Sejmik
Encyclopedia
A sejmik (ˈsɛjmʲik, diminutive
of sejm
) was a regional assembly in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and earlier in the Kingdom of Poland. Sejmiks existed until the end of the Commonwealth in 1795 following the partitions of the Commonwealth
. In modern Poland
, since 1999, the term sejmik (in full sejmik województwa) has been revived as the name for the elected council of each of the 16 voivodeships
or regions (see voivodeship sejmik
).
by King Casimir IV Jagiellon
. These also led in 1493 to the national Sejm
.
In the 16th century, the leading force at sejmiks was the middle nobility; later this passed to the magnate
s (magnaci). Lithuanian sejmiks (Lithuanian - seimelis, pl. seimeliai) in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
were dominated much more by the magnates than those which were subject to the Crown
of Poland proper. Sejmiks attained the peak of their importance at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, when they often set their own time-limits — that is, extended their authorized periods of operation. Such abuses were suppressed by acts of the one-day Silent Sejm
(Polish: sejm niemy) of 1717.
They could meet for special purposes:
Sejmiks were called by the king or the governor (voivode) of the province (voivodeship
). The king, or his representative, decreed the important matters that the sejmiks should debate in a letter, called a royal legation (Polish legacja królewska). All the nobility (szlachta
) residing in a voivodeship were eligible to participate in sejmiks (and only the nobility from the given territory, this was confirmed by the nihil novi
constitution); other estates
sent only delegations in an advisory capacity. A sejmik could be disrupted with a liberum veto
, which eventuality was guarded against by the formation (as at sejms) of a confederation
, which compelled majority voting.
Each sejmik elected a sejmik marshal (marszałek sejmiku: presiding officer of the sejmik, similar to the marshal of the sejm at national Sejms). This term has also been revived since 1999, but it now refers to the chairman of the voivodeship executive board rather than the presiding officer of the sejmik itself.
Diminutive
In language structure, a diminutive, or diminutive form , is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment...
of sejm
Sejm
The Sejm is the lower house of the Polish parliament. The Sejm is made up of 460 deputies, or Poseł in Polish . It is elected by universal ballot and is presided over by a speaker called the Marshal of the Sejm ....
) was a regional assembly in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and earlier in the Kingdom of Poland. Sejmiks existed until the end of the Commonwealth in 1795 following the partitions of the Commonwealth
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years...
. In modern Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
, since 1999, the term sejmik (in full sejmik województwa) has been revived as the name for the elected council of each of the 16 voivodeships
Voivodeships of Poland
The voivodeship, or province, called in Polish województwo , has been a high-level administrative subdivision of Poland since the 14th century....
or regions (see voivodeship sejmik
Voivodeship sejmik
A voivodeship sejmik is a provincial-level elected assembly for each of the 16 voivodeships of Poland. Sejmiks are elected to four-year terms, decided during nationwide local elections...
).
History
Sejmiks arose from the 1454 Nieszawa Statutes, granted to the nobilitySzlachta
The szlachta was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges during the 1333-1370 reign of Casimir the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of...
by King Casimir IV Jagiellon
Casimir IV Jagiellon
Casimir IV KG of the House of Jagiellon was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440, and King of Poland from 1447, until his death.Casimir was the second son of King Władysław II Jagiełło , and the younger brother of Władysław III of Varna....
. These also led in 1493 to the national Sejm
Sejm
The Sejm is the lower house of the Polish parliament. The Sejm is made up of 460 deputies, or Poseł in Polish . It is elected by universal ballot and is presided over by a speaker called the Marshal of the Sejm ....
.
