A
senator for life is a member of the
senateA senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature or parliament. There have been many such bodies in history, since senate means the assembly of the eldest and wiser members of the society and ruling class...
or equivalent upper chamber of a
legislatureA legislature is a type of deliberative assembly with the power to pass, amend and repeal laws. The law created by a legislature is called legislation or statutory law...
who has
life tenureA life tenure or lifetime tenure is a term of office that lasts for the office holder's lifetime, unless the office holder is removed from office under extraordinary circumstances. Judges and certain members of some senates or upper chambers most commonly have life tenure...
.
, the
Italian SenateThe Italian Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of Italy. It was established in its current form on 8 May 1948, but it existed during the monarchy as Senato del Regno, , continuing from the Subalpine Parliament of Piedmont established on 8 May 1848.The Senate consists of 315 elected...
continues to have lifetime senators. Several
South AmericaSouth America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere...
n countries once granted lifetime membership to former presidents but have since abolished the practice.
PeersThe Peerage is a system of titles in the United Kingdom, which represents the upper ranks of British nobility and is part of the British honours system. The term is used both collectively to refer to the entire body of titles, and individually to refer to a specific title...
sitting in the
House of LordsThe House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords". Parliament comprises the Sovereign, the House of Commons , and the Lords...
, the upper chamber of the
Parliament of the United KingdomThe Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories. It alone has parliamentary sovereignty, conferring upon it ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories...
, have life tenure.
Overview
In
ItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
, a
senatore a vita is a member of the
Italian SenateThe Italian Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of Italy. It was established in its current form on 8 May 1948, but it existed during the monarchy as Senato del Regno, , continuing from the Subalpine Parliament of Piedmont established on 8 May 1848.The Senate consists of 315 elected...
appointed by the
President of the Italian RepublicThe President of the Italian Republic is the head of state of Italy and, as such, is intended to represent national unity. The president's term of office lasts for seven years....
"for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". Former Presidents of the Republic are
ex officio life senators.
A limit of five senators for life, excluding former Presidents, is established by the Italian constitution, though there is a still unresolved debate as to whether each President of the Republic has the right to name five senators for life, or if five is the maximum allowed number of senators for life. Until 1984 this last interpretation was considered correct, but in that year President Pertini applied the second interpretation of the Constitution, and since then no measures have been taken to clarify the situation, made even more important by the key role senators for life had during the second Prodi Government. They have the same powers of elected senators, including the right to vote and be elected to the Presidency of the Senate. In addition, their mandate does not end with the dissolution of a Senate, allowing them to sit in any elected Senate for their whole lifetime.
Every President of the Italian Republic has made at least one appointment of a senator for life, with the exception of
Oscar Luigi ScalfaroOscar Luigi Scalfaro , Italian politician and magistrate, was the President of the Italian Republic from 1992 to 1999, and is currently a senator for life...
, and current President
Giorgio NapolitanoGiorgio Napolitano is an Italian politician and former lifetime senator, the eleventh and current President of the Italian Republic...
. The president who appointed the highest number of senators for life was
Luigi EinaudiLuigi Einaudi, Cavaliere di Gran Croce decorato di Gran Cordone OMRI was an Italian politician and economist. He served as the President of the Italian Republic between 1948 and 1955.-Early life:...
, who made eight nominations during his term.
List of Italian life senators
As of 2009, there are seven in office:
- Giulio Andreotti
Giulio Andreotti is an Italian politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1972 to 1973, from 1976 to 1979, and from 1989 to 1992. He also served as Minister of the Interior , Defense Minister and Foreign Minister , and he has been a Senator...
- aged , appointed.
- Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
is an Italian politician and banker. He was Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and was President from 1999 to 2006. He is currently a Senator for life in the Italian Senate.-Education:...
- , former President.
- Emilio Colombo
Emilio Colombo is an Italian diplomat and politician. In addition to having held top positions in Italian governments, he was also active in European politics.-Biography:...
- , appointed.
- Francesco Cossiga
Francesco Cossiga is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. He was also a professor of law at University of Sassari.-Early career:...
- , former President.
- Rita Levi-Montalcini
Rita Levi-Montalcini , Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI is an Italian neurologist who, together with colleague Stanley Cohen, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of Nerve growth factor...
- , appointed.
- Sergio Pininfarina
Sergio Pininfarina is a renowned Italian automobile designer, like his father Battista Farina. After joining his father at Carrozzeria Pininfarina, he quickly became integral to the company, and during his career oversaw many of the designs for which the company is famous...
- , appointed.
- Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro , Italian politician and magistrate, was the President of the Italian Republic from 1992 to 1999, and is currently a senator for life...
- , former President.
Former lifetime senators:
- Giovanni Agnelli
Giovanni Agnelli, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI , better known as Gianni Agnelli, was an Italian industrialist and principal shareholder of Fiat...
- Carlo Bo
Carlo Bo was a professor and Life senator of Italy .He was the president of University of Urbino from 1947, for more than 50 years.-References:*...
- Norberto Bobbio
Norberto Bobbio was an Italian philosopher of law and political sciences and a historian of political thought. He also wrote regularly for the Turin-based daily La Stampa....
- Pietro Canonica
Pietro Canonica was an Italian sculptor of international repute, painter, opera composer, professor of arts and senator for life....
- Guido Castelnuovo
Guido Castelnuovo was an Italian Jewish mathematician. His father, Enrico Castelnuovo, was a novelist and campaigner for the unification of Italy...
