Siege of Beirut

{| style="float: right; clear: right; background-color: transparent" |- | |- |{{Campaignbox 1982 Lebanon War}} |} The '''Siege of Beirut''' took place in the summer of 1982, as part of the [[1982 Lebanon War]], which resulted from the breakdown of the [[cease-fire]] effected by the [[United Nations]]. The siege ended with the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]] being forced out of [[Beirut]] and [[Lebanon]]. ==Historical Setting== The [[Palestinian Liberation Organization|PLO]] moved its primary base of operations to [[Beirut]] in the late 1960s, after [[Black September in Jordan|an attempt]] on their part to overthrow the government of [[Jordan]], and their subsequent expulsion. The presence of Palestinian forces was one of the main reasons that led to a [[Christian]]-[[Muslim]] conflict in Lebanon in 1975–1976 which ended with the occupation of Lebanon by peace-keeping forces from several Arab countries {{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}, including [[Syria]]. Over the next few years, the Syrians and the PLO gained power in Lebanon, surpassing the ability of the official Lebanese government to curtail or control their actions. Throughout this time, artillery and rocket attacks were launched against Israel. Israel bombed targets in Lebanon and in 1978 launched a military invasion in to Southern Lebanon codenamed "[[Operation Litani]]". In 1978, and again in 1981 and early 1982, the [[United Nations]] sponsored a cease-fire, and Israeli troops were withdrawn. In 1982 Israel re-invaded Lebanon following the attempted assassination of its ambassador in London, despite being aware that the attack had been carried out by the Abu Nidal faction, which was at war with Arafat's PLO. The architect of the war, Ariel Sharon (then Defence Minister), presented it to the Israeli government as a limited incursion into Southern Lebanon but took his troops to Beirut. The invasion was code-named "Operation Pines" or [[1982 Lebanon War|"Peace for Galilee]]", and was intended to weaken or evict the PLO and impose [[Bashir Gemayel]], head of the Christian [[Kataeb Party|Phalange]] party, as President of Lebanon in order to get Lebanon to sign a peace treaty with Israel and bring the country into Israel's sphere of influence. This plan failed when Gemayel was assassinated not long after being elected President by the Lebanese parliament under Israeli pressure. The Israeli forces invaded in a three-pronged attack. One group moved along the coastal road to Beirut, another aimed at cutting the main Beirut-[[Damascus]] road, and the third moved up along the Lebanon-Syria border, hoping to block Syrian reinforcements or interference. By the 11th of June, Israel had gained air superiority after shooting down a number of Syrian aircraft; Syria called for a cease-fire, and the majority of PLO guerrillas fled [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]], [[Sidon]], and other areas for Beirut. ==The Siege== The ring around Beirut was closed by 13 June 1982, 7 days after the start of Israeli invasion to Lebanon. PLO and part of Syrian forces were isolated in the city. Israel hoped to complete the siege as quickly as possible; their goal all along in invading Lebanon was for a quick and decisive victory. In addition, the [[United States]], through their representative [[Philip Habib]], was pushing for peace negotiations; the longer the siege took, the greater [[Yasser Arafat|Arafat's]] bargaining power would be. At first Israelis thought that Christian [[Maronite]] forces would eradicate PLO quasi-government in Beirut, but it turned out that the Maronites were not prepared to undertake this task. For the IDF the capture of Beirut in street-to-street fighting would have involved unacceptable level of casualties. That is why the method chosen, was the combination of military pressure and psychological warfare to persuade the PLO that the only alternative to surrender was total annihilation. For seven weeks, Israel attacked the city by sea, air, and land, cutting off food & water supplies, disconnecting the electricity, and securing the airport and some southern suburbs, but for the most part coming no closer to their goals. As with most sieges, the population of the city, thousands of civilians, suffered alongside the PLO guerrillas. Israel was roundly accused of indiscriminately shelling the city in addition to the other measures taken to weaken the PLO. By the end of the first week of July 500 buildings had been destroyed by Israeli shells and bombs . On 14 of July [[Ariel Sharon]] and chief of staff [[Rafael Eitan]] obtained the prime minster Begin's support for large scale operation for conquering of West Beirut in order to achieve the eviction of PLO. But the plan was rejected on 16th of July by full Israeli cabinet, out of concern for heavy loss of life. Some parties threatened to leave the ruling coalition if the plan was adopted. At the end of July with negotiations still deadlocked, the IDF intensified its attacks. [[Mossad]] using their Phalangist contacts, send Arab agents into Beirut with [[car bomb]]s to terrorize Palestinians