Siberia Khanate
Encyclopedia
The Khanate of Sibir were the patrilineal descendants of Shayban (Shiban)
, the fifth son of Jochi
and grandson of Genghis Khan
. The Khanate had an ethnically diverse population of Siberian Tatars
, Khanty
, Mansi, Nenets
and Selkup people. Along with the Khanate of Kazan
it was the northernmost Muslim
state. It was also the second northernmost Turkic
state after the Yakuts
. Its conquest by Ermak in 1582 was the beginning of the Russian conquest of Siberia
.
The Khanate of Sibir was founded in the fifteenth century, at a time when the Mongols
of the house of Jochi
were generally in a state of decline. The original capital of the khans was Chimgi-Tura
. The first khan was Taibuga
, who was not a member of the Borjigin
. He was succeeded by his son Khoja or Hoca, who was in turn succeeded by his son Mar.
The Taibugids' control of the region between the Tobol and middle Irtysh
was not uncontested. The Shaybanids
, descendants of Jochi, frequently claimed the area as their own. Ibak Khan
, a member of a junior branch of the Shaybanid house, killed Mar and seized Chimgi-Tura. A Taibugid restoration occurred when Mar's grandson Muhammad fled to the eastern territories around the Irtysh and killed Ibak in battle in c. 1493. Muhammad decided not to remain at Chimgi-Tura, but chose a new capital named Iskar
(or Sibir) located on the Irtysh.
The Russian conquest of Kazan
in 1552 prompted the Taibugid khan of Sibir, Yadigar, to seek friendly relations with Moscow
. Yadigar, however, was challenged by a Shaybanid, Ibak's grandson Kuchum
. Several years of fighting (1556–1563) ended with Yadigar's death and Kuchum becoming khan.
, who were mostly Shamanists
, to Islam
. His decision to conduct a raid on the Stroganov trading posts resulted in an expedition led by the Cossack
Yermak against the Khanate of Sibir. Kuchum's forces were defeated by Yermak at the Battle of Chuvash Cape
in 1582 and the Cossacks entered Iskar later that year. Kuchum reorganized his forces, killed Yermak in battle in 1584, and reasserted his authority over Sibir. Over the next fourteen years, however, the Russians slowly conquered the khanate. In 1598 Kuchum was defeated on the banks of the Ob
and was forced to flee to the territories of the Nogai
, bringing an end to his rule.
probably some time between 1405 and 1428. The latter was probably of Kerait
origin. However, some scholars attempt to link the Taibugids to the Qipchak elites and others. Control alternated between the descendents of Taibuga and the Shaybanids
who were descended from Genghis Khan. There are hints that the Shaybanids were more connected to the steppe nomads and that the Taibugids were more connected with the forest peoples to the north and east.
Taibuga's father was called On (On-Son, Onsom and other variants). Grousset says that they were 'the issue of Taibugha-bäki' without explanation ('bäki' (beg?) was a princely suffix and Taibuqa was a Naiman chief at the time of Genghis Khan.) A few sources identify him with Bek Ondi Oglan, the great-great-great grandson of Shayban, and thus a Shaybanid. The Stroganov chronicle says that On was killed by a chief called Chingii who spared Taibuga, sent him to fight the Ostyaks
and granted him his own principality. Taibuga founded Tyumen and named it Chingitura in honor of his benefactor. Another source makes On a Nogai whose 'Hoflager' (German for 'court-camp') was Kasyl-Tura at the mouth of the Ishim River
about 100 miles east of Tobolsk. Another source says that when Tokhtamysh
was defeated he fled to the 'land of Sibir' (the first mention of 'Sibir' in Russian chronicles). Here he was protected by On until both were killed by Edigu
about 1405.
There is no more information about Taibuga except that some say he drove the Novgoroders from his lands.
