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Shatranj
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Shatranj ????????? is an old form of chess, which came from India to Persia and has been popular in Persia and the Middle East for almost 1000 years. Modern chess has gradually developed from this game.
Etymology and origins
The word shatranj is derived from the Sanskrit chaturanga (chatuH=four, anga= arm). In Middle Persian the word appears as chatrang, with the 'u' lost due to syncope (e.g.
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Encyclopedia
Shatranj ????????? is an old form of chess, which came from India to Persia and has been popular in Persia and the Middle East for almost 1000 years. Modern chess has gradually developed from this game.
Etymology and origins
The word shatranj is derived from the Sanskrit chaturanga (chatuH=four, anga= arm). In Middle Persian the word appears as chatrang, with the 'u' lost due to syncope (e.g. in the title of the text Mâdayân î chatrang, book of Chess, 7th c.). In folk etymology, the word is sometimes re-bracketed as sad (100) + ranj (worries), i.e. a hundred worries, which may appear quite meaningful to players and their friends. The word was adapted into Arabic, and transmuted into the Spanish ajedrez, which eventually became the English chess.
The game came to Persia from India in the early centuries of the Christian Era. The earliest Persian reference to chess is found in the Middle Persian book Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan, which was written between the 3rd to 7th century. This ancient Persian text refers to Shah Ardashir I, who ruled from 224–241, as a master of the game:
However, Karnamak contains many fables and legends, and this only establishes the popularity of chatrang at the time of its composition.
During the reign of the later Sassanid king Khosrau I (531–579), a gift from an Indian king (possibly a Maukhari Dynasty king of Kannauj) included a chess game with sixteen pieces of emerald and sixteen of ruby (green vs. red). The game came with a challenge which was successfully resolved by Khosrau's courtiers. This incident, originally referred to in
the Mâdayân î chatrang (c. 620 AD), is also mentioned in Firdausi's Shahnama (c. 1010 AD).
The rules of Chaturanga seen in India today have enormous variation, but all involve four branches (angas) of the army: the horse, the elephant (bishop), the chariot (rook) and the foot-soldier (pawn), played on a 8x8 board. Shatranj adapted much of the same rules as Chaturanga, and also the basic 16 piece structure. In some later variants the darker squares were engraved. The game spread Westwards after the Islamic conquest of Persia and achieved great popularity and a considerable body of literature on game tactics and strategy was produced from the 8th c. onwards.
With the spread of Islam, chess diffused into the Maghreb and then to Andalusian Spain. During the Islamic conquest of India (c.12th c.), some forms came back to India as well, as evidenced in the N. Indian term mat (mate, derivaative from Persian mat) or the Bengali borey (pawn, presumed der. Arabic baidaq). Over the following centuries, chess became popular in Europe eventually giving rise to modern chess.
Rules
| Shatranj pieces |
|---|
| | Shah (King) | | | Vazir (Counsellor) | | | Rukh (Chariot or Rook) | | | "Pil" in Persian and "al-Fil" in Arabic (Elephant) | | | Asb (Horse or Knight) | | | Sarbaz (piyadeh) (Pawn) | |
The initial setup in shatranj was essentially the same as in modern chess. However the position of the white shah (king), on the right or left side was not fixed. Either the arrangement as in modern chess or as shown on the diagram above were possible. In either case, however, the white and black shah would be on the same file (but not always in modern India). The game was played with these pieces:
- Shah (king) moves like the king in chess.
- Fers (counsellor; also spelled ferz; Arabic firz, from Persian ????? farzin ; also called Wazir) moves exactly one square diagonally, which makes it a rather weak piece. It was renamed "queen" in Europe. Even today, the word for the queen piece is ????? (ferz) in Russian, vezér in Hungarian and "vazir" in Persian. It has analogues to the guards in xiangqi and Gold Generals in shogi.
- Rukh (chariot; from Persian ?? rokh) moves like the rook in chess.
- Pil, Alfil, Aufin, and similar (elephant; from Persian ??? pil; al- is the Arabic for "the") moves exactly two squares diagonally, jumping over the square between. Each Pil could reach only one-eighth of the squares on the board, and because their circuits were disjoint, they could never capture one another. This piece might have had a different move sometimes in chaturanga, where the piece is also called "elephant". The Pil was replaced by the bishop in modern chess. Even today, the word for the bishop piece is alfil in Spanish, alfiere in Italian and "fil" in Persian. The elephant piece survives in xiangqi with only the limitation that the elephant in xiangqi is restricted to the owner's half of the board. In janggi, its movement was changed to become a slightly further-reaching version of the horse.
- Faras (horse, from Arabic; Persian ??? asp) moves like the knight in chess.
- Baidaq (from Arabic ???? from Persian ????? piyada, foot-soldier, by adapting the Persian word as Arabic bayadiq, which was treated as a broken plural from which was extracted an apparent singular baidaq) moves and captures like the pawns in chess, but not moving two squares on the first move. When they reach the eighth rank, baidaqs are promoted, but only to fers.
Pieces are shown on the diagrams and recorded in the notation using the equivalent modern symbols, as in the table above. In modern descriptions of shatranj, the names king, rook, knight and pawn are commonly used for shah, rukh, faras, and baidaq.
There were also other differences compared to modern chess: Castling was not allowed (it was invented much later). Stalemating the opposing king resulted in a win for the player delivering stalemate. Capturing all one's opponent's pieces apart from the king (baring the king) was a win, unless your opponent could capture your last piece on his or her next move, then in most parts of the Islamic world it was a draw, but in Medina it was a win.