- Eduardo De Filippo
Eduardo De Filippo was an Italian actor, playwright, screenwriter, author and poet, best known for his Neapolitan works Filumena Marturano and Napoli Milionaria.-Biography:...
- Francesco De Martino
Francesco de Martino was an Italian jurist, politician, lifetime senator and former interim Vice President of the Italian Republic...
- Enrico De Nicola
Enrico Roberto De Nicola was an Italian jurist, journalist, politician, and the first provisional Head of State of the newborn republic of Italy from 1946 to 1948.-Biography:...
- Gaetano De Sanctis
Gaetano De Sanctis was an Italian historian and lifetime senator .He was president of the "Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana" from 1947 to 1954....
- Luigi Einaudi
Luigi Einaudi, Cavaliere di Gran Croce decorato di Gran Cordone OMRI was an Italian politician and economist. He served as the President of the Italian Republic between 1948 and 1955.-Early life:...
- Amintore Fanfani
Amintore Fanfani was an Italian career politician and five times Prime Minister of the Republic. He was one of the well-known Italian politicians after the Second World War, and a historical figure of the Christian Democracy...
- Giovanni Gronchi
Giovanni Gronchi was an Italian politician who became the second President of the Italian Republic in 1955, after Luigi Einaudi...
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Pasquale Jannaccone Pasquale Jannaccone was an Italian economist nominated senator for life by Luigi Einaudi in 1950....
Giovanni LeoneGiovanni Leone was an Italian politician. He was Prime Minister of Italy from 21 June 1963 to 5 November 1963 and again from 24 June 1968 to 19 November 1968. He also served as President of the Republic from 1971 to 1978.-Biography:Leone was born in Naples.He graduated in law in 1929...
Mario Luzi- Biography:Mario Luzi was born in Castello, near Sesto Fiorentino; his parents, Ciro Luzi and Margherita Papini hailed from Samprugnano and he spent his youth in Castello, where he started his primary school...
Cesare MerzagoraCesare Merzagora was an Italian politician from Milan. He was President of the Italian Senate from 1953 to 1967, and was also temporarily acting as President of Italy in 1964, in the period between the resignation of Antonio Segni and the election of Giuseppe Saragat...
Eugenio MontaleEugenio Montale was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and translator, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1975.- Early years :...
Giorgio NapolitanoGiorgio Napolitano is an Italian politician and former lifetime senator, the eleventh and current President of the Italian Republic...
Pietro NenniPietro Sandro Nenni was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party and lifetime Senator since 1970. He was a recipient of the Stalin Peace Prize in 1951. He was a central figure of the Italian left from the 1920s to the 1960s.-Early life and career:He...
Giuseppe ParatoreGiuseppe Paratore was an Italian attorney and politician. He was President of the Italian Senate from 26 June 1952 to 24 March 1953. President Giovanni Gronchi appointed him senator for life on 9 November 1957....
Ferruccio ParriFerruccio Parri was an Italian partisan and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy for several months in 1945. During the resistance he was known as Maurizio.-Biography:...
Alessandro Pertini
Camilla RaveraCamilla Ravera was an Italian politician and lifetime senator....
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Meuccio Ruini Meuccio Ruini was an Italian politician and lifetime senator ....
Carlo Alberto Salustri, known as Trilussa
Giuseppe SaragatGiuseppe Saragat was an Italian politician who was the President of the Italian Republic from 1964 to 1971.Saragat was born in Turin, from sardinian parents....
Antonio SegniAntonio Segni was an Italian politician who was twice Prime Minister of Italy , and the President of the Italian Republic from 1962 to 1964...
Giovanni SpadoliniGiovanni Spadolini was a liberal Italian politician, prime minister, newspaper editor, journalist, and a noted historian....
Luigi SturzoDon Luigi Sturzo was an Italian Catholic priest and politician. Known in his lifetime as a "clerical socialist," Sturzo is considered one of the fathers of Christian democracy. Sturzo was one of the founders of the Partito Popolare Italiano in 1919, but was forced into exile in 1924 with the rise...
Paolo Emilio TavianiPaolo Emilio Taviani was an Italian politician. One of the founders of the Christian Democracy , he was Minister of Defense from 1953 to 1958, and then Minister of the Interior from 1961 to 1968 and from 1972 to 1974. As Minister of Defense, he organized the creation of the Italian NATO...
Arturo ToscaniniArturo Toscanini was an Italian conductor. One of the most acclaimed musicians of the late 19th and 20th Centuries, he was renowned for his brilliant intensity, his restless perfectionism, his phenomenal ear for orchestral detail and sonority, and his photographic memory...
Leo ValianiLeo Valiani was an Italian politician and journalist.He was born in Rijeka , on the Adriatic, which is today in independent Croatia but was then a leading seaport for the largely landlocked Austro-Hungarian Empire...
Vittorio VallettaVittorio Valletta was an Italian industrialist and President of Fiat from 1946 to 1966.Born at Sampierdarena, near Genoa, Valletta was a lecturer in economics before he joined Fiat in April 1921. He became director in 1928 and CEO in 1939...
Umberto Zanotti BiancoUmberto Zanotti Bianco was an Italian archaeologist, environmentalist and lifetime senator ....
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Burundi
In
BurundiBurundi , officially the Republic of Burundi, is a country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Its size is just under 28,000 km² with an estimated population of...
, former heads of state serve in the
SenateThe Senate is the upper chamber of Parliament in Burundi. It consists of no fewer than 37 and no more than 54 members who serve 5-year terms.Two Senators, one Hutu and one Tutsi, are chosen by electoral colleges of communal councilors in each of the country's 17 provinces. Voting takes place using...
for life. At present there are four of these:
Jean-Baptiste BagazaJean-Baptiste Bagaza was Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council in Burundi until November 10, 1976, and President from November 2, 1976 to September 3, 1987....
