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Silver chloride

 
Silver Chloride

 
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Silver chloride
 
 
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Silver chloride is a chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 with the chemical formula
Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes in chemical reactions....
 Ag
Silver

Silver is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal....
Cl
Chlorine

Chlorine...
. This white crystal
Crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions....
line solid is well known for its low solubility
Solubility

Solubility is often seen as a property of a substance; for instance the solubility of a solid substance usually refers to the concentration of the substance in a liquid that has reached equilibrium with the substance in solid phase ....
 in water
Water

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam....
 (this behavior being reminiscent of the chlorides of Tl+ and Pb2+). Upon illumination or heating, silver chloride converts to silver (and chlorine), which is signalled by greyish or purplish coloration to some samples. Also when silver chloride is left in the sun it turns purple.






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Silver chloride is a chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 with the chemical formula
Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes in chemical reactions....
 Ag
Silver

Silver is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal....
Cl
Chlorine

Chlorine...
. This white crystal
Crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions....
line solid is well known for its low solubility
Solubility

Solubility is often seen as a property of a substance; for instance the solubility of a solid substance usually refers to the concentration of the substance in a liquid that has reached equilibrium with the substance in solid phase ....
 in water
Water

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam....
 (this behavior being reminiscent of the chlorides of Tl+ and Pb2+). Upon illumination or heating, silver chloride converts to silver (and chlorine), which is signalled by greyish or purplish coloration to some samples. Also when silver chloride is left in the sun it turns purple. AgCl occurs naturally as a mineral chlorargyrite
Chlorargyrite

Chlorargyrite is the mineral form of silver chloride . Chlorargyrite occurs as a secondary mineral phase in the oxidation of silver mineral deposits....
.

Structure and reactions

The solid adopts the fcc NaCl
Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula SodiumChlorine....
 structure, in which each Ag+ ion is surrounded by an octahedron
Octahedron

An octahedron is a polyhedron with eight faces. A regular octahedron is a Platonic solid composed of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet at each wikt:vertex....
 of six chloride ligands. AgF and AgBr crystallize similarly. However, the crystallography depends on the condition of crystallization, primarily free silver ion concentration. AgCl dissolves in solutions containing ligand
Ligand

In chemistry, a ligand is either an atom, ion, or molecule that bonds to a central metal, generally involving formal donation of one or more of its electrons....
s such as chloride, cyanide
Cyanide

A cyanide is any chemical compound that contains the nitrile , which consists of a carbon atom chemical bond to a nitrogen atom. Inorganic cyanides are hydrogen cyanide salts in which cyanide is generally the anion CN-....
, triphenylphosphine
Triphenylphosphine

Triphenylphosphine is a common organophosphorus compound with the formula P3 - often abbreviated to PhosphorusPhenyl group or Ph3P....
, thiosulfate
Thiosulfate

Thiosulfate is an oxyanion of sulfur produced by the reaction of sulfite ions with elemental sulfur in boiling water. Thiosulfate occurs naturally in hot springs and geysers, and is produced by certain biochemical processes....
, thiocyanate
Thiocyanate

Thiocyanate is the anion, [SCN]-. Common compounds include the colourless salts potassium thiocyanate and sodium thiocyanate. Organic compounds containing the functional group SCN are also called thiocyanates....
 and ammonia
Ammonia

Ammonia is a chemical compound with the chemical formula nitrogenhydrogen. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor....
. Silver chloride reacts with these ligands according to the following illustrative equations:
AgCl(s) + Cl-(aq) ? AgCl2-(aq)
AgCl(s) + 2S2O32-(aq) ? Ag[(S2O3)2]3-(aq) + Cl-(aq)
AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) ? Ag[(NH3)2]+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Most complexes derived from AgCl are two-, three-, and, in rare cases, four-coordinate, adopting linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral coordination geometries, respectively.

