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Semiconductor materials
 
 
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Semiconductor materials are insulators at absolute zero
Absolute zero

Absolute zero is a temperature marked by a 0 entropy configuration. It is the coldest temperature theoretically possible, and cannot be reached, by artificial or natural means....
 temperature that conduct electricity in a limited way at room temperature
Room temperature

Room temperature is a common term to denote a certain temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed.Room temperature is thus often indicated by general human comfort, with the common range of 10celsius to 23?C , though climate may acclimatize people to higher or lower temperatures....
. The defining property of a semiconductor
Semiconductor

A semiconductor is a material that has electrical conductivity between those of a Electrical conductor and an electrical insulation; it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically....
 material is that it can be doped
Doping

Doping is generally the practice of adding impurities to something.* Doping in sport* Doping * Link doping, an internet slang term...
 with impurities that alter its electronic properties in a controllable way.

Because of their application in devices like transistor
Transistor

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to Electronic amplifier or switch Electronics signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit....
s (and therefore computer
Computer

A computer is a machine that manipulates Data according to a list of Code .The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century , although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier....
s) and laser
Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process called stimulated emission. The term laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation....
s, the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study in materials science
Materials science

Materials science or materials engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering....
.

The most commonly used semiconductor materials are crystalline inorganic solids.






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Semiconductor materials are insulators at absolute zero
Absolute zero

Absolute zero is a temperature marked by a 0 entropy configuration. It is the coldest temperature theoretically possible, and cannot be reached, by artificial or natural means....
 temperature that conduct electricity in a limited way at room temperature
Room temperature

Room temperature is a common term to denote a certain temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed.Room temperature is thus often indicated by general human comfort, with the common range of 10celsius to 23?C , though climate may acclimatize people to higher or lower temperatures....
. The defining property of a semiconductor
Semiconductor

A semiconductor is a material that has electrical conductivity between those of a Electrical conductor and an electrical insulation; it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically....
 material is that it can be doped
Doping

Doping is generally the practice of adding impurities to something.* Doping in sport* Doping * Link doping, an internet slang term...
 with impurities that alter its electronic properties in a controllable way.

Because of their application in devices like transistor
Transistor

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to Electronic amplifier or switch Electronics signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit....
s (and therefore computer
Computer

A computer is a machine that manipulates Data according to a list of Code .The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century , although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier....
s) and laser
Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process called stimulated emission. The term laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation....
s, the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study in materials science
Materials science

Materials science or materials engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering....
.

The most commonly used semiconductor materials are crystalline inorganic solids. These materials can be classified according to the periodic table group
Periodic table group

In chemistry, a group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. The name family is derived from the fact that the elements share similar characteristics and traits, just as members of any human family would....
s from which their constituent atoms come.

List of semiconductor materials

Group IV

  • Group IV
    Carbon group

    The carbon group is group 14 in the periodic table. Once also known as the tetrels , stemming from the earlier naming convention of this group as Group IVA....
     elemental semiconductors
    • Diamond
      Material properties of diamond

      Diamond is transparent to opaque, optical isotropy, isometric-crystalline carbon. It is the hardness naturally occurring material known, owing to its strong covalent bonding, yet its toughness is only fair to good due to important structural weaknesses....
       (C)
    • Silicon
      Silicon

      Silicon is the most common metalloid. It is a chemical element, which has the symbol Si and atomic number 14. The atomic mass is 28.0855....
       (Si)
    • Germanium
      Germanium

      Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, greyish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon....
       (Ge)


  • Group IV
    Carbon group

    The carbon group is group 14 in the periodic table. Once also known as the tetrels , stemming from the earlier naming convention of this group as Group IVA....
     compound semiconductors
    • Silicon carbide
      Silicon carbide

      Silicon carbide is a Chemical compound of silicon and carbon bonded together to form ceramics, but it also occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite....
       (SiC)
    • Silicon germanide (SiGe)


Group III-V

  • III
    Boron group

    The boron group is the chemical series of Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table. The boron group consists of boron , aluminium , gallium , indium , thallium , and ununtrium ....
    -V semiconductors (See also: Template:III-V compounds)
    • Aluminium antimonide
      Aluminium antimonide

