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Simón BolÃvar
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Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco (b. Caracas, July 24, 1783; d. Santa Marta, December 17, 1830) – more commonly known as Simón Bolívar – was, together with the Argentine general José de San Martín, one of the most important leaders of Spanish America's successful struggle for independence.
Following the triumph over the Spanish monarchy, Bolívar participated in the foundation of Gran Colombia, a nation formed from the liberated Spanish colonies.
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Timeline
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1813 After a ceremony in Caracas, Venezuela, the municipality gives Simón Bolívar the title of ''El Libertador''.
1813 After a ceremony in Caracas, Venezuela, the municipality gives Simón Bolívar the title of ''El Libertador''.
1819 Simón Bolívar proclaims the Republic of Gran Colombia
1819 Simón Bolívar is victorious in the Battle of Boyacá in Colombia
1821 Simón Bolívar wins the Battle of Carabobo, ensuring Venezuela's independency from Spain. (See Venezuela's independence.)
1821 The Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of presentday Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) was established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.
1822 Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito.
1822 José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar.
1822 Simón Bolívar and general José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil. Bolívar later annexes Guayaquil. (See Guayaquil conference)
1823 Simón Bolívar named President of Peru
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Encyclopedia
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco (b. Caracas, July 24, 1783; d. Santa Marta, December 17, 1830) – more commonly known as Simón Bolívar – was, together with the Argentine general José de San Martín, one of the most important leaders of Spanish America's successful struggle for independence.
Following the triumph over the Spanish monarchy, Bolívar participated in the foundation of Gran Colombia, a nation formed from the liberated Spanish colonies. He was President of Gran Colombia from 1821 to 1830, President of Peru from 1824 to 1826, and President of Bolivia from 1825 to 1826.
Bolívar is credited with contributing decisively to the independence of the present-day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia and is often revered as a hero.
Biography
Family heritage
Simón Bolívar was born in Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela (now Venezuela). The Bolívar aristocratic bloodline derives from a small village in the Basque Country (Spain), called La Puebla de Bolívar, which is the origin of the surname. His father descended remotely from King Fernando III of Castile and Count Amedeo IV of Savoy, and came from the male line of the de Ardanza family.
The Bolívars settled in Venezuela in the sixteenth century.
A portion of their wealth came from the silver and gold mines in Venezuela.
However in 1632, gold was first mined, leading to further discoveries of extensive copper deposits. Towards the later 1600s, copper was exploited with the name "Cobre Caracas". These mines became the property of Simón Bolívar's family.
Later in his revolutionary life, Bolivar used part of the mineral income to finance the South American revolutionary wars. Some people claim that his family grew to prominence before gaining great wealth. For example, the Caracas Cathedral, founded in 1594, has a side chapel dedicated to Simón Bolívar's family.
Following the death of his father Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte, 1st Marqués de San Luis, and his mother María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco, he went to Spain in 1799 to complete his education. There he married María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa in 1802, but, eight months after returning to Venezuela, she succumbed to yellow fever. Bolívar returned to Europe in 1804 and for a time was part of Napoleon's retinue.
El Libertador-The Liberator
Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1807, and, when Napoleon made Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain and its colonies in 1808, he participated in the resistance juntas in South America. The Caracas junta declared its independence in 1810, and Bolívar was sent to Britain on a diplomatic mission.
Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1811. In March 1812, Bolívar was forced to leave Venezuela because of an earthquake that destroyed Caracas. In July 1812, junta leader Francisco de Miranda surrendered to the Spanish, and Bolívar had to flee to Cartagena de Indias. It was during this period that Bolívar wrote his Manifiesto de Cartagena.