, Sylvestre Ntibantunganya,
Pierre BuyoyaMajor Pierre Buyoya is a Burundi politician who has ruled Burundi twice, from 1987 to 1993 and from 1996 to 2003.In September 1987, Buyoya led a military coup against the Second Republic of Burundi, led by Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, and installed himself as the first president of the Third Republic...
, and
Domitien NdayizeyeDomitien Ndayizeye is a former president of Burundi. Of Hutu descent, he succeeded Pierre Buyoya - a Tutsi - as national president on April 30, 2003, after serving as his vice president for 18 months...
.
Canada
In a manner reminiscent of the British parliament, members of the
Canadian SenateThe Senate of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign and the House of Commons. The Senate consists of 105 members appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the prime minister...
were appointed for life. Since the Constitution Act, 1965, however, newly-appointed members face mandatory retirement upon reaching the age of
seventy-five75 is the natural number following 74 and preceding 76.- In mathematics :As the sum of the first five pentagonal numbers, seventy-five is a pentagonal pyramidal number. It is also an enneagonal number....
. Though they were grandfathered by the legislation, there are no longer any lifetime senators present in the Canadian Senate.
Orville Howard PhillipsOrville Howard Phillips, D.D.S. was a Canadian dental surgeon, politician, and senator.Born in O'Leary, Prince Edward Island, the son of J.S. and Maude Phillips, he received his D.D.S. from Dalhousie University in 1952. He practiced dentistry for many years.In 1957, he was elected to the Canadian...
, the last senator for life, resigned his seat in 1999.
France
In
FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
, during the
Third RepublicThe French Third Republic was the republican government of France between the end of the Second French Empire in 1870 and the Vichy Regime after the invasion of France by the German...
, the
SenateThe Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of France, presided over by a president.The Senate enjoys less prominence than the lower house, the directly elected National Assembly; debates in the Senate tend to be less tense and enjoy generally less media coverage.-History:France's first...
was composed of 300 members, 75 of which were
inamovible ("unremovable"). Introduced in 1875, the status was abolished for new senators in 1884, but maintained for those in office.
Émile Deshayes de MarcèreÉmile-Louis-Gustave Deshayes de Marcère was a French politician.Marcère was deputy of the National Assembly from 1871 to 1884. In 1876 and 1878, he was Minister of the Interior....
, the last surviving
sénateur inamovible, died in 1918. Overall there had been 116 lifetime senators.
In 2005, the was questioning about the status of formers Presidents of the Republic. According to the constitution of the
Fifth RepublicThe Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on 5 October 1958. The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, replacing a parliamentary government with a semi-presidential system...
, former presidents are
de jure members of the
Constitutional CouncilThe Constitutional Council is the highest constitutional authority in France. It was established by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958, and its duty is to ensure that the principles and rules of the constitution are upheld.Its main activity is to rule on whether proposed...
, which poses a problem of possible partiality. Some members of Parliament and commentators suggested that it should be replaced by a life membership in the
SenateThe Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of France, presided over by a president.The Senate enjoys less prominence than the lower house, the directly elected National Assembly; debates in the Senate tend to be less tense and enjoy generally less media coverage.-History:France's first...
. This proposal was however not enacted.
- Antoine Adam
- Édouard Allou
- Edme-Armand-Gaston d'Audiffret-Pasquier
Edme-Armand-Gaston, duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier , known as Gaston Audiffret-Pasquier, was a French politician and member of the Académie française, Seat 16. He was preceded in his position by Félix Dupanloup and succeeded by Alexandre Ribot.He was the grand-nephew and adopted son of Baron Etienne...
- Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines
Louis Jean-Baptiste d'Aurelle de Paladines was a French general.He was born at Malzieu, Lozere, educated at the Prytanée National Militaire and St Cyr, and entered the army as sub-lieutenant of foot in 1824...
- Camille Bachasson de Montalivet
- Numa Baragnon
- Agénor Bardoux
Agénor Bardoux was a French statesman and republican, son of Jacques Bardoux and wife Thérèse Pignet Agénor Bardoux (Bourges, Cher, 15 January 1829–Paris, 23 November 1897) was a French statesman and republican, son of Jacques Bardoux (Moulins, 3 February 1795 - Clermont-Ferrand, 8 January...
- Ferdinand Barrot
Ferdinand Victorin Barrot was a French Bonapartist politician who carried the portfolio of Interior Minister of France, 31 October 1849 to 15 March 1850.-Biography:...
- Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire
Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire was a French philosopher, journalist, statesman, and possible illegitimate son of Napoleon I of France.- Biography :...
- Jean Didier Baze
- René Bérenger
- Alfred Bertauld
- Marcellin Berthelot
Marcellin Pierre Eugène Berthelot was a French chemist and politician noted for the Thomsen-Berthelot principle of thermochemistry . He synthesized many organic compounds from inorganic substances and disproved the theory of vitalism. He is considered as one of the greatest chemists of all...
- Jean-Baptiste Billot
Jean-Baptiste Billot - 31 May 1907, Paris) was a French general and politician.-Life:Jean-Baptiste Billot entered the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1847, and on leaving it in 1849 joined the staff with the rank of sous-lieutenant...
- Paul Broca
Pierre Paul Broca was a French physician, anatomist, and anthropologist. He was born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Gironde...