In the 16th century, the leading force at sejmiks was the middle nobility; later this passed to the magnate
Magnate
Magnate, from the Late Latin magnas, a great man, itself from Latin magnus 'great', designates a noble or other man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities...
s (magnaci). Lithuanian sejmiks (Lithuanian - seimelis, pl. seimeliai) in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th /13th century until 1569 and then as a constituent part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791 when Constitution of May 3, 1791 abolished it in favor of unitary state. It was founded by the Lithuanians, one of the polytheistic...
were dominated much more by the magnates than those which were subject to the Crown
Crown of the Polish Kingdom
The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland , or simply the Crown , is the name for the unit of administrative division, the territories under direct administration of Polish nobility from middle-ages to late 18th century...
of Poland proper. Sejmiks attained the peak of their importance at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, when they often set their own time-limits — that is, extended their authorized periods of operation. Such abuses were suppressed by acts of the one-day Silent Sejm
Silent Sejm
Silent Sejm is the name given to the session of the Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of 1 February 1717. A civil war in the Commonwealth was used by the Russian Tsar Peter the Great as an opportunity to intervene as a mediator...
(Polish: sejm niemy) of 1717.
Features
Sejmiks were usually held on a large, open field. There were three kinds of sejmik:- General (Polish: generalny, Latin conventiones generales), held in western Poland (Greater PolandGreater PolandGreater Poland or Great Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief city is Poznań.The boundaries of Greater Poland have varied somewhat throughout history...
, Polish: Wielkopolska) at Koło, in southern Poland (Little PolandLesser PolandLesser Poland is one of the historical regions of Poland, with its capital in the city of Kraków. It forms the southeastern corner of the country, and should not be confused with the modern Lesser Poland Voivodeship, which covers only a small, southern part of Lesser Poland...
, Polish: Małopolska) at Nowe Miasto Korczyn, in MasoviaMasovian Voivodeship-Administrative division:Masovian Voivodeship is divided into 42 counties : 5 city counties and 37 "land counties"...
(Polish: Mazowsze) at WarsawWarsawWarsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
, in Red RutheniaRuthenian VoivodeshipRuthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region...
at Sadowa Wisznia, and in LithuaniaGrand Duchy of LithuaniaThe Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th /13th century until 1569 and then as a constituent part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791 when Constitution of May 3, 1791 abolished it in favor of unitary state. It was founded by the Lithuanians, one of the polytheistic...
at Volkovysk. The General Sejmiks were composed of delegates elected at the provincial sejmiks. Their goal was to agree on a position for the Sejm Walny (General Sejm) and issue instructions for the deputies on how they were supposed to vote during the General Sejm.
- Provincial or Territorial (Polish: ziemski, LatinLatinLatin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
conventiones particulares, conventiones terrestrae) (in every voivodeship). Their importance was greatest in the 15th century, and diminished with the formation of the General Sejm. Since then they were relegated to dealing with local matters, and electing deputies to the General Sejms.
- County (powiatPowiatA powiat is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries. The term powiat is most often translated into English as "county", although other terms are also sometimes used...
) (Polish: powiatowy).
They could meet for special purposes:
- Pre-sejm (Polish: przedsejmowe) sejmiks elected 1 to 6 deputies (poslowie) (depending on the size and importance of the given sejmik's territory) to the ordinary General SejmGeneral sejmThe general sejm was the parliament of Poland for four centuries from the late 15th until the late 18th century.-Genesis:The power of early sejms grew during the period of Poland's fragmentation , when the power of individual rulers waned and that of various councils and wiece grew...
(Polish: Sejm Walny) that was held every two years for six weeks, and to any extraordinary General Sejm that might be called at any time in an emergency, to sit for two weeks. Sometimes pre-sejm sejmiks were referred to as electoral. In some cases, a sejmik could be called for two voivodeships - in that case it could elect more than 6 deputies.
- Electoral (Polish: elekcyjne) sejmiks elected higher voivodeship officials.
- Relational (Polish: relacyjne) sejmiks heard the reports of deputies returned from the General Sejm, usually presenting the law (konstytucje sejmowe) decreed by the Sejm.