In 1813, after acquiring a military command in New Granada under the direction of the Congress of New Granada in Tunja, he led the invasion of Venezuela on May 14. This was the beginning of the famous Admirable Campaign. He entered Mérida on May 23, where he was proclaimed as El Libertador, following the occupation of Trujillo on June 9. Six days later, on June 15, he dictated his famous Decree of War to the Death (Decreto de Guerra a Muerte). Caracas was retaken on August 6, 1813, and Bolívar was ratified as "El Libertador", thus proclaiming the Venezuelan Second Republic. Due to the rebellion of José Tomás Boves in 1814 and the fall of the republic, he returned to New Granada, where he then commanded a Colombian nationalist force and entered Bogotá in 1814, recapturing the city from the dissenting republican forces of Cundinamarca. He intended to march into Cartagena and enlist the aid of local forces in order to capture Royalist Santa Marta. However, after a number of political and military disputes with the government of Cartagena, Bolívar fled, in 1815, to Haiti, where he befriended Alexandre Pétion, the leader of the newly independent country. Bolívar (granted sanctuary in Haiti) petitioned Pétion for aid.
In 1817, with Haitian soldiers and vital material support (on the condition that he abolish slavery), Bolívar landed in Venezuela and captured Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar).
A victory at the Battle of Boyacá in 1819 added New Granada to the territories free from Spanish control, and in September 7, 1821 the Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of modern Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) was created, with Bolívar as president and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.
Further victories at the Carabobo in 1821 and Pichincha in 1822 consolidated his rule over Venezuela and Ecuador respectively. After a meeting in Guayaquil, on July 26 and July 27, 1822, with Argentine General José de San Martín, who had received the title of Protector of Peruvian Freedom, in August 1821, after having partially liberated Peru from the Spanish, Bolívar took over the task of fully liberating Peru. The Peruvian congress named him dictator of Peru, on February 10, 1824, which allowed Bolívar to completely reorganize the political and military administration. Bolívar, assisted by Antonio José de Sucre, decisively defeated the Spanish cavalry, on August 6, 1824, at Junín. Sucre destroyed the still numerically superior remnants of the Spanish forces at Ayacucho on December 9.
On August 6, 1825, at the Congress of Upper Peru, the Republic of Bolivia was created. Bolívar is thus one of the few men to have a country named after him. The constitution reflected the influence of the French and Scottish Enlightenment on Bolívar's political thought, as well as that of classical Greek and Roman authors.
Bolívar had great difficulties maintaining control of the vast Gran Colombia. During 1826, internal divisions had sparked dissent throughout the nation and regional uprisings erupted in Venezuela, thus the fragile South American fellowship appeared to be on the verge of collapse.
An amnesty was declared and an arrangement was reached with the Venezuelan rebels, but political dissent in New Granada grew as a consequence of this. In an attempt to keep the federation together as a single entity, Bolívar called for a constitutional convention at Ocaña during April 1828.
He had seen his dream of eventually engendering an American Revolution-style federation between all the newly independent republics, with a government ideally set-up solely to recognize and uphold individual rights, succumb to the pressures of particular interests throughout the region, which rejected that model and allegedly had little or no allegiance to liberal principles.
For this reason, and to prevent a break-up, Bolívar wanted to implement in Gran Colombia a more centralist model of government, including some or all of the elements of the Bolivian constitution he had written (which included a lifetime presidency with the ability to select a successor, though this was theoretically held in check by an intricate system of balances).
This move was considered controversial and was one of the reasons why the deliberations met with strong opposition. The convention almost ended up drafting a document which would have implemented a radically federalist form of government, which would have greatly reduced the powers of the central administration.
Unhappy with what would be the ensuing result, Bolívar's delegates left the insipid convention. After the failure of the convention due to grave political differences, Bolívar proclaimed himself dictator on August 27, 1828 through the "Organic Decree of Dictatorship".
He considered this as a temporary measure, as a means to reestablish his authority and save the republic, though it increased dissatisfaction and anger among his political opponents. An assassination attempt on September 25, 1828 failed, in part thanks to the help of his lover, Manuela Sáenz, according to popular belief.
Although Bolívar emerged physically intact from the event, this nevertheless greatly affected him. Dissident feelings continued, and uprisings occurred in New Granada, Venezuela and Ecuador during the next two years.
