arms, solar plexus, neck and head.
Patients with artificial heart valves and Skumin syndrome suffer from the cold in peripheral area.
Elimination of unpleasant feelings, besides its positive effect, leads to a person’s encouragement in the fight against the disease.
- «Soaring, zero gravity» – special formulas are used, which generate the feeling of soaring, "zero gravity" and "dissolvation" of the body.
Having mastered this exercise one feels reduced pain, less heavy weight, which is characteristic of such patients; their mood and health improve.
- «Target autosuggestionAutosuggestionAutosuggestion is a psychological technique that was developed by apothecary Émile Coué from the late 19th century to the early 20th century.-Origins:...
» – its formulas are defined by definite medical tasks.
They are targeted on developing adequate attitude to the work of implants, normalization of sleep
Sleep
Sleep is a naturally recurring state characterized by reduced or absent consciousness, relatively suspended sensory activity, and inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles. It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, and is more easily reversible than...
, correction of character deviations, overcome of fears and uneasiness, mobilization of personal resources.
- «Activation» – is carried out through formulas and concepts, which contribute to the exit from the state of immersion.
It is stressed that a body is charged with energy, force, and it heads to health restoration and further health improvement.
The five exercises according to V. Skumin are the most optimal and highly effective means of mental selfregulation, which lead to quick stabilization of mental
Mental
Mental, a word referring to aspects of, or things related to, the mind; or in anatomy, the skull, e.g. the mental foramen, can also mean:* a slang, pejorative term used to describe people who act like lunatics, which is itself an outdated term for people with mental disorders* Mental , a 2009...
condition and have a positive influence on self-esteem
Self-esteem
Self-esteem is a term in psychology to reflect a person's overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs and emotions such as triumph, despair, pride and shame: some would distinguish how 'the self-concept is what we think about the self; self-esteem, the...
and medical state
Medical state
Medical states or medical conditions are used to describe a patient's condition in a hospital. These terms are most commonly used by the news media and are rarely used by doctors, who in their daily business prefer to deal with medical problems in greater detail.Either or both of two aspects of...
.
By the whole, inclusion of mental
Mental
Mental, a word referring to aspects of, or things related to, the mind; or in anatomy, the skull, e.g. the mental foramen, can also mean:* a slang, pejorative term used to describe people who act like lunatics, which is itself an outdated term for people with mental disorders* Mental , a 2009...
rehabilitation
Rehabilitation
-Mental health:* Drug rehabilitation* Rehabilitation , the rehabilitation of criminal behavior.* Rehabilitation , therapy aimed at improving neurocognitive function that has been lost or diminished by disease or traumatic injury...
into medical-management programmes eliminates and predicts the progress of psychological adaptation
Psychological adaptation
A psychological adaptation, also called an Evolved psychological mechanism or EPM, is an aspect of a human or other animal's psychology that is the result of evolutionary pressures. It could serve a specific purpose, have served a purpose in the past , or be a side-effect of another EPM...
.
Further reading
- Skumin VA. “Psychotherapy and psychoprophylaxis in the system of rehabilitation of the patients with heart valve prosthesis. Methodical recommendations MofPH UkSSR. Kiev, 1980. – 16 p.