- Deputational (Polish: deputackie) sejmiks elected deputies (deputaci) to tribunalTribunalA tribunal in the general sense is any person or institution with the authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes—whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title....
s (Crown TribunalCrown TribunalCrown Tribunal – was the highest appeal court in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom for most cases, exceptions being the cases were a noble landowner was threatened with loss of life and/or property - then he could appeal to the Sejm court .In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the...
and Lithuanian TribunalLithuanian TribunalThe Lithuanian Tribunal was the highest appeal court for the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was established by Stefan Batory, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, in 1581 as the counterpart to the Crown Tribunal of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, established in 1578...
) from the times of King Stefan BatoryStefan BatoryStephen Báthory was a Hungarian noble Prince of Transylvania , then King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania . He was a member of the Somlyó branch of the noble Hungarian Báthory family...
onwards.
- Administrative (or economic, Polish: gospodarcze) sejmiks oversaw voivodeship self-government.
Sejmiks were called by the king or the governor (voivode) of the province (voivodeship
Voivodeship
Voivodship is a term denoting the position of, or more commonly the area administered by, a voivod. Voivodeships have existed since medieval times in Poland, Romania, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and Serbia....
). The king, or his representative, decreed the important matters that the sejmiks should debate in a letter, called a royal legation (Polish legacja królewska). All the nobility (szlachta
Szlachta
The szlachta was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges during the 1333-1370 reign of Casimir the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of...
) residing in a voivodeship were eligible to participate in sejmiks (and only the nobility from the given territory, this was confirmed by the nihil novi
Nihil novi
Nihil novi nisi commune consensu is the original Latin title of a 1505 act adopted by the Polish Sejm , meeting in the royal castle at Radom.-History:...
constitution); other estates
Estates of the realm
The Estates of the realm were the broad social orders of the hierarchically conceived society, recognized in the Middle Ages and Early Modern period in Christian Europe; they are sometimes distinguished as the three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and commoners, and are often referred to by...
sent only delegations in an advisory capacity. A sejmik could be disrupted with a liberum veto
Liberum veto
The liberum veto was a parliamentary device in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It allowed any member of the Sejm to force an immediate end to the current session and nullify any legislation that had already been passed at the session by shouting Nie pozwalam! .From the mid-16th to the late 18th...
, which eventuality was guarded against by the formation (as at sejms) of a confederation
Confederated sejm
Confederated sejm was a form of sejm in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. After 1764, sejms were frequently confederated...
, which compelled majority voting.
Each sejmik elected a sejmik marshal (marszałek sejmiku: presiding officer of the sejmik, similar to the marshal of the sejm at national Sejms). This term has also been revived since 1999, but it now refers to the chairman of the voivodeship executive board rather than the presiding officer of the sejmik itself.
Deputies
| # | Constituency | Voivodeship | Deputies |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kraków Kraków Kraków also Krakow, or Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life... |
Kraków Kraków Voivodeship (14th century-1795) Kraków Voivodeship 1300–1795 - a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795... |
6 |
| 2 | Poznań Poznan Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be... |
Poznań Poznan Voivodeship (14th century–1793) Poznań Voivodeship 14th c.-1793 ) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from the 14th century to the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. It was part of the Greater Polish prowincja.... |
6 |
| 3 | Oświęcim Oswiecim Oświęcim is a town in the Lesser Poland province of southern Poland, situated west of Kraków, near the confluence of the rivers Vistula and Soła.- History :... –Zator Zator Zator is an old town on the Skawa river within Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland. From 1975 to 1998 it belonged to the Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship. It is the administrative seat of the Gmina Zator... |
Kraków Kraków Voivodeship (14th century-1795) Kraków Voivodeship 1300–1795 - a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795... |