      Aluminium antimonide is a total conductor material of the III-V family containing aluminium and antimony. The lattice constant is 0.61 nm. The indirect bandgap is approximately 1.6 electron volt at 300 K, whereas the direct band gap is 2.22 eV....
       (AlSb)
    • Aluminium arsenide
      Aluminium arsenide

      Aluminium arsenide , AlAs, is a semiconductor material with almost the same lattice constant as gallium arsenide and aluminium gallium arsenide and wider band gap than GaAs....
       (AlAs)
    • Aluminium nitride
      Aluminium nitride

      Aluminium nitride is a nitride of aluminium. Its Wurtzite phase is an extremely wide bandgap semiconductors band gap semiconductor material, giving it potential application for Ultraviolet#Subtypes optoelectronics....
       (AlN)
    • Aluminium phosphide
      Aluminium phosphide

      Aluminium phosphide is the chemical compound with the chemical formula AlP. This colourless solid is generally sold as a grey-green-yellow powder due to the presence of impurities arising hydrolysis and oxidation....
       (AlP)
    • Boron nitride
      Boron nitride

      Boron nitride is a binary compound, consisting of equal numbers of boron and nitrogen atoms. Its empirical formula is therefore BN. Boron nitride is isoelectronic with carbon and, like carbon, boron nitrides exists as various Polymorphism , one of which is analogous to diamond and one analogous to graphite....
       (BN)
    • Boron phosphide
      Boron phosphide

      Boron phosphide is a chemical compound of boron and phosphorus. The CAS registry number is . It is a semiconductor with a melting point of over 2400 K....
       (BP)
    • Boron arsenide
      Boron arsenide

      Boron arsenide is a chemical compound of boron and arsenic. It is a cubic semiconductor with a lattice constant of 0.4777 nm and an indirect bandgap of roughly 1.5 eV....
       (BAs)
    • Gallium antimonide (GaSb)
    • Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
    • Gallium nitride (GaN)
    • Gallium phosphide (GaP)
    • Indium antimonide (InSb)
    • Indium arsenide (InAs)
    • Indium nitride (InN)
    • Indium phosphide (InP)


  • III
    Boron group

    The boron group is the chemical series of Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table. The boron group consists of boron , aluminium , gallium , indium , thallium , and ununtrium ....
    -V ternary semiconductor alloys
    • Aluminium gallium arsenide
      Aluminium gallium arsenide

      Aluminium gallium arsenide is a semiconductor material with very nearly the same lattice constant as Gallium arsenide, but a larger bandgap. The x in the formula above is a number between 0 and 1 - this indicates an arbitrary alloy between Gallium arsenide and Aluminium arsenide....
       (AlGaAs, AlxGa1-xAs)
    • Indium gallium arsenide
      Indium gallium arsenide

      Indium gallium arsenide is a semiconductor composed of indium, gallium and arsenic. It is used in high-power and high-frequency electronics because of its superior electron velocity with respect to the more common semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide....
       (InGaAs, InxGa1-xAs)
    • Indium gallium phosphide
      Indium gallium phosphide

      Indium gallium phosphide , also called gallium indium phosphide , is a semiconductor composed of indium, gallium and phosphorus. It is used in high-power and high-frequency electronics because of its superior electron velocity with respect to the more common semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide....
       (InGaP)
    • Aluminium indium arsenide
      Aluminium indium arsenide

      Aluminium indium arsenide, also indium aluminium arsenide or AlInAs , is a semiconductor material with very nearly the same lattice constant as Gallium indium arsenide, but a larger bandgap....
       (AlInAs)
    • Aluminium indium antimonide (AlInSb)
    • Gallium arsenide nitride (GaAsN)
    • Gallium arsenide phosphide
      Gallium arsenide phosphide

      Gallium arsenide phosphide is a semiconductor material, an alloy of gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide.Gallium arsenide phosphide is used for manufacturing red, orange and yellow light-emitting diodes....
       (GaAsP)
    • Aluminium gallium nitride
      Aluminium gallium nitride

      Aluminium gallium nitride is a semiconductor material. It is an alloy of aluminium nitride and gallium nitride.AlGaN is used to manufacture light-emitting diodes operating in blue to ultraviolet region, where wavelengths down to 250 nm were achieved....
       (AlGaN)
    • Aluminium gallium phosphide
      Aluminium gallium phosphide

      Aluminium gallium phosphide , a phosphide of aluminium and gallium, is a semiconductor material. It is an alloy of aluminium phosphide and gallium phosphide....
       (AlGaP)
    • Indium gallium nitride
      Indium gallium nitride