History
Early Arabic shatranj literature
During the Golden Age of Arabic, many works on shatranj were written, recording for the first time the analysis of opening games, chess problems, the knight's tour, and many more subjects common in modern chess books. Many of these manuscripts are missing, but their content is known due to compilation work done by the later authors.
The earliest listing of works on chess is in the Fihrist, a general bibliography produced in 377 AH (988 CE) by Ibn al-Nadim. It includes an entire section on the topic of chess, listing:
- Al-Adli's Kitab ash-shatranj ('Book of chess')
- Ar-Razi's Latif fi'sh-shatranj ('Elegance in chess')
- As-Suli's Kitab ash-shatranj (two volumes)
- Al-Lajlaj's Kitab mansubat ash-shatranj ('Book of chess-positions or problems')
- B. Aliqlidisi's Kitab majmu'fi mansubat ash-shatranj ('Collection of chess problems')
There is a passage referring to chess in a work said to be by Hasan, a philosopher from Basra who died in 728 CE. However the attribution of authorship is dubious.
Famous players
During the reign of the Arab caliphs, shatranj players of highest class were called aliyat or grandees. There were only a very few players in this category. The most well known of them were:
- Jabir al-Kufi, Rabrab and Abun-Naam were three aliyat players during the rule of caliph al-Ma'mun.
- Al-Adli was the strongest player during the rule of caliph al-Wathiq. At this time he was the only player in aliyat category.
- Ar-Razi in 847 won a match against an already old al-Adli in the presence of caliph al-Mutawakkil and so become a player of aliyat category.
- As-Suli was the strongest player during the reign of caliph al-Muktafi. Al-Razi was already dead and there were no players of comparable strength before as-Suli appeared on the scene. In the presence of al-Muktafi he easily won a match against a certain al-Mawardi and thus proved that he was the best player of that time. As-Suli considered Rabrab and ar-Razi as the greatest of his predecessors.
- Al-Lajlaj was a pupil of as-Suli and also a great shatranj master of his time.
Player classification
Al-Adli as well as as-Suli introduced classifications of players by their playing strength. Both of them specify 5 classes of players:
- Aliyat (or aliya), grandees
- Mutaqaribat, proximes - players who could win 2-4 games out of 10 in the match against grandee. They received odds of a pawn from grandee (better players g-, a- or h-pawn, weaker ones d- or e-pawn).
- Third class - players who received odds of a fers from grandee.
- Fourth class - received odds of a knight.
- Fifth class - received odds of a rook.
To determine his or her class, a player would play a series of match with a player of a known class without odds. If he wins 7 or more games out of 10, he belongs to a higher class.
Game play
Openings
Openings in shatranj were usually called tabbiyya???????? (pl. tabiyyaat),???????? which can be translated as battle array. Due to slow piece development in shatranj, the exact sequence of moves was relatively unimportant. Instead players aimed to reach a specific position, tabiya, mostly ignoring the play of their opponent.
The works of al-Adli and as-Suli contain collections of tabiyat. Tabiyat were usually given as position on a half-board with some comments about them. The concrete sequence of moves to reach them was not specified. In his book Al-Lajlaj analyzed some tabiya in detail. He started his analysis from some given opening, for example "Double Mujannah" or "Mujannah - Mashaikhi", and then continued up to move 40., giving numerous variations.
Piece values
Both al-Adli and as-Suli provided estimation of piece values in their books on shatranj. They used a monetary system to specify piece values. For example, as-Suli gives piece values in dirhem, the currency in use in his time:
| Piece | Value | | Rook | 1 dirhem | | Knight | 2/3 dirhem | | Fers | 1/3 - 3/8 dirhem | | Alfil | 1/4 dirhem | | Central pawn (d-, or e-pawn) | 1/4 dirhem | | Knight's or Alfil's pawn (b-, c-, f-, or g-pawn) | 1/6 - 1/5 dirhem | | Rook's pawn (a- or h-pawn) | 1/8 dirhem |
As-Suli also believed that the b-pawn was better than the f-pawn and King's side Alfil (on the c-file) was better than Queen's side one (on the f-file). Furthemore, an Alfil on the c-file was better than the d-pawn and the Alfil on the f-file was better than an e-pawn.
Mansubat
There were a lot of shatranj problems composed by Arabic chess masters. Such shatranj problems were called mansuba (pl. mansubat). This word can be translated from Arabic as arrangement, position or situation. Mansubat were typically composed in such a way that a win could be achieved as a sequence of checks. One's own king was usually threatened by immediate checkmate.
One of the most famous Mansuba is the Dilaram Problem shown at the right. Black threatens immediate checkmate by 1...Ra2, or Ra8, or Rb4.
However, white can win with a two-rook sacrifice:
1. Rh8+ Kxh8; 2.Bf5+ Kg8; 3. Rh8+ Kxh8; 4. g7+ Kg8; 5. Nh6#. Note that the Alfil (bishop) moves two squares diagonally, jumping over intermediate pieces; this allows it to jump over the white knight to deliver the discovered check with 2.Bf5+. It was said that a nobleman wagered (playing white) his wife Dilaram on a chess game, and this position arose, and she appealed "Sacrifice your two Rooks, and not me."
See also
External links
- by Jean-Louis Cazaux.
- by Hans L. Bodlaender
- by Miguel Villa.
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