2 |
| 4 | Vilnius Vilnius Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 560,190 as of 2010. It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County... |
Vilnius Vilnius Voivodeship The Vilnius Voivodeship was one of voivodeships in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, created in 1413, from the Duchy of Lithuania and neighbouring lands.- Geography and administrative division :... |
2 |
| 5 | Ashmyany | Vilnius Vilnius Voivodeship The Vilnius Voivodeship was one of voivodeships in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, created in 1413, from the Duchy of Lithuania and neighbouring lands.- Geography and administrative division :... |
2 |
| 6 | Lida Lida Lida is a city in western Belarus in Hrodna Voblast, situated 160 km west of Minsk. It is the fourteenth largest city in Belarus.- Etymology :... |
Vilnius Vilnius Voivodeship The Vilnius Voivodeship was one of voivodeships in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, created in 1413, from the Duchy of Lithuania and neighbouring lands.- Geography and administrative division :... |
2 |
| 7 | Vilkmergė Ukmerge -Early history:Ukmergė was first mentioned as a settlement in 1333. It was essentially a wooden fortress that stood on a hill, near the confluence of the Vilkmergė River and the Šventoji River. Ukmergė was attacked by the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order in 1333, 1365, 1378, 1386, and even... |
Vilnius Vilnius Voivodeship The Vilnius Voivodeship was one of voivodeships in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, created in 1413, from the Duchy of Lithuania and neighbouring lands.- Geography and administrative division :... |
2 |
| 8 | Braslaw | Vilnius Vilnius Voivodeship The Vilnius Voivodeship was one of voivodeships in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, created in 1413, from the Duchy of Lithuania and neighbouring lands.- Geography and administrative division :... |
2 |
| 9 | Sandomierz Sandomierz Sandomierz is a city in south-eastern Poland with 25,714 inhabitants . Situated in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship , previously in Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship . It is the capital of Sandomierz County . Sandomierz is known for its Old Town, a major tourist attraction... |
Sandomierz Sandomierz Voivodeship Sandomierz Voivodeship was a unit of administration and local government in Poland from the 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795. It was part of the Little Poland region. Originally Sandomierz Voivodeship also covered the area around Lublin, but in 1474 its three eastern counties... |
7 |
| 10 | Kalisz Kalisz Kalisz is a city in central Poland with 106,857 inhabitants , the capital city of the Kalisz Region. Situated on the Prosna river in the southeastern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship, the city forms a conurbation with the nearby towns of Ostrów Wielkopolski and Nowe Skalmierzyce... |
Kalisz Kalisz Voivodeship (1314–1793) Kalisz Voivodeship 1314–1793 was an administrative unit of Poland from 1314 to the Second Partition of Poland in 1793... |
6 |
| 11 | Trakai Trakai Trakai is a historic city and lake resort in Lithuania. It lies 28 km west of Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Because of its proximity to Vilnius, Trakai is a popular tourist destination. Trakai is the administrative centre of Trakai district municipality. The town covers 11.52 km2 of... |
Trakai Trakai Voivodeship Trakai Voivodeship, Trakai Palatinate, or Troki Voivodeship , was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1413 until 1795.-History:... |
2 |
| 12 | Hrodna Hrodna Grodno or Hrodna , is a city in Belarus. It is located on the Neman River , close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania . It has 327,540 inhabitants... |
Trakai Trakai Voivodeship Trakai Voivodeship, Trakai Palatinate, or Troki Voivodeship , was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1413 until 1795.-History:... |
2 |
| 13 | Kaunas Kaunas Kaunas is the second-largest city in Lithuania and has historically been a leading centre of Lithuanian economic, academic, and cultural life. Kaunas was the biggest city and the center of a powiat in Trakai Voivodeship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1413. During Russian Empire occupation... |
Trakai Trakai Voivodeship Trakai Voivodeship, Trakai Palatinate, or Troki Voivodeship , was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1413 until 1795.-History:... |
2 |
| 14 | Upytė Upyte Upytė is a small village in Panevėžys district municipality in northern Lithuania. It is situated some 12 km southwest of Panevėžys on the banks of Vešeta Creek. It is now the capital of an elderate. In 1987 it had 580 residents... |
Trakai Trakai Voivodeship Trakai Voivodeship, Trakai Palatinate, or Troki Voivodeship , was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1413 until 1795.-History:... |
2 |