- Lucien Brun
- Louis Buffet
Louis Joseph Buffet was a French statesman.He was born at Mirecourt. After the revolution of February 1848 he was elected deputy for the department of the Vosges, and in the Assembly sat on the right, pronouncing for the repression of the insurrection of June 1848 and for Louis Napoleon Bonaparte...
- Marc-Antoine Calmon
- Jean-Baptiste Campenon
- Joseph de Carayon Latour
- Hippolyte Carnot
Lazare Hippolyte Carnot was a French statesman.- Early life :Lazare was the younger brother of the founder of thermodynamics Sadi Carnot and second son of the revolutionary politician Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot, who also served in the government of Napoleon. He was born at Saint-Omer...
- Auguste Casimir-Perier
Auguste Victor Laurent Casimir-Perier was a French diplomat. He was the son of Casimir Pierre Perier and the father of President Jean Casimir-Perier....
- Jules Cazot
- François de Chabaud-Latour
- Bertrand de Chabron
- Paul de Chadois
- Nicolas Anne Théodule Changarnier
Nicolas Anne Theodule Changarnier , French general, was born at Autun.Educated at St Cyr, he served for a short time in the bodyguard of Louis XVIII, and entered the line as a lieutenant in January 1815. He achieved distinction in the Spanish campaign of 1823, and became captain in 1825...
- Antoine Eugène Alfred Chanzy
Antoine Eugène Alfred Chanzy was a French general notable for his successes in the Franco-Prussian War, and as a governor of Algeria.-Biography:...
- Joseph de Chareton
- Charles Chesnelong
- Jean-Jules Clamargeran
- Joseph d'Haussonville
Joseph Othenin Bernard de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville , was a French politician and historian.He was born in Paris...
- Anthime Corbon
- Alphonse Cordier
- Hyacinthe Corne
- Hippolyte de Cornulier-Lucinière
- Ernest Courtot de Cissey
Ernest Louis Octave Courtot de Cissey was a French general.He was born in Paris, educated at the Prytanée National Militaire, and after passing through St Cyr, entered the army in 1832, becoming captain in 1839....
- Adolphe Crémieux
Adolphe Crémieux was a French-Jewish lawyer and statesman, and a staunch defender of the human rights of the Jews of France. - Biography :He was born Isaac Moise Cremieux to a wealthy Jewish family in Nîmes...
- Ernest Denormandie
- Émile Deschanel
Émile Auguste Étienne Martin Deschanel was a French author and politician, the father of Paul Deschanel, the 11th President of the French Republic....
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Émile Deshayes de Marcère Émile-Louis-Gustave Deshayes de Marcère was a French politician.Marcère was deputy of the National Assembly from 1871 to 1884. In 1876 and 1878, he was Minister of the Interior....
Henry Didier
Charles Dietz-Monnin
Guillaume-Ferdinand de Douhet
Eugène Duclerc
Jules Armand DufaureJules Armand Stanislas Dufaure was a French statesman.-Biography:Dufaure was born at Saujon, Charente-Maritime, and began his career as an advocate at Bordeaux, where he won a great reputation by his oratorical gifts. He abandoned law for politics, and in 1834 was elected deputy...
Jean-Baptiste Dumon
Félix DupanloupFélix Antoine Philibert Dupanloup was a French ecclesiastic.He was born at Saint-Félix, in Haute-Savoie. In his earliest years he was confided to the care of his brother, a priest in the diocese of Chambéry. In 1810 he was sent to a pensionnat ecclésiastique at Paris...
Henri Dupuy de LômeStanislas Charles Henri Dupuy de Lôme was a French naval architect of the 19th century, and arguably the greatest naval architect in French history. He was the son of a naval officer and was born in Ploemeur near Lorient, Brittany, in western France. He was educated at the École Polytechnique...
Jean-Joseph Farre
Paul Foubert
Émile Fourcand
Martin Fourichon
Charles Frébault
Louis Gaulthier de Rumilly
Eugène Gouin
Théodore Grandperret
Henri Greffulhe
Henri François Xavier Gresley
Albert Grévy
Léonce Guilhaud de Lavergne
Gustave Humbert
Bernard JauréguiberryJean Bernard Jauréguiberry was a French admiral and statesman.A native of Bayonne, Jauréguiberry entered the French Navy in 1831. He rose steadily through the ranks, becoming a lieutenant in 1845, a commander in 1856, and a captain in 1860...
Benjamin JaurèsConstant Louis Jean Benjamin Jaurès was a 19th century French Admiral and Senator, who was active in Japan during the Bombardment of Shimonoseki and the Boshin war ....
Charles Kolb-Bernard
Sébastien Krantz
Léon Lalanne
Pierre LanfreyPierre Lanfrey , French historian and politician, was born at Chambéry .His father had been one of Napoleon's officers. The son studied philosophy and history in Paris and wrote historical works of an anti-clerical and rationalizing tendency...
Roger de Larcy
Jules de Lasteyrie du Saillant
Léon Laurent-Pichat
Édouard René de LaboulayeÉdouard René Lefèvre de Laboulaye was a French jurist, poet, and author.Laboulaye was received at the bar in 1842, and was chosen professor of comparative law at the Collège de France in 1849. Following the Paris Commune of 1870, he was elected to the national assembly, representing the...
Oscar de La Fayette
Victor LefrancBernard Edme Victor Etienne Lefranc , French lawyer and politician, moderated republican, was under the French Third Republic Minister of Agriculture and Trade, then Interior Minister....
John LemoinneJohn-Marguerite-Émile Lemoinne was a French journalist.-Early years:Lemoinne was born of French parents in London. He was educated first at an English school and then in France...