In 1428 a 17-year old Shaybanid called Abu'l-Khayr Khan
was chosen Khan on the Tura River
(at Tyumen?). This implies that the Taibugids had been pushed aside. When he led his followers south for better things
the remaining Shaybanids gathered around Ibak Khan
, who was from a junior branch of the house. The Taibugids must have been restored because some time between 1464 and 1480 Ibak killed the Taibugid Mar and made himself Khan. In 1483 Fyodor Kurbsky is said to have led an army to the Irtysh River, but this had no lasting effects. Ibak went to the Volga where he killed the last Khan of the Golden Horde
. Returning, he was killed by Mar's grandson called Mamuk or Makhmet or Mamet(about 1495). Makhmet moved the capital from Tyumen to Sibir
and was briefly Khan of Kazan
(1496). In 1552 the Taibugids Yediger and Bekbulat congratulated Ivan the Terrible on his conquest of Kazan. Later they paid limited tribute to Russia. In 1563 Ibak Khan's grandson Kuchum seized the throne from Yediger and Bekbulat. In 1573, following the Russo-Crimean War (1571) he stopped paying tribute and raided the Perm lands. In 1582 he was driven out by Ermak and died some time after 1600.
List of Taibugids ('>' means 'son of'): On>taibuga>Khoja>Mar(killed by Ibak)>Obder(perhaps died as Ibak's captive)>Makhmet(killed Ibak) //Abalak(son of Obder)>Aguish // Kasim(son of Makhmet)>Yadiger(killed by Kuchum) // Bekbulat (brother of Yadiger and possibly co-regent)>Seid Akhmat(reoccupied Sibir after Ermak's death, captured by Russians in 1588).
List of Shaybanids: Ibak Khan>Murtaza>Kuchum>[Ali(tried to reoccupy Sibir after Ermak's death), Abul Khayir (entered Russian service), Ishim-khan (married a Kalmyck in 1620), other sons killed or captured by the Russians]
Shiban
Shiban or Shayban was one of the Left Wing princes. He was Jöchi's fifth son and a grandson of Genghis Khan. Because he was too young when his father died in 1227, he did not receive any lands at that time....
, the fifth son of Jochi
Jochi
Jochi was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan's four sons by his principal wife Börte. An accomplished military leader, he participated in his father's conquest of Central Asia, along with his brothers and uncles.-Early life:...
and grandson of Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan , born Temujin and occasionally known by his temple name Taizu , was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death....
. The Khanate had an ethnically diverse population of Siberian Tatars
Siberian Tatars
Siberian Tatars refers to the indigenous Siberian population of the forests and steppes of South Siberia stretching from somewhat east of the Ural Mountains to the Yenisey river...
, Khanty
Khanty people
Khanty / Hanti are an indigenous people calling themselves Khanti, Khande, Kantek , living in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian...
, Mansi, Nenets
Nenets people
The Nenets are an indigenous people in Russia. According to the latest census in 2002, there are 41,302 Nenets in the Russian Federation, most of them living in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Nenets Autonomous Okrug...
and Selkup people. Along with the Khanate of Kazan
Khanate of Kazan
The Khanate of Kazan was a medieval Tatar state which occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El,...
it was the northernmost Muslim
Muslim
A Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
state. It was also the second northernmost Turkic
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
state after the Yakuts
Yakuts
Yakuts , are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha Republic.The Yakut or Sakha language belongs to the Northern branch of the Turkic family of languages....
. Its conquest by Ermak in 1582 was the beginning of the Russian conquest of Siberia
Russian conquest of Siberia
The Russian conquest of Siberia took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Siberian Khanate had become a loose political structure of vassalages which were becoming undermined by the activities of Russian explorers who, though numerically outnumbered, pressured the various family-based...
.
History
Mongols
Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...
of the house of Jochi
Jochi
Jochi was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan's four sons by his principal wife Börte. An accomplished military leader, he participated in his father's conquest of Central Asia, along with his brothers and uncles.-Early life:...
were generally in a state of decline. The original capital of the khans was Chimgi-Tura
Chimgi-Tura
Chimgi-Tura - was a medieval city of Siberian Tatars in 12th-16th centuries located in Western Siberia.It was a capital of Tyumen Khanate until early 16th century when its ruler Khan Muhammad conquered Sibir and created Siberian Khanate encompassing the whole Western Siberia with a capital in...