Death and Legacy
Bolívar finally resigned his presidency on April 27, 1830, intending to leave the country for exile in Europe, possibly in France. He had already sent several crates (containing his belongings and his writings) ahead of him to Europe.
He died before setting sail, after a painful battle with tuberculosis on December 17, 1830, in the Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino in Santa Marta, Gran Colombia (now Colombia).
His remains were moved from Santa Marta to Caracas in 1842, where a monument was set up for his burial in the Panteón Nacional. The 'Quinta' near Santa Marta has been preserved as a museum with numerous references to his life.
Relatives
Political legacy
Simón Bolívar's political legacy has been massive and he is a very important figure in South American political history. Claims to the mantle of Simón Bolívar have continued throughout modern times via the various shades of 'Bolivarianism'.
On his deathbed, Bolívar asked his aide-de-camp, General Daniel F. O'Leary to burn the extensive archive of his writings, letters, and speeches. O'Leary disobeyed the order and his writings survived, providing historians with a vast wealth of information about Bolívar's liberal philosophy and thought, as well as his longstanding love affair with Manuela Saenz, who turned over her letters from Bolívar to O'Leary shortly before her own death.
Bolívar described himself in his many letters as a "liberal". He was an admirer of the American Revolution and a great critic of the French Revolution, but he differed in political philosophy from Jefferson, believing in the need for a more authoritarian and centralized government in his America. He was also more staunchly anti-slavery than his North American counterparts, partly a function of a much greater mixture of races in Gran Colombia than in the United States. Among the books he traveled with when he wrote the Bolivian Constitution one is Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws.
Honors
In addition to the statues shown elsewhere in this article, there is an commemorating Bolívar's life and works in Washington, D.C., a statue at the UN Plaza in San Francisco, a statue in Rivadavia Park, Buenos Aires, Argentina, a boulevard in New Delhi, India, a statue in the Basque Country, Spain, a statue on the Reforma Avenue in Mexico City, a statue in Kingston, Jamaica, and a statue in Cairo, Egypt, in Latin America Square. There is a five meter tall equestrian statue in San Salvador, El Salvador, in a square also called "Plaza Bolívar". Another equestrian statue stands between the Alexandre III bridge and the Petit Palais in Paris, France, being a joint gift to the City of Paris from the "five Bolivarian republics" of Venezuela, Colombia, Equador, Peru and Bolivia. Another equestrian statue stands in the Piaza le Simone Bolivar in front of the British School, in Rome, where it faces an equestrian statue of Jose de San Martin. A statue in Tegucigalpa,Honduras. A statue in San Juan de Puerto Rico, a statue signifying the friendship between Canada and South America in Ottawa (which caused some controversy at the time of its erection), and also a bust in Sydney, Australia, and an equestrian statue in Quebec City, in the Parc de l'Amérique Latine. A statue in Bolivar, Missouri, which was presented by President Rómulo Gallegos of Venezuela and dedicated by U.S. President Harry S. Truman. A central avenue in Ankara, the capital of Turkey, bears his name. Bolivar, West Virginia, bears his name and displays his bust, and Frankfurt, Germany, also has a bust of the general.
In Santiago (Chile) a monument celebrating Latin American Freedom, was erected in 1836 at the main square (Plaza de Armas),one of the panels was dedicated to Simón Bolívar.
Around 1836-40 a full size equestrian statue was erected in his honour located at a square at the beginning of the avenue that bear his name.
Furthermore, every city and town in Venezuela and Colombia (in this one each capital city but Pasto) has a main square known as Plaza Bolívar, that usually has a bust or a statue of Bolívar, the most famous of these Plaza Bolívar are the ones in Bogotá and Caracas. The central avenue of Caracas is called Avenida Bolívar, and at its end there is a twin tower complex named Centro Simón Bolívar built during the 1950s that holds several governmental offices.