      Indium gallium nitride is a semiconductor material made of a mix of gallium nitride and indium nitride . It is a ternary boron group/nitrogen group direct bandgap semiconductor....
       (InGaN)
    • Indium arsenide antimonide (InAsSb)
    • Indium gallium antimonide (InGaSb)


  • III
    Boron group

    The boron group is the chemical series of Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table. The boron group consists of boron , aluminium , gallium , indium , thallium , and ununtrium ....
    -V quaternary semiconductor alloys
    • Aluminium gallium indium phosphide
      Aluminium gallium indium phosphide

      Aluminium gallium indium phosphide is a semiconductor material.AlGaInP is used in manufacture of light-emitting diodes of high-brightness red, orange, green, and yellow color, to form the heterostructure emitting light....
       (AlGaInP, also InAlGaP, InGaAlP, AlInGaP)
    • Aluminium gallium arsenide phosphide (AlGaAsP)
    • Indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP)
    • Aluminium indium arsenide phosphide (AlInAsP)
    • Aluminium gallium arsenide nitride (AlGaAsN)
    • Indium gallium arsenide nitride (InGaAsN)
    • Indium aluminium arsenide nitride (InAlAsN)
    • Gallium arsenide antimonide nitride (GaAsSbN)


  • III
    Boron group

    The boron group is the chemical series of Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table. The boron group consists of boron , aluminium , gallium , indium , thallium , and ununtrium ....
    -V quinary semiconductor alloys
    • Gallium indium nitride arsenide antimonide (GaInNAsSb)
    • Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide
      Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide

      Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide is a semiconductor material.Research has shown that GaInAsSbP can be used in the manufacture of mid-infrared light-emitting diodes....
       (GaInAsSbP)


Group II-VI

  • II
    Group 12 element

    A group 12 element is one of the Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table, consisting of zinc , cadmium and Mercury ....
    -VI
    Chalcogen

    The chalcogens are the Chemical element in periodic table group 16 of the periodic table. It is sometimes known as the oxygen family. It consists of the chemical element oxygen , sulfur , selenium , tellurium , the radioactive element polonium , and the synthetic element ununhexium ....
     semiconductors
    • Cadmium selenide
      Cadmium selenide

      Cadmium selenide is a solid, binary compound of cadmium and selenium. Common names for this compound are cadmium selenide, cadmium selenide, and cadmoselite ....
       (CdSe)
    • Cadmium sulfide
      Cadmium sulfide

      Cadmium Sulfur is a chemical compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is yellow in colour and is a semiconductor. It exists in nature as two different minerals, greenockite and hawleyite....
       (CdS)
    • Cadmium telluride
      Cadmium telluride

      Cadmium telluride is a crystalline Chemical compound formed from cadmium and tellurium with a zincblende .In the bulk crystalline form it is a direct bandgap semiconductor....
       (CdTe)
    • Zinc oxide
      Zinc oxide

      Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the Chemical formula ZnO. It usually appears as a white powder, nearly insoluble in water. The powder is widely used as an additive into numerous materials and products including plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, rubber , lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesives, sealants, pigments, foods , batteries,...
       (ZnO)
    • Zinc selenide
      Zinc selenide

      Zinc selenide , is a light yellow binary solid compound. It is an intrinsic semiconductor with a band gap of about 2.7 Electron volts at 25 ?C....
       (ZnSe)
    • Zinc sulfide
      Zinc sulfide

      Zinc sulfide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula ZincSulfur. Zinc sulfide is a white- to yellow-colored powder or crystal. It is typically encountered in the more stable cubic form, known also as zinc blende or sphalerite....
       (ZnS)
    • Zinc telluride
      Zinc telluride

      Zinc telluride is the chemical compound with the chemical formula ZnTe. This solid is an intrinsic semiconductor semiconductor material with band gap of 2.23?2.25 electronvolt....
       (ZnTe)


  • II
    Group 12 element

    A group 12 element is one of the Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table, consisting of zinc , cadmium and Mercury ....
    -VI
    Chalcogen

    The chalcogens are the Chemical element in periodic table group 16 of the periodic table. It is sometimes known as the oxygen family. It consists of the chemical element oxygen , sulfur , selenium , tellurium , the radioactive element polonium , and the synthetic element ununhexium ....
     ternary alloy semiconductors
    • Cadmium zinc telluride
      Cadmium zinc telluride