. The first khan was Taibuga
Taibuga
Taibuga was the first Khan of the Khanate of Siber. He came to power as a result of the power vacuum caused by the breakup of the Mongolian Empire....
, who was not a member of the Borjigin
Borjigin
Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors....
. He was succeeded by his son Khoja or Hoca, who was in turn succeeded by his son Mar.
The Taibugids' control of the region between the Tobol and middle Irtysh
Irtysh
The Irtysh River is a river in Siberia and is the chief tributary of the Ob River. Its name means White River. Irtysh's main affluent is the Tobol River...
was not uncontested. The Shaybanids
Shaybanids
The Shaybanids were a Persianized dynasty of Mongolian origin in central Asia. They were the patrilineal descendants of Shiban, the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Until the mid-14th century, they acknowledged the authority of the descendants of Batu Khan and Orda Khan, such as...
, descendants of Jochi, frequently claimed the area as their own. Ibak Khan
Ibak Khan
Ibak Khan was a Shaybanid khan of Sibir about whom the sources are contradictory. He is also called Abak, Ivak, Ibaq, Khan of Tyumen, and Said Ibrakhim Khan....
, a member of a junior branch of the Shaybanid house, killed Mar and seized Chimgi-Tura. A Taibugid restoration occurred when Mar's grandson Muhammad fled to the eastern territories around the Irtysh and killed Ibak in battle in c. 1493. Muhammad decided not to remain at Chimgi-Tura, but chose a new capital named Iskar
Qashliq
Qashliq, Isker or Sibir was a medieval Siberian Tatar fortress, in the 16th century the capital of the Khanate of Sibir, located on the right bank of the Irtysh River at its confluence with the Sibirka rivulet, some 17 km from the modern city of Tobolsk.The fortress is first mentioned in...
(or Sibir) located on the Irtysh.
The Russian conquest of Kazan
Siege of Kazan (1552)
The siege of Kazan in 1552 was the final battle of Russo-Kazan Wars. It led to the fall of Kazan Khanate. However, it was not the last battle on the khanate's territory. After the fall of Kazan, rebel governments formed in Çalım and Mişätamaq, and a new khan was invited from the Nogais...
in 1552 prompted the Taibugid khan of Sibir, Yadigar, to seek friendly relations with Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
. Yadigar, however, was challenged by a Shaybanid, Ibak's grandson Kuchum
Kuchum
Kuchum khan Kuchum khan (Tatar: Küçüm, Күчүм, Russian: Кучум; in Sybyr Küçüm is pronounced approximately as /kytsym/ - Күцүм, English name comes from standard Tatar pronunciation)Kuchum khan (Tatar: Küçüm, Күчүм, Russian: Кучум; in Sybyr Küçüm is pronounced approximately as /kytsym/ - Күцүм,...
. Several years of fighting (1556–1563) ended with Yadigar's death and Kuchum becoming khan.
Conquest of the Sibir
Kuchum attempted to convert the Siberian TatarsSiberian Tatars
Siberian Tatars refers to the indigenous Siberian population of the forests and steppes of South Siberia stretching from somewhat east of the Ural Mountains to the Yenisey river...
, who were mostly Shamanists
Shamanism
Shamanism is an anthropological term referencing a range of beliefs and practices regarding communication with the spiritual world. To quote Eliade: "A first definition of this complex phenomenon, and perhaps the least hazardous, will be: shamanism = technique of ecstasy." Shamanism encompasses the...
, to Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
. His decision to conduct a raid on the Stroganov trading posts resulted in an expedition led by the Cossack
Cossack
Cossacks are a group of predominantly East Slavic people who originally were members of democratic, semi-military communities in what is today Ukraine and Southern Russia inhabiting sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper and Don basins and who played an important role in the...