Places named in honor of Bolívar
- In Argentina:
- Bolivia
- In Colombia:
- In Ecuador:
- In El Salvador:
- Bolívar (town), in La Union province
- In Peru:
- In the United States:
- Bolivar, Tennessee
- Mount Bolivar, a mountain in Coos County, Oregon
- Bolivar, Ohio
- Bolivar, Missouri
- Bolivar, West Virginia
- Bolivar County, Mississippi
- Bolivar (town), New York
- Bolivar (village), New York
- The Bolivar Peninsula in Galveston County, southern Texas
- In Venezuela:
- Various streets in Milwaukee, New Orleans, Mexico City, Mexico, Tehran, Ankara, Turkey, Cairo, Paris and Guatemala City are named after Simón Bolívar
- A suburb of Adelaide, South Australia is named in honor of him
- A park and a walkway in Budapest, Hungary are named after him
Other
- The Simón Bolívar United World College of Agriculture in Venezuela, a school in Venezuela that offers a diploma in agriculture, and that is part of the United World College Movement.
- Venezuelan bolívar, the currency of Venezuela
- The Puerto Bolívar Airport, a private airport in the Guajira Department of Colombia
- The Bolívar cigar brand from Cuba
- Simon Bolívar Zoo, in San José, Costa Rica
- El Club Bolívar, a Bolivian football team who play at the Estadio Libertador Simón Bolívar
- The Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra (Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar)
- USS Simon Bolivar (SSBN-641)
- Simón Bolívar University in Caracas, Venezuela
- Bolivar House, Center of Latin American Studies, Stanford University
- Simon Bolivar - Cluster 2, Rex Nettleford Hall of Residence, The University of the West Indies Mona
- Simon Bolivar - An artificial satellite launched in 2008
See also
Bibliography about Bolívar
- ACOSTA RODRÍGUEZ, LUIS JOSÉ. 1979: “Bolívar para todos”. Sociedad Bolivariana de Venezuela. Caracas - Venezuela.” 2 volúmenes. ISBN 968-484-000-4
- ANÓNIMO. 2003: “"Bolívar, Grandes biografías”, AAVV, febrero 1ra edición, Ediciones y Distribuciones Promo-libro S.A., Madrid-España.
- ARCINIEGAS, GERMAN. 1979: “Héroe Vital. La Gran Colombia, garantía de la libertad sudamericana”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.
- BENCOMO BARRIOS, HECTOR. 1983: “Bolívar Jefe Militar”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas - Venezuela.79p.
- BOHORQUEZ CASALLAS, LUIS ANTONIO. 1980. “"Breve biografía de Bolívar"'”. Colección José Ortega Torres, Gráficas Margal, Bogotá – Colombia.
- BOLINAGA, MARÍA BEGOÑA. 1983: “Bolívar conservacionista”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas – Venezuela 91p.
- BOLÍVAR, SIMÓN. 1980: “Simón Bolívar”. Ediciones Treccani - Roma – Italia. Tables José Ortega. Presidente L.H. Campins - Presidente Sandro Pertini. 196p.
- BOLÍVAR, SIMÓN. 1981: “Simón Bolívar ideario político”. Ediciones Centauro Caracas – Venezuela. 214p.
- BOULTON, ALFREDO. 1980: “Miranda, Bolívar y Sucre tres estudios Icnográficos”. Biblioteca de Autores y Temas Mirandinos. Caracas – Venezuela. 177p.
- BOYD, BILL. 1999: “Bolívar, Liberator of a continent, An historical novel, Sterling, Virginia 20166, Capital Books, Inc., ISBN 1-892123-16-9.
- BUSHNELL, DAVID Y MACAULAY, NEILL, 1989: “"El nacimiento de los países latinoamericanos"”. Editorial Nerea, S.A., Madrid – España.
- CABALLERO, MANUEL. S/F: “"Por qué no soy bolivariano. Una reflexión antipatriótica"”. Alfa Grupo Editorial. ISBN 9803541994.