| 15 | Sieradz Sieradz Sieradz is a town on the Warta river in central Poland with 44,326 inhabitants . It is situated in the Łódź Voivodship , but was previously the eponymous capital of the Sieradz Voivodship , and historically one of the minor duchies in Greater Poland.It is one of the oldest towns in Poland,... |
Sieradz Sieradz Voivodeship (1339–1793) Sieradz Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from 1339 to the Second partition of Poland in 1793. It was a part of the Greater Polish prowincja.Governor seat:* SieradzVoivodes:* Kasper Doenhoff... |
4 |
| 16 | Wieluń Wielun Wieluń is a city in central Poland with 24,347 inhabitants . Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship , it was previously in Sieradz Voivodeship .- History :... |
Sieradz Sieradz Voivodeship (1339–1793) Sieradz Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from 1339 to the Second partition of Poland in 1793. It was a part of the Greater Polish prowincja.Governor seat:* SieradzVoivodes:* Kasper Doenhoff... |
2 |
| 17 | Łęczyca | Łęczyca Łęczyca Voivodeship Łęczyca Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from the 14th century until the partitions of Poland in 1772-1795... |
4 |
| 18 | Samogitia | Samogitia | 2 |
| 19 | Brześć Kujawski Brzesc Kujawski Brześć Kujawski is a town in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Population - 4,521 , Poland.It has been the seat of one of two small duchies into which Kuyavia has been temporarily divided.... |
Brześć Kujawski Brzesc Kujawski Voivodeship Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795... |
2 |
| 20 | Dobrzyń Golub-Dobrzyn Golub-Dobrzyń is a town in central Poland, located on the both sides of the Drwęca River. Situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship , it was previously in the Torun Voivodeship... |
Brześć Kujawski Brzesc Kujawski Voivodeship Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795... |
2 |
| 21 | Kiev Kiev Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press.... |
Kiev | 6 |
| 22 | Inowrocław | Inowrocław | 2 |
| 23 | Lviv Lviv Lviv is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically has also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center, as Poles and Jews were the two main ethnicities of the city until the outbreak of World War II and the following... |
Ruthenia Ruthenian Voivodeship Ruthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region... |
2 |
| 24 | Przemyśl Przemysl Przemyśl is a city in south-eastern Poland with 66,756 inhabitants, as of June 2009. In 1999, it became part of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship; it was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship.... |
Ruthenia Ruthenian Voivodeship Ruthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region... |
2 |
| 25 | Sanok Sanok Sanok is a town in south-eastern Poland with 39,110 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009. It's the capital of Sanok County in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. Previously, it was in the Krosno Voivodeship and in the Ruthenian Voivodeship , which was part of the Lesser Poland province... |
Ruthenia Ruthenian Voivodeship Ruthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region... |
2 |
| 26 | Halych Halych Halych is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The town gave its name to the historic province and kingdom of Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, of which it was the capital until the early 14th century, when the seat of the local princes was moved to Lviv... |
Ruthenia Ruthenian Voivodeship Ruthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region... |
2 |
| 27 | Chełm | Ruthenia Ruthenian Voivodeship Ruthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region... |
2 |
| 28 | Volhynia | Volhynia | 6 |
| 29 | Podolia Podole Voivodeship The Podole Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland, since the 14th century till 1793/1795, except for a short period of Ottoman Empire administration as Podolia Eyalet. Together with the Bracław Voivodeship it formed the historical province... |
Podolia Podole Voivodeship The Podole Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland, since the 14th century till 1793/1795, except for a short period of Ottoman Empire administration as Podolia Eyalet. Together with the Bracław Voivodeship it formed the historical province... |
6 |
| 30 | Smolensk Smolensk Smolensk is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River. Situated west-southwest of Moscow, this walled city was destroyed several times throughout its long history since it was on the invasion routes of both Napoleon and Hitler. Today, Smolensk... |
Smolensk Smolensk Voivodeship Smolensk Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.... |
2 |
| 31 | Starodub Starodub Starodub is a town and the administrative center of Starodubsky District of Bryansk Oblast, Russia. It is located on the Babinets River , southwest of Bryansk. Population: 16,000 .-History:... |
Smolensk Smolensk Voivodeship Smolensk Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.... |
2 |