into submission and Lebanese into increasing pressure for their departure. Dozens people died as a result of this bombings, some Israeli agents were caught and confessed. Israeli Air Forces (IAF) intensified missions specifically designed to assassinate Palestinian leaders - [[Yassir Arafat]], [[Abu Jihad]] and Salah Khalaf ([[Abu Iyad]]). The IAF were assisted by agents with transmitters on the ground. But though the number of apartment houses were destroyed with hundreds of Palestinians and Lebanese killed or wounded, the leaders managed to evade bombings. On 10 of August, when American envoy Philip Habib submitted a draft agreement to Israel, defense minister Sharon, probably impatient with what he regarded American meddling, ordered a [[saturation bombing]] of Beirut, during which at least 300 people died. That bombing was followed by the protest to the Israeli government by president Raegan. In response, on 12 of August, the Israeli cabinet stripped Ariel Sharon of most of his powers, he was not allowed to order the use of air force, armored force and artillery without agreement of cabinet or prime-minister. During the siege, the Israelis secured several key locations in other parts of Lebanon, but did not manage to take the city before a peace agreement was finally implemented. Although Syria had agreed on 7 August, Israel, Lebanon, and the PLO finally agreed, with US mediation, on the 18th. On 21 August, 350 [[France|French]] paratroopers arrived in Beirut, followed by 800 [[US Marines]] and [[Bersaglieri|Italian Bersaglieri]] plus additional international peacekeepers (for a total force of 2,130) to supervise the removal of the PLO, first by ship and then overland, to [[Tunisia]], [[Yemen]], [[Jordan]], and [[Syria]]. Altogether 8500 PLO men were evacuated to Tunisia, and 2500 by land to other Arab countries . ==Results== In the end, Israel succeeded in ending the rocket attacks for a very short period, and routing the PLO from Lebanon, but failed to weaken the PLO overall. The siege also saw the [[insubordination]] and subsequent dismissal of the 211th [[Israeli Armor Corps|Armor]] Brigade commander, [[Eli Geva]], who refused to lead his forces into the city, arguing this would result in "the excessive killings of civilians." The number of civilian casualties is disputed, and is probably between 10,000 and 12,000. The maths is as follows: ''An Nahar'', a Lebanese paper published in Beirut, estimated that the total military personnel and civilians dead from the Lebanon campaign (up to and including the siege) was 17,825. Subtract 2,000 Syrian dead, 1,400 PLO and 1,000-3,000 civilians killed in the southern campaign, 1,000 PLO killed in the siege, and the 368 IDF killed. This number excludes the 750-3,000 Palestinian refugees killed in the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]], which occurred when Phalangist forces entered into the camps. Following the siege of Beirut, Arafat fled to [[Greece]], and then to [[Tunis]], establishing a new headquarters there. PLO ''fedayeen'' continued to operate out of [[Yemen]], [[Jordan]], [[Algeria]], [[Iraq]], and the [[Sudan]], as well as within Israeli-controlled territory. ==International reaction== The siege of Beirut by Israeli military forces was highly controversial and was condemned even by Israel's traditional close ally, the [[United States]], warning Israel that weaponry provided by the United States was only to be used for defensive purposes. The U.S. government at one point even considered threatening sanctions against Israel in order to stop Israel from launching an assault on West Beirut in August 1982. The [[Soviet Union]] tried to pass a [[United Nations]] resolution calling for a worldwide arms embargo on Israel, which was vetoed by the U.S. ==Aftermath== Decades after the siege, the event was cited by [[Osama bin Laden]] as a major reason behind his retaliatory strike of [[September 11, 2001]]. {{quotation|"God knows it did not cross our minds to attack [[World Trade Center|the Towers]], but after the situation became unbearable—and we witnessed the injustice and tyranny of the American-[[Israel]]i alliance against our people in [[Palestine]] and Lebanon—I thought about it. And the events that affected me directly were [[1982 Lebanon War|that of 1982]] and the events that followed—when America allowed the Israelis to invade Lebanon, helped by the [[U.S. Sixth Fleet]]. As I watched the [[Siege_of_Beirut#The_Siege|destroyed towers in Lebanon]], it occurred to me punish the unjust the same way: to destroy towers in America so it could taste some of what we are tasting and to stop killing our children and women."|Osama bin Laden, 2004}} ==See also== {{Portal|Lebanon}} * [[History of Israel]] * [[1982 Invasion of Lebanon]] * [[UNIFIL|United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon]] * [[Memory for Forgetfulness]] ==External links== * [http://www.liberty05.com/civilwar/civi2.html Lebanese civil war 1982 pictures and information.] This website is from a pro-Lebanese perspective ([[Free Patriotic Movement]]) {{coord missing|Lebanon}} {{Israeli-Palestinian Conflict}} {{Arab-Israeli Conflict}}