Yermak against the Khanate of Sibir. Kuchum's forces were defeated by Yermak at the Battle of Chuvash Cape
Battle of Chuvash Cape
The Battle of Chuvash Cape led to the victory of a Russian expedition under Yermak Timofeyevich and the fall of Siberia Khanate and the end of Khan Kuchum's power. The battle took place near Qashliq .-Context:...
in 1582 and the Cossacks entered Iskar later that year. Kuchum reorganized his forces, killed Yermak in battle in 1584, and reasserted his authority over Sibir. Over the next fourteen years, however, the Russians slowly conquered the khanate. In 1598 Kuchum was defeated on the banks of the Ob
Ob River
The Ob River , also Obi, is a major river in western Siberia, Russia and is the world's seventh longest river. It is the westernmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean .The Gulf of Ob is the world's longest estuary.-Names:The Ob is known to the Khanty people as the...
and was forced to flee to the territories of the Nogai
Nogai Horde
The Nogai Horde was a confederation of about eighteen Turkic and Mongol tribes that occupied the Pontic-Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century. The Mongol tribe called the Manghits constituted a core of the Horde...
, bringing an end to his rule.
Taibugids and Shaybanids
The Khanate of Sibir and the town of Tyumen were founded by TaibugaTaibuga
Taibuga was the first Khan of the Khanate of Siber. He came to power as a result of the power vacuum caused by the breakup of the Mongolian Empire....
probably some time between 1405 and 1428. The latter was probably of Kerait
Kerait
The Kereit tribe was one of the five major tribal confederations in Mongolian plateau in the 12th century, and dominant in the area and, as allies of Genghis Khan, influential in the rise of the Mongol Empire...
origin. However, some scholars attempt to link the Taibugids to the Qipchak elites and others. Control alternated between the descendents of Taibuga and the Shaybanids
Shaybanids
The Shaybanids were a Persianized dynasty of Mongolian origin in central Asia. They were the patrilineal descendants of Shiban, the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Until the mid-14th century, they acknowledged the authority of the descendants of Batu Khan and Orda Khan, such as...
who were descended from Genghis Khan. There are hints that the Shaybanids were more connected to the steppe nomads and that the Taibugids were more connected with the forest peoples to the north and east.
Taibuga's father was called On (On-Son, Onsom and other variants). Grousset says that they were 'the issue of Taibugha-bäki' without explanation ('bäki' (beg?) was a princely suffix and Taibuqa was a Naiman chief at the time of Genghis Khan.) A few sources identify him with Bek Ondi Oglan, the great-great-great grandson of Shayban, and thus a Shaybanid. The Stroganov chronicle says that On was killed by a chief called Chingii who spared Taibuga, sent him to fight the Ostyaks
Khanty people
Khanty / Hanti are an indigenous people calling themselves Khanti, Khande, Kantek , living in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian...
and granted him his own principality. Taibuga founded Tyumen and named it Chingitura in honor of his benefactor. Another source makes On a Nogai whose 'Hoflager' (German for 'court-camp') was Kasyl-Tura at the mouth of the Ishim River
Ishim River
Ishim River is a river running through Kazakhstan and Russia. Its length is 2,450 km , average discharge is 56,3 m³/s . It is a left tributary of the Irtysh River. The Ishim River is partly navigable in its lower reaches. The upper course of the Ishim passes through Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan...
about 100 miles east of Tobolsk. Another source says that when Tokhtamysh
Tokhtamysh
Tokhtamysh was the prominent khan of the White Horde, who briefly unified the White Horde and Blue Horde subdivisions of the Golden Horde into a single state. He was a descendant of Genghis Khan's eldest grandson, Orda Khan or his brother Tuqa-Timur...
was defeated he fled to the 'land of Sibir' (the first mention of 'Sibir' in Russian chronicles). Here he was protected by On until both were killed by Edigu
Edigu
Edigu was a Mongol emir of the White Horde who founded the new political entity, which came to be known as the Nogai Horde....
about 1405.