Alphonse Lepetit |
Élie Le Royer
Charles Letellier-Valazé
Émile Littré Émile Maximilien Paul Littré was a French lexicographer and philosopher, best known for his Dictionnaire de la langue française, commonly called "The Littré".-Biography:Émile Littré was born in Paris...
Hippolyte de Lorgeril
Victor Luro
Jean Macé
Joseph Magnin
Léon de Maleville
Guillaume de Maleville
Louis Martel
Louis Raymond de Montaignac de Chauvance
Paul Morin
Jules Pajot
Charles Paul Alexandre de Pasquier de Franclieu
Eugène PelletanPierre Clément Eugène Pelletan was a French writer, journalist and politician.Born in Royan, Eugène Pelletan was an associate of Lamartine, but refused an appointment to the office in the foreign affairs ministry. He was elected deputy in 1863 and joined the opposition to the Second Empire regime...
Alexandre Peyron
Ernest PicardLouis Joseph Ernest Picard was a French politician.He was born in Paris. After taking his doctorate in law in 1846 he joined the Parisian bar. Elected to the corps législatif in 1858, he became a follower of Émile Ollivier...
Ernest Poictevin de La Rochette
Louis Marie Alexis Pothuau
Edmond de PressenséEdmond Dehault de Pressensé was a French Protestant leader.He was born at Paris, and studied at Lausanne under Alexandre Vinet...
Germain Rampont
Charles Renouard
Amable Ricard
Édouard Roger du Nord
Hervé de Saisy de Kérampuil
Edmond Henri Adolphe SchérerEdmond Henri Adolphe Schérer , French theologian, critic and politician, was born in Paris.After a course of legal studies he spent several years in theological study at Strasbourg, where he graduated in theology in 1843, and was ordained...
Auguste Scheurer-Kestner
Victor SchoelcherVictor Schoelcher was a French abolitionist writer in the 1800s and the main spokesman for a group from Paris who worked for the abolition of slavery, and formed an abolition society in 1834...
Jules SimonJules François Simon was a French statesman and philosopher, and one of the leader of the Opportunist Republicans faction.-Biography:...
Achille Testelin
Antoine Théry
Pierre TirardPierre Emmanuel Tirard was a French politician.He was born to French parents in Geneva, Switzerland. After studying in his native town, Tirard became a civil engineer. After five years of government service he resigned to become a jewel merchant...
Hippolyte Clérel de Tocqueville
Bernard-Louis Calouin de Tréville
Louis Tribert
Oscar de Vallée
Étienne de Voisins-Lavernière
Henri WallonHenri-Alexandre Wallon was a French historian and statesman whose decisive contribution to the creation of the Third Republic led him to be called the "Father of the Republic"...
Louis WolowskiLouis-François-Michel-Reymond Wolowski was a Polish writer on economics and politician, naturalised in France.-Life:...
Charles-Adolphe WurtzAdolphe Wurtz was a French chemist of German extraction. He is perhaps best remembered by chemists for the Wurtz reaction, to form carbon-carbon bonds by reacting alkyl halides with sodium, and for his discoveries of ethylamine and ethylene glycol...
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Romania
The
1923 ConstitutionThe 1923 Constitution of Romania, also called the Constitution of Union, was intended to align the organisation of the state on the basis of universal male suffrage and the new realities that arose after the Great Union of 1918. Four draft constitutions existed: one belonging to the National...
instituted the membership by right (
senator de drept) in the
SenateThe Senate of Romania is the upper house in Romania's bicameral parliament. It has 137 seats , to which members are elected by direct popular vote, using Mixed member proportional representation in 42 electoral districts , to serve four-year terms.After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Senate...
for:
- the heir to the throne
The current Romanian Royal Family , an integral part of the larger Royal House of Romania, consists of the family of King Michael I of Romania who bear a Royal title...
- Metropolitan bishop
In Christian churches with episcopal polity, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop of a metropolis; that is, the chief city of a historical Roman province, ecclesiastical province, or regional capital...
s and diocesan bishops of the Orthodox and Greek-Catholic churches
- heads of state-recognised religious bodies
- the president of the Romanian Academy
The Romanian Academy is a cultural forum founded in Romania in 1866. It covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains. The academy has 181 acting members who are elected for life....
- former presidents of the Council of Ministers
- former ministers with at least six years’ seniority
- former presidents of either legislative chamber who held this function for at least eight ordinary sessions
- former senators and deputies elected to at least ten legislatures, irrespective of their duration
- former presidents of the High Court of Cassation and Justice
- reserve and retired generals
- former presidents of the National Assemblies at Chişinău
Chişinău , is the capital and largest municipality of Moldova. It is also its main industrial and commercial centre and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bîc. The city is the most economically prosperous locality in Moldova, and its largest transportation hub...
, CernăuţiChernivtsi is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast in western Ukraine. The city is situated on the upper course of the River Prut, a tributary of the Danube, in the northern part of historic region of Bukovina, which currently is divided between Romania and Ukraine. As of the 2001...
and Alba IuliaAlba Iulia is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66,747, located on the Mureş River. Between 1541—1690 it was the capital of Principality of Transylvania...
, which proclaimed their respective provinces’ union with Romania in 1918 (see Union of Transylvania with RomaniaUnion of Transylvania with Romania was declared on by the assembly of the delegates of ethnic Romanians held in Alba Iulia.The national holiday of Romania, the Great Union Day occurring on December 1, commemorates this event...