Chemistry

In one of the most famous reactions in chemistry, addition of colorless aqueous silver nitrate
Silver nitrate

Silver nitrate, also known as lunar caustic, is a soluble chemical compound with chemical formula silverNitrogenOxygen3. This compound is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography....
 to an equally colorless solution of sodium chloride produces an opaque white precipitate of AgCl:
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ? AgCl(s
Solid

A solid object is in the states of matter characterized by resistance to deformation and changes of volume. In other words, it has high values both of Young's modulus and of shear modulus; this contrasts e.g....
)
This conversion is a common test for the presence of chloride
Chloride

The chloride ion is formed when the chemical element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion Cl−....
 in solution. The solubility product, Ksp, for AgCl is 1.8 x 10-10, which indicates that one liter of water will dissolve 0.000013 grams of AgCl. The chloride content of an aqueous solution can be determined quantitatively by weighing the precipitated AgCl, which conveniently is non-hygroscopic, since AgCl is one of the few transition metal chlorides that is unreactive toward water. Ions that interfere with this test are bromide and iodide, as well as a variety of ligands (see silver halide
Silver halide

A silver halide is one of the Chemical compound formed between silver and one of the halogens — silver bromide , silver chloride , silver iodide , and two forms of silver fluorides....
). For AgBr and AgI, the Ksp values are 5.2 x 10-13 and 8.3 x 10-17, respectively. The silver bromide
Silver bromide

Silver bromide , a soft, pale-yellow, soluble salt well known for its unusual photosensitive. This property has allowed silver halides to become the basis of modern photographic materials....
 (slightly yellowish white) and silver iodide
Silver iodide

Silver iodide is an inorganic compound. This yellow photosensitive solid is used in photography, as an antiseptic in medicine, and in rainmaking....
 (pale yellow) are also significantly more photosensitive than is AgCl.

Uses

  • Silver chloride is used to make photographic paper
    Photographic paper

    This article is about light-sensitive photographic media; for digital printing media please see Photo printer, photo paper and inkjet paper.Photographic paper is paper coated with light-sensitive chemicals, used for making photographic prints....
     since it reacts with photons to form latent image
    Latent image

    A latent image on photographic film is an invisible image produced by the exposure of the film to light. When the film is Photographic processing, the area that was exposed darkens and forms a visible image....
     and via photoreduction.
  • The Silver Chloride Electrode
    Silver chloride electrode

    A silver chloride electrode is a type of reference electrode, commonly used in Electrochemistry measurements. For example, it is usually the internal reference electrode in pH meters....
     is a common reference electrode in electrochemistry
    Electrochemistry

    Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron Electrical conductor and an ionic conductor , and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution....
    .
  • Silver chloride's low solubility makes it a useful addition to pottery glazes for the production of "Inglaze lustre
    Lustre

    Lustre or Luster may refer to:* Luster, Norway, a community in Norway* Lustre , a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, rock, or mineral...
    ".
  • Silver chloride has been used as an antidote for mercury poisoning
    Mercury poisoning

    Mercury poisoning is a disease caused by exposure to mercury or its compounds. Mercury is a Heavy metal which occurs in several forms, all of which can produce toxic effects in high enough doses....
    , assisting in the elimination of mercury
    Mercury (element)

    Mercury , also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum , is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery d-block metal, mercury is one of six elements that are liquid at or near room temperature and pressure....
    .
  • Silver chloride is often used in photochromic lenses
    Photochromic lenses

    Photochromic lenses are lens that darken on exposure to Ultraviolet radiation. Once the UV is removed , the lenses will gradually return to their clear state....
    , again taking advantage of its reversible conversion to Ag metal.
  • Silver chloride is used to create yellow, amber, and brown shades in stained glass
    Stained glass

    For the Blackford Oakes novel, see Stained Glass The term stained glass can refer to the material of coloured glass or the craft of working with it....
     manufacture.
  • Silver chloride is used in bandages
    Bandages

    Bandages may refer to:*the plural of bandage, a piece of material used to support a medical device such as a dressing or splint*"Bandages ", a song by Hot Hot Heat from their 2002 album Make Up the Breakdown...
     and wound healing products.


Footnotes



External links

  • Science Lab.com
  • Salt Lake Metals.com
  • Solubility of in various solutions - plus Lab Notes