There is no more information about Taibuga except that some say he drove the Novgoroders from his lands.
In 1428 a 17-year old Shaybanid called Abu'l-Khayr Khan
Abu'l-Khayr Khan
Abu'l-Khayr Khan was the leader who united the nomadic Uzbek tribes from which the Kazakh khanate later separated in rebellion under Janybek Khan and Kerei Khan beginning in 1466....
was chosen Khan on the Tura River
Tura River
Tura River , also known as Dolgaya River ) is a historically important Siberian river which flows eastward from the central Ural Mountains into the Tobol River, a part of the Ob River basin. The main town is Tyumen....
(at Tyumen?). This implies that the Taibugids had been pushed aside. When he led his followers south for better things
Shaybanids
The Shaybanids were a Persianized dynasty of Mongolian origin in central Asia. They were the patrilineal descendants of Shiban, the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Until the mid-14th century, they acknowledged the authority of the descendants of Batu Khan and Orda Khan, such as...
the remaining Shaybanids gathered around Ibak Khan
Ibak Khan
Ibak Khan was a Shaybanid khan of Sibir about whom the sources are contradictory. He is also called Abak, Ivak, Ibaq, Khan of Tyumen, and Said Ibrakhim Khan....
, who was from a junior branch of the house. The Taibugids must have been restored because some time between 1464 and 1480 Ibak killed the Taibugid Mar and made himself Khan. In 1483 Fyodor Kurbsky is said to have led an army to the Irtysh River, but this had no lasting effects. Ibak went to the Volga where he killed the last Khan of the Golden Horde
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that formed the north-western sector of the Mongol Empire...
. Returning, he was killed by Mar's grandson called Mamuk or Makhmet or Mamet(about 1495). Makhmet moved the capital from Tyumen to Sibir
Sibir
The name Sibir can refer to:* Russian name for Siberia* the Khanate of Sibir, after which the region of Siberia is named* the city of Sibir , historical capital of Khanate of Sibir...
and was briefly Khan of Kazan
Kazan
Kazan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,143,546 , it is the eighth most populous city in Russia. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the...
(1496). In 1552 the Taibugids Yediger and Bekbulat congratulated Ivan the Terrible on his conquest of Kazan. Later they paid limited tribute to Russia. In 1563 Ibak Khan's grandson Kuchum seized the throne from Yediger and Bekbulat. In 1573, following the Russo-Crimean War (1571) he stopped paying tribute and raided the Perm lands. In 1582 he was driven out by Ermak and died some time after 1600.
List of Taibugids ('>' means 'son of'): On>taibuga>Khoja>Mar(killed by Ibak)>Obder(perhaps died as Ibak's captive)>Makhmet(killed Ibak) //Abalak(son of Obder)>Aguish // Kasim(son of Makhmet)>Yadiger(killed by Kuchum) // Bekbulat (brother of Yadiger and possibly co-regent)>Seid Akhmat(reoccupied Sibir after Ermak's death, captured by Russians in 1588).
List of Shaybanids: Ibak Khan>Murtaza>Kuchum>[Ali(tried to reoccupy Sibir after Ermak's death), Abul Khayir (entered Russian service), Ishim-khan (married a Kalmyck in 1620), other sons killed or captured by the Russians]
See also
- List of Sibir khans
- Russian conquest of SiberiaRussian conquest of SiberiaThe Russian conquest of Siberia took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Siberian Khanate had become a loose political structure of vassalages which were becoming undermined by the activities of Russian explorers who, though numerically outnumbered, pressured the various family-based...
- List of Turkic states and empires
- History of SiberiaHistory of SiberiaThe early history of Siberia is greatly influenced by the sophisticated nomadic civilizations of the Scythians and Xiongnu , both flourishing before the Christian era. The steppes of South Siberia saw a succession of nomadic empires, including the Turkic Empire and the Mongol Empire...