, Union of Bessarabia with RomaniaOn , Bessarabia proclaimed union with the Kingdom of Romania.-Governorate of Bessarabia:The 1812 Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empires provided for the Russian annexation the eastern half of the territory of the Principality of Moldavia, including Khotyn and Budjak...
)
The membership by right was maintained under the
1938 ConstitutionThe 1938 Constitution of Romania was the fundamental law that established the authoritarian monarchic regime of King Carol II. It was drafted by a university professor, Istrate Micescu, based on suggestions given by the king, and made public on February 20, 1938. Four days later, voters were...
and it was abolished together with the Senate on July 15, 1946, by the
Communist PartyThe Romanian Communist Party was a communist political party in Romania. Successor to the Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave ideological endorsement to communist revolution and the disestablishment of Greater Romania. The PCR was a minor and illegal grouping for much of the...
-dominated government of
Petru GrozaPetru Groza was a Romanian politician, best known as the Prime Minister of the first Communist Party-dominated governments under Soviet occupation during the early stages of the Communist regime in Romania....
.
The current
constitution of RomaniaThe 1991 Constitution of Romania is the fundamental law that establishes the structure of the government of Romania, the rights and obligations of the country's citizens, and its mode of passing laws. It stands as the basis of the legitimacy of the Romanian government.The constitution was most...
, although it re-established the bicameral parliament in 1991, did not reinstate the office of senator by right.
South America
The
constitutionA constitution is a set of rules for government—often codified as a written document—that establishes principles of an autonomous political entity. In the case of countries, this term refers specifically to a national constitution defining the fundamental political principles, and establishing the...
s of a number of countries in
South AmericaSouth America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere...
have granted former presidents the right to be senator for life (
senador vitalicio), possibly recalling the entirely unelected Senate of
BolivarianSimón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios Ponte Blanco, commonly known as Simón Bolívar was a South American political leader...
theory (see Tricameralism#Bolivar's tricameralism). Most of these countries have since excised these provisions as they are increasingly seen as antidemocratic. The Constitution of Paraguay still has such a provision, but former presidents are permitted only to speak and not vote. Probably the most familiar case is that of Chilean dictator
Augusto PinochetAugusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte was a Chilean army general and later head of state as president. He was the Commander in Chief of the Chilean army from 1973 to 1998, president of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981 and President of the Republic from 1974 until the return of...
(1998-2002) whose
parliamentary immunityParliamentary immunity, also known as legislative immunity, is a system in which members of the parliament or legislature are granted partial immunity from prosecution. Before prosecuting, it is necessary that the immunity be removed, usually by a superior court of justice or by the parliament itself...
protected him from prosecution for human rights violations until the
Chilean Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court of Chile is the highest court in Chile. It also administrates the lower courts in the nation. It is located in the capital Santiago....
revoked it in 2000.
- In Venezuela
Venezuela , officially titled Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It is a continental mainland with numerous islands located off its coastline in the Caribbean Sea...
, lifetime Senate seats existed from 1961 to 1999. The former Presidents who held this position were: Rómulo BetancourtRómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello , known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was President of Venezuela from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of Accion Democratica - Venezuela's dominant political party in the 20th century...
(1964-1981), Raúl LeoniRaúl Leoni Otero was President of Venezuela from 1964 until 1969. He fought against the dictators Juan Vicente Gómez and Marcos Pérez Jiménez, and was a charter member of the Acción Democrática party....
(1969-1972), Rafael CalderaRafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez was president of Venezuela from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999.Caldera taught sociology and law at various universities before entering politics. He was a founding member of COPEI, Venezuela's Christian Democratic party...
(1974-1994, 1999), Carlos Andrés PérezCarlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez , best known as CAP and often referred to as "El Gocho" , was President of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and again from 1989 to 1993. His first presidency was well-known as the Saudi Venezuela due to its economic and social prosperity thanks to enormous income from...
(1979-1989, 1994-1996), Luis Herrera CampinsLuis Herrera Campins was President of Venezuela from 1979 to 1984. He was elected to one five-year term in 1978. He was a member of the COPEI party.- Early Life and career:...
(1984-1999) and Jaime LusinchiJaime Lusinchi is a Venezuelan politician who was the President of Venezuela from 1984 to 1989. His term was characterized by an economic crisis, growth of the External debt, populist policies, currency depreciation, inflation and corruption that exacerbated the crisis of the political system...
(1989-1999). The senate was abolished with the 1999 constitution||The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is the current and twenty-sixth constitution of Venezuela. It was drafted in mid-1999 by a constitutional assembly that was created by popular referendum...
.
- In Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico...
, the practice was extant from 1979 to 1993. Francisco Morales BermúdezFrancisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti is a right-wing Peruvian general who came to power in Peru in 1975 after deposing his predecessor, General Juan Velasco. with the support of the CIA designed Condor Plan. His grandfather and all his original family were from the old Peruvian department of...
, Fernando Belaúnde TerryFernando Belaúnde Terry was President of Peru for two terms . Deposed by a military coup in 1968, he was re-elected in 1980 after twelve years of military rule...
and Alan García PérezAlan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4, 2006 in a run-off against Union for Peru candidate Ollanta Humala. He is the leader of the APRA and the only party member ever to have served as President of Peru. He served a first term as...
were the only lifetime senators until the abolition of the senate in 1993 and the introduction of a unicameral parliamentThe Congress of the Republic of Peru or the National Congress of Peru is the body that assumes legislative power in Peru.Congress consists of 120 members of congress , who are elected for five year periods in office on a proportional representation basis...
.