- CALDERA, RAFAEL. 1979: “Arquitecto de una nueva sociedad. La educación y la virtud, sustento de la vida republicana”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.
- CAMPOS, JORGE. 1984: “Bolívar”. Salvat Editores, S. A. Barcelona - España. 199p.
- CARRERA DAMAS, GERMÁN, S/F: “"El Culto a Bolívar"”. Alfa Grupo Editorial. ISBN 9803541005.
- ENCEL, FREDERIC. 2002, “"El arte de la guerra: Estrategias y batallas"”. Alianza Editorial, S.A., Madrid – España.
- ENCINOZA, VALMORE E., Y CARMELO VILDA. 1988: “Se llamaba Simón Bolívar. Vida y obra del Libertador”. Ediciones S.A. Educación y Cultura Religiosa. Caracas - Venezuela. 112p.
- GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ, GABRIEL: 2001,“Der General in seinem Labyrinth”. Historischer Roman, Köln, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, (KiWi; 657), ISBN 3-462-03057-4
- GIL FORTOUL, JOSÉ. 1954: “Historia Constitucional de Venezuela”. Cuarta Edición. Ministerio de Educación. Dirección de Cultura y Bellas Artes. Caracas – Venezuela. 3 volúmenes.
- JURADO TORO, BERNARDO. 1980: “Bolívar y el mar”. Edición del Banco Central de Venezuela. Caracas – Venezuela. 181p.
- JURADO TORO, BERNARDO. 1994: “"Bolívar el polifacético"”. Ed. DIGECAFA, Caracas – Venezuela.
- LECUNA, VICENTE. 1954: “Relaciones diplomáticas de Bolívar con Chile y Argentina”. Imprenta Nacional. Caracas – Venezuela. 2 volúmnes.
- LECUNA, VICENTE. 1960: “Crónica razonada de las Guerras de Bolívar”. The Colonial Books, New York – United States. NY. 3 volúmenes.
- LECUNA, VICENTE. 1977: “La Casa natal del Libertador”. Impreso en Venezuela por Cromotip. Caracas – Venezuela.
- LECUNA, VICENTE. 1995: “Documentos referentes a la creación de Bolivia”. Comisión Nacional del Bicentenario del Gran Mariscal Sucre (1795-1995). Caracas – Venezuela. 2 volúmenes. ISBN 980-07-2353-6
- LIEVANO AGUIRRE, INDALECIO. 1988: “Bolívar”. Academia Nacional de la Historia. Caracas Venezuela. 576p. ISBN 980-300-035-X
- LLANO GOROSTIZA, M. 1976: “Bolívar en Vizcaya”. Banco de Vizcaya. Bilbao - España. 115p. ISBN 84-500-1556-1
- LLERAS RESTREPO, CARLOS. 1979: “Demócrata cabal. Sumisión a la Ley y a la patria”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.
- LOVERA DE SOLA, R. J. 1983: “Bolívar y la opinión pública”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Lagoven. S.A. Caracas - Venezuela. 83p.
- LYNCH, JOHN. 1998: “"Las revoluciones hispanoamericanas 1808-1826"”. Editorial Ariel, S.A., 7ma edición, Barcelona – España.
- LYNCH, JOHN. 2006: “Simón Bolívar. A Life”, Verlag: Yale University Press, O. Mai, ISBN 0300110626.
- MADARIAGA, SALVADOR DE: 1986: “Simón Bolívar”. Zürich, Manesse-Verl., ISBN 3-7175-8067-1
- MARX, KARL. S/F “"Bolívar y Ponte: Apuntes biográficos sobre Simón Bolívar"”. S/R.
- MASUR, GERHARD. 1974: “Simón Bolívar”. Circulo de Lectores S.A. y Editorial Grijalbo S.A. Barcelona - España. 600p. ISBN 84-226-0346-2
- MIJARES, AUGUSTO. 1987: “El Libertador”. Academia Nacional de la Historia y Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. Caracas- Venezuela 588p. ISBN 980-265-724-7
- MIRÓ, RODRIGO. 1979: “Espíritu realista. La consolidación de la independencia, pertinaz obsesión”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.