      Cadmium zinc telluride, or CZT, is a compound of cadmium, zinc and tellurium or more strictly speaking, an alloy of cadmium telluride and zinc telluride....
       (CdZnTe, CZT)
    • Mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe)
    • Mercury zinc telluride
      Mercury zinc telluride

      Mercury zinc telluride is a tellurium of mercury and zinc, an alloy of mercury telluride and zinc telluride. It is a narrow gap semiconductors semiconductor material....
       (HgZnTe)
    • Mercury zinc selenide (HgZnSe)


Group I-VII

  • I-VII
    Halogen

    |}The halogens or halogen elements are a chemical series of nonmetal chemical element from Periodic table group International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry of the periodic table, comprising fluorine, F; chlorine, Cl; bromine, Br; iodine, I; and astatine, At....
     semiconductors
    • Cuprous chloride (CuCl)


Group IV-VI

  • IV
    Carbon group

    The carbon group is group 14 in the periodic table. Once also known as the tetrels , stemming from the earlier naming convention of this group as Group IVA....
    -VI
    Chalcogen

    The chalcogens are the Chemical element in periodic table group 16 of the periodic table. It is sometimes known as the oxygen family. It consists of the chemical element oxygen , sulfur , selenium , tellurium , the radioactive element polonium , and the synthetic element ununhexium ....
     semiconductors
    • Lead selenide (PbSe)
    • Lead sulfide
      Lead sulfide

      Lead sulfide is an ionic compound of lead and sulfur, having two possible proportions:*Lead sulfide, the ionic compound containing one lead atom and one sulfur atom....
       (PbS)
    • Lead telluride (PbTe)
    • Tin sulfide
      Tin(II) sulfide

      Tin sulfide is a chemical compound of tin and sulfur. The chemical formula is SnS. Its natural occurrence concerns herzenbergite, a rare mineral....
       (SnS)
    • Tin telluride
      Tin telluride

      Tin telluride is a compound of Tin and tellurium ; it is a semi-metal. It is often alloyed with lead to make lead tin telluride, which is used as an infrared detector material....
       (SnTe)


  • IV
    Carbon group

    The carbon group is group 14 in the periodic table. Once also known as the tetrels , stemming from the earlier naming convention of this group as Group IVA....
    -VI
    Chalcogen

    The chalcogens are the Chemical element in periodic table group 16 of the periodic table. It is sometimes known as the oxygen family. It consists of the chemical element oxygen , sulfur , selenium , tellurium , the radioactive element polonium , and the synthetic element ununhexium ....
     ternary semiconductors
    • lead tin telluride (PbSnTe)
    • Thallium tin telluride (Tl2SnTe5)
    • Thallium germanium telluride (Tl2GeTe5)


Group V-VI

  • V-VI
    Chalcogen

    The chalcogens are the Chemical element in periodic table group 16 of the periodic table. It is sometimes known as the oxygen family. It consists of the chemical element oxygen , sulfur , selenium , tellurium , the radioactive element polonium , and the synthetic element ununhexium ....
     semiconductors
    • Bismuth telluride
      Bismuth telluride

      Bismuth telluride is a grey powder that is a compound of bismuth and tellurium also known as Bismuth telluride. It is a semiconductor which is an efficient Peltier effect material for refrigeration or portable power generation....
       (Bi2Te3)


Group II-V

  • II
    Group 12 element

    A group 12 element is one of the Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table, consisting of zinc , cadmium and Mercury ....
    -V semiconductors
    • Cadmium phosphide (Cd3P2)
    • Cadmium arsenide
      Cadmium arsenide

      Cadmium arsenide is a crystalline semiconductor with a tetragonal structure in the II-V family. It is a narrow gap semiconductor with an band gap of 0.14 Electronvolt....
       (Cd3As2)
    • Cadmium antimonide (Cd3Sb2)
    • Zinc phosphide
      Zinc phosphide

      Zinc phosphide is an inorganic chemical compound.Metal phosphides have been used as rodenticides. A mixture of food and zinc phosphide is left where the rodents can eat it....
       (Zn3P2)
    • Zinc arsenide
      Zinc arsenide

      Zinc arsenide is a binary compound of zinc with arsenic which forms gray tetragonal crystals....
       (Zn3As2)
    • Zinc antimonide
      Zinc antimonide