- In Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
, under the 1980 ConstitutionIn its temporary dispositions, the document ordered the transition from the former military government, with Augusto Pinochet as President of the Republic, and the Legislative Power of the Military Junta , to a civil one, with a time frame of eight...
, two ex-PresidentThe President of Chile is both the chief of state and the head of government. Under the current constitution , the President is elected by popular vote to serve for a period of four years, with immediate re-election being prohibited. The shorter period allows for parliamentary and presidential...
s have become senators-for-life: Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1998-2002) and Eduardo Frei Ruiz-TagleEduardo Alfredo Juan Bernardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle is a Chilean politician and civil engineer who was President of Chile from 1994 to 2000. He is currently Senator for Los Ríos and was President of the Senate from 2006 to 2008...
(2000-2006). The provision was abolished by constitutional reforms in 2005.
Brazil
The senators of the Empire of Brazil were appointed for lifetime (1826-1889). The emperor appointed the senator for each constituency from a list of three, indirectly elected, candidates. For details, see Senate of Brazil: History
There were about 250 senators of the Empire of Brazil:
- Afonso de Albuquerque Maranhão
- Afonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo
- Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay
Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay , was one of the foremost Brazilian writers in late 19th century, a historian and a distinguished politician....
- Álvaro Barbalho Uchoa Cavalcanti
- Ambrósio Leitão da Cunha
- Ângelo Carlos Muniz
- Antônio Augusto Monteiro de Barros
- Antônio Cândido da Cruz Machado
- Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada Machado e Silva
- Antônio Coelho de Sá e Albuquerque
- Antônio da Cunha Vasconcelos
- Antônio Dias Coelho e Melo
- Antônio Dinis de Siqueira e Melo
- Antônio Francisco de Paula de Holanda Cavalcanti de Albuquerque
- Antônio Gonçalves Gomide
- Antônio Joaquim Gomes do Amaral
- Antônio José Machado
- Antônio Luís Dantas de Barros Leite
- Antônio Luís Pereira da Cunha
- Antônio Marcelino Nunes Gonçalves
- Antônio Paulino Limpo de Abreu
- Antônio Pedro da Costa Ferreira
- Antônio Pinto Chichorro da Gama
- Antônio Rodrigues Fernandes Braga
- Antônio da Silva Prado
- Antônio Vieira da Soledade
- Aureliano de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho
- Bento Barroso Pereira
- Bernardo de Sousa Franco
- Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcelos
- Brás Carneiro Nogueira da Costa e Gama
- Caetano Maria Lopes Gama
- Caetano Pinto de Miranda Montenegro
- Cândido Batista de Oliveira
- Cândido Borges Monteiro
- Cândido José de Araújo Viana
- Cândido Luís Maria de Oliveira
- Cândido Mendes de Almeida
- Carlos Carneiro de Campos
- Cassiano Esperidião de Melo e Matos
- Clemente Ferreira França
- Cristiano Benedito Ottoni
- Diogo Antônio Feijó
- Diogo Velho Cavalcanti de Albuquerque
- Domingos Borges de Barros
- Domingos José Nogueira Jaguaribe
- Estêvão José Carneiro da Cunha
- Estêvão Ribeiro de Resende
- Eusébio de Queirós Coutinho Matoso Câmara
- Evaristo Ferreira da Veiga e Barros
- Fausto Augusto de Aguiar
- Felisberto Caldeira Brant Pontes de Oliveira Horta
- Filipe Franco de Sá
- Firmino Rodrigues da Silva
- Flávio Clementino da Silva Freire
- Florêncio Carlos Abreu e Silva
- Francisco Antônio de Sousa Queirós
- Francisco de Assis Mascarenhas
- Francisco Belisário Soares de Sousa
- Francisco Brito Guerra
- Francisco Carneiro de Campos
- Francisco de Carvalho Soares Brandão
- Francisco Diogo Pereira de Vasconcelos
- Francisco Gê Acaiaba de Montezuma
- Francisco Gonçalves Martins
- Francisco José Furtado
- Francisco de Lima e Silva
- Francisco Maria Gordilho Veloso de Barbuda
- Francisco Otaviano de Almeida Rosa
- Francisco de Paula de Almeida Albuquerque
- Francisco de Paula Cavalcanti e Albuquerque
- Francisco de Paula Negreiros de Saião Lobato
- Francisco de Paula Pessoa
- Francisco de Paula da Silveira Lobo
|
Francisco de Paula Sousa e Melo
Francisco do Rego Barros
Francisco do Rego Barros Barreto
Francisco de Sales Torres Homem Francisco de Sales Torres Homem , Viscount of Inhomirim, was a physician, lawyer, journalist, romantic writer, deputy, senator, top officer of the National Treasury, president of the Bank of Brazil and Minister of Treasury...
Francisco dos Santos Pinto
Francisco de Sousa Paraíso
Francisco Vilela Barbosa
Francisco Xavier Pais Barreto
Frederico de Almeida e Albuquerque
Gaspar da Silveira Martins
Gabriel Mendes dos Santos
Herculano Ferreira Pena
Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão
Inácio Antônio de Assis Martins
Isabel, Princess Imperial of BrazilIsabel I, also called Isabel the Redemptress and de jure Empress Isabel I of Brazil , was the heir to the throne of Brazil bearing the title of Princess Imperial during the last decades of the reign of her father Pedro II and sometimes, she assumed the role of Regent.In the political history of...