- MONDOLFI, EDGARDO (Comp.): 1990: “Bolívar ideas de un espíritu visionario”. Monte Ávila Latinoamericana. Caracas – Venezuela. ISBN 980-01-0310-4
- MORÓN, GUILLERMO. 1979: “Los presidentes de Venezuela. 1811 -1979”. S.A. Meneven. Caracas - Venezuela. 334p.
- PÉREZ ARCAY, JACINTO. 1980: “El fuego sagrado. Bolívar hoy”. Edición CLI-PER. Caracas - Venezuela. 347p.
- PÉREZ CONCHA JORGE. 1979: “Político sagaz. Guayaquil: afirmación de los principios republicanos”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.
- PÉREZ VILA, MANUEL. 1980: “Bolívar el libro del sesquicentenario 1830-1980”. Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. Caracas - Venezuela. 391p.
- PETZOLD PERNÍA, HERMANN. 1986: “Bolívar y la ordenación de los poderes públicos en los estados emancipador”. Fundación Premio Internacional Pensamiento de Simón Bolívar”. Caracas – Venezuela.
- PINO ITURRIETA, ELÍAS. S/A: “"El divino bolívar: ensayo sobre una religión republicana"”. Alfa Grupo Editorial. ISBN 8483191679.
- POLANCO ALCÁNTARA, TOMÁS. 1983: “Bolívar y la justicia”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas – Venezuela .79p.
- POLANCO ALCÁNTARA, TOMÁS. 2001: “"Bolívar: vida, obra y pensamiento"”. Círculo de Lectores, Bogotá - Colombia. ISBN 9582812559
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- PUENTE CANDAMO, JOSÉ AGUSTÍN DE LA. 1979: “Libertador de los pueblos. Plenitud revolucionaria inspirada en la democracia”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.
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- RAMOS, DEMTRIO. 1979: “Criollo enciclopedista. Personaje símbolo de la emancipación americana”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.
- ROJAS, ARMANDO. 1996: “Ideas educativas de Simón Bolívar”. Monte Ávila Latinoamericana S.A. Caracas - Venezuela. 245p. ISBN 980-01-0304-X
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- SALCEDO BASTARDO, JOSÉ LUIS. 1972: “Bolívar: un continente y un destino”. Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. Caracas - Venezuela. 436p.
- SALCEDO BASTARDO, JOSÉ LUIS. 1977: “Un hombre diáfano Bolívar”. Cultural Venezolana, S. A. Caracas – Venezuela.
- SALCEDO BASTARDO, JOSÉ LUIS. 1979: “Derrotado invencible. La idea continental factor determinante de todos sus proyectos”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, Nuncio del Porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.
- SÁNCHEZ, LUIS ALBERTO. 1979: “Dictador a pesar suyo. La voluntad popular, ley suprema”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.
- SOCIEDAD BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA. 1989: “Sonetos a Bolívar”. Biblioteca de la Sociedad Bolivariana de Venezuela Diversos. Caracas - Venezuela. 2 volúmenes. ISBN 980-300-985-0
- SUBERO, EFRAÍN. 1983: “Bolívar escritor”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas - Venezuela. 275p.
- TOVAR DONOSO, JULIO. 1979: “Nuncio del porvenir. Libertad y armonía simbiosis vital”. En: “Bolívar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir”. Auge, S. A. Editores. Lima – Perú.
- VELÁSQUEZ, RAMÓN JOSÉ. 1988: “Los pasos de los héroes”. Edición Especial Homenaje del IPASME al Author. Caracas - Venezuela. 393p. ISNB980-6122-01-1
- VERNA, PAUL., Y CHRISTIAN. BOSSU-PICAT. 1983: “El mundo de Bolívar”. Ediciones Delroisse. Distribuidora Santiago. Caracas - Venezuela. 135p. ISBN 2-85518-097-X
External links
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