      Zinc antimonide is an inorganic chemical compound. Like indium antimonide, aluminium antimonide, and gallium antimonide, it is a semiconductor intermetallic compound....
       (Zn3Sb2)


Layered semiconductors

    • Lead(II) iodide
      Lead(II) iodide

      Lead iodide is a toxic, yellowish solid. It displays a range of colors with varying temperature from bright yellow at room temperature to brick red....
       (PbI2)
    • Molybdenum disulfide
      Molybdenum disulfide

      Molybdenum disulfide is the inorganic chemistry with the chemical formula MoS2. This black crystalline sulfide of molybdenum occurs as the mineral molybdenite....
       (MoS2)
    • Gallium Selenide (GaSe)
    • Tin sulfide
      Tin(II) sulfide

      Tin sulfide is a chemical compound of tin and sulfur. The chemical formula is SnS. Its natural occurrence concerns herzenbergite, a rare mineral....
       (SnS)
    • Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3)


Others

    • Copper indium gallium selenide
      Copper indium gallium selenide

      "Copper indium selenide" redirects here.Copper indium gallium selenide is a I-III-VI compound semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium....
       (CIGS)
    • Platinum silicide
      Platinum silicide

      Platinum silicide is a semiconductor material used in infrared detectors. It is used in detectors for infrared astronomy.Platinum silicide is capable of operating at 1?5 ?m wavelength range....
       (PtSi)
    • Bismuth(III) iodide
      Bismuth(III) iodide

      Bismuth iodide is the chemical compound composed of bismuth and iodine with the chemical formula BiI3. It forms gray to black hexagonal crystals and is used as a reagent in analytical chemistry...
       (BiI3)
    • Mercury(II) iodide
      Mercury(II) iodide

      Mercury iodide is a chemical compound with an appearance of red-orange crystals. Unlike mercury chloride it is hardly soluble in water .Conditions/substances to avoid include: heat, light, bromides, chlorides, ammonia, alkalis, cyanides, copper salts, lead salts, iodoform and hydrogen peroxide....
       (HgI2)
    • Thallium(I) bromide
      Thallium(I) bromide

      Thallium bromide , a chemical compound, available in an ultra-pure state is a compound semiconductor; used in room temperature X- and gamma-ray detectors and blue sensitive photodetectors; used as a real-time x-ray image sensor; also used as a standard for elemental thallium....
       (TlBr)


  • Miscellaneous oxides
    • Titanium dioxide
      Titanium dioxide

      Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula titaniumoxygen2....
      : anatase
      Anatase

      Anatase is one of the three mineral forms of titanium dioxide, the other two being brookite and rutile. It is always found as small, isolated and sharply developed crystals, and like rutile, a more commonly occurring modification of titanium dioxide, it crystallizes in the Tetragonal crystal system; but, although the degree of symmetry is...
       (TiO2)
    • Copper(I) oxide
      Copper(I) oxide

      Copper oxide or cuprous oxide is an oxide of copper. It is insoluble in water and organic solvents. Copper oxide dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution to form the colorless complex [Cu2]+, which easily redox in air to the blue [Cu42]2+....
       (Cu2O)
    • Copper(II) oxide
      Copper(II) oxide

      Copper oxide or cupric oxide is the higher oxide of copper. As a mineral, it is known as tenorite....
       (CuO)
    • Uranium dioxide
      Uranium dioxide

      Uranium dioxide or uranium oxide , also known as urania or uranic oxide, is an oxide of uranium and a black, radioactive, crystalline powder that naturally occurs in the mineral uraninite....
       (UO2)
    • Uranium trioxide
      Uranium trioxide

      Uranium trioxide , also called uranyl oxide, uranium oxide, and uranic oxide, is the hexavalent oxide of uranium. The solid may be obtained by heating uranyl nitrate to 400 ?C....
       (UO3)


  • Organic semiconductor
    Organic semiconductor

    An organic semiconductor is an organic material that has semiconductor properties. A semiconductor is compound whose electrical conductivity is inversely proportional to resistivity ....
    s


  • Magnetic semiconductors


See also

  • Heterojunction
    Heterojunction

    A heterojunction is the interface that occurs between two layers or regions of dissimilar crystalline semiconductors. These semiconducting materials have unequal band gaps as opposed to a homojunction....