Jacinto Furtado de Mendonça
Jacinto Pais de Mendonça
Jerônimo José Teixeira Júnior
Jerônimo José Viveiros
Jerônimo Martiniano Figueira de Melo
Jesuíno Lamego da Costa
João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira
João Antônio de Miranda
João Carlos Augusto de Oyenhausen-Gravenburg
João Ernesto Viriato de Medeiros
João Evangelista de Faria Lobato
João Florentino Meira de Vasconcelos
João Gomes de Melo
João Gomes da Silveira Mendonça
João Inácio da Cunha
João José de Oliveira Junqueira Júnior
João Lins Vieira Cansanção de Sinimbu
João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá
João Manuel Pereira da Silva
João Maurício Wanderley (2º)
João Pedro Dias Vieira
João Severiano Maciel da Costa
João da Silva Carrão
João da Silva Machado
João Vieira de Carvalho
Joaquim Antão Fernandes Leão
Joaquim Delfino Ribeiro da Luz
Joaquim Floriano de Godói
Joaquim Francisco Viana
Joaquim Jerônimo Fernandes da Cunha
Joaquim José Rodrigues Torres
Joaquim Mariano Franco de Sá
Joaquim Raimundo de Lamare
Joaquim Vieira da Silva e Sousa
José de Araújo Ribeiro
José Antônio Correia da Câmara
José Antônio Pimenta Bueno
José Antônio SaraivaJosé Antônio Saraiva, also known as Counsellor Saraiva , was a politician, diplomat and lawyer during the period of the Empire of Brazil ....
José Antônio da Silva Maia
José Bento da Cunha Figueiredo
José Bento Leite Ferreira de Melo
José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (O Moço)
José Caetano Ferreira de Aguiar
José Caetano da Silva Coutinho
José Carlos Mayrink da Silva Ferrão
José Carlos Pereira de Almeida Torres
José Cesário de Miranda Ribeiro
José Clemente Pereira
José Custódio Dias
José da Costa Carvalho (2º)
José Egídio Álvares de Almeida
José Inácio Borges
José Ildefonso de Sousa Ramos
José Inácio Silveira da Mota
José Feliciano Fernandes Pinheiro
José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos
José Joaquim Fernandes Torres
José Joaquim Monteiro da Silva |
José Joaquim Nabuco de Araújo
José Maria da Silva Paranhos
José Martiniano de Alencar José Martiniano de Alencar was born in Crato and died in Rio de Janeiro. He was a journalist and Brazilian politician, and also the father of José de Alencar, a famous Brazilian novelist....
José Martins da Cruz Jobim
José Manuel da Fonseca
José Pedro Dias de Carvalho
José Resende Monteiro
José Rodrigues Jardim
José Rodrigues de Lima Duarte
José Saturnino da Costa Pereira
José da Silva Lisboa
José da Silva Mafra
José Teixeira da Fonseca Vasconcelos
José Teixeira da Mata Bacelar
José Tomás Nabuco de Araújo
José Tomás Nabuco de Araújo filho
Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira
Liberato de Castro Carreira
Lourenço Rodrigues de Andrade
Lucas Antônio Monteiro de Barros
Lúcio Soares Teixeira de Gouveia
Luís Alves de Lima e SilvaLuís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias was a Brazilian military leader and statesman. In more than one occasion, he served as Prime Minister of the Brazilian Empire...
Luís Antônio Pereira Franco
Luís Antônio Vieira da Silva
Luís Carlos da Fonseca
Luís Filipe de Sousa Leão
Luís Joaquim Duque Estrada Furtado de Mendonça
Luís José de Oliveira Mendes
Luís Pedreira do Couto e Ferraz
Manuel Alves Branco
Manuel Antônio Galvão
Manuel de Assis Mascarenhas
Manuel Caetano de Almeida e Albuquerque
Manuel de Carvalho Pais de Andrade
Manuel Felizardo de Sousa e Melo
Manuel Ferreira da Câmara Bittencourt Aguiar e Sá
Manuel Francisco Correia
Manuel Inácio de Andrade Souto Maior Pinto Coelho
Manuel Inácio Cavalcanti de Lacerda
Manuel Inácio da Cunha e Meneses
Manuel Inácio de Melo e Sousa
Manuel Jacinto Nogueira da Gama
Manuel José de Siqueira Mendes
Manuel José Soares
Manuel Luís Osório
Manuel do Nascimento Castro e Silva
Manuel Pinto de Sousa Dantas
Manuel dos Santos Martins Valasques
Manuel Teixeira de Sousa
Manuel Vieira Tosta
Marcos Antônio Monteiro de Barros
Mariano José Pereira da Fonseca
Martinho Álvares da Silva Campos
Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almeida
Miguel Fernandes Vieira
Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro
Nuno Eugênio Lóssio e Seiblitz
Patrício José de Almeida e Silva
Paulino José Soares de Sousa
Paulino José Soares de Sousa filho
Paulo José de Melo de Azevedo e Brito
Pedro de Araújo Lima
Pedro Francisco de Paula Cavalcanti e Albuquerque
Pedro José da Costa Barros
Pedro Leão Veloso
Pedro Rodrigues Fernandes Chaves
Rodrigo Augusto da SilvaRodrigo Augusto da Silva a brazilian senator for life, minister and a privy counsellor of Emperor Peter II of Brazil. He was a member of the Silva de Carvalho family from Sao Paulo, the son of José Manuel da Silva and nephew of financier Benedito Antonio da Silva...
Saturnino de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho
Sebastião Luís Tinoco da Silva
Tomás José Coelho de Almeida
Tomás Pompeu de Sousa Brasil
Teófilo Benedito Ottoni
Vicente Alves de Paula Pessoa
Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos |
External links