| 32 | Lublin Lublin Lublin is the ninth largest city in Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 350,392 . Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula river... |
Lublin Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795) Lublin Voivodeship 15th century – 1795 was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland created in 1474 out of parts of Sandomierz Voivodeship and lasting till the Partitions of Poland in 1795... |
3 |
| 33 | Polotsk | Polotsk | 2 |
| 34 | Belz Belz Belz , a small city in the Lviv Oblast of Western Ukraine, near the border with Poland, is located between the Solokiya river and the Rzeczyca stream.... |
Belz | 4 |
| 35 | Navahrudak | Navahrudak | 2 |
| 36 | Slonim Slonim Slonim is a city in Hrodna Voblast, Belarus, capital of the Slonim District. It is located at the junction of the Shchara and Isa rivers, 143 km southeast of Hrodna. The population in 2008 was 50,800.-Etymology and historical names:... |
Navahrudak | 2 |
| 37 | Vawkavysk | Navahrudak | 2 |
| 38 | Płock | Płock | 2 |
| 39 | Vitebsk Vitebsk Vitebsk, also known as Viciebsk or Vitsyebsk , is a city in Belarus, near the border with Russia. The capital of the Vitebsk Oblast, in 2004 it had 342,381 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth largest city... |
Vitebsk | 2 |
| 40 | Orsha Orsha Orsha is a city in Belarus in Vitebsk voblast on the fork of the Dnieper and Arshytsa rivers.-Facts:*Location: *Population: 125,000 *Phone code: +375 216*Postal codes: 211030, 211381–211394, 211396–211398-History:... |
Vitebsk | 2 |
| 41 | Czersk Czersk Czersk is a town in northern Poland in Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship.On July 1, 2006 this municipality celebrated 80 years of granting this community the status of city.... |
Masovia Masovian Voivodeship (1526-1795) Masovian Voivodeship, 1526–1795 was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland, and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the 15th century to the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... |
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| 42 | Warsaw Warsaw Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most... |
Masovia Masovian Voivodeship (1526-1795) Masovian Voivodeship, 1526–1795 was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland, and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the 15th century to the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... |
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| 43 | Wizna Wizna Wizna is a village in Łomża County of Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. The Biebrza River flows through town. Wizna is also known for the battle of Wizna which took place in its vicinity during the 1939 Invasion of Poland. At present, farming and food production are the primary... |
Masovia Masovian Voivodeship (1526-1795) Masovian Voivodeship, 1526–1795 was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland, and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the 15th century to the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... |
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| 44 | Wyszogród Wyszogród Wyszogród is a town in Poland, in Masovian Voivodship, in Płock County, by the Vistula River. The population of Wyszogród was 2,793 in 2004.-History:... |
Masovia Masovian Voivodeship (1526-1795) Masovian Voivodeship, 1526–1795 was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland, and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the 15th century to the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... |
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| 45 | Zakroczym Zakroczym Zakroczym is a small town in the Masovian Voivodeship, Poland. It is located at around . The Vistula River flows through the town.... |
Masovia Masovian Voivodeship (1526-1795) Masovian Voivodeship, 1526–1795 was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland, and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the 15th century to the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... |
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| 46 | Ciechanów Ciechanów Ciechanów is a town in north-central Poland with 45,900 inhabitants . It is situated in Masovian Voivodeship . It was previously the capital of Ciechanów Voivodeship.-History:The grad numbered approximately 3,000 armed men.... |
Masovia Masovian Voivodeship (1526-1795) Masovian Voivodeship, 1526–1795 was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland, and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the 15th century to the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... |
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| 47 | Łomża | Masovia Masovian Voivodeship (1526-1795) Masovian Voivodeship, 1526–1795 was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland, and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the 15th century to the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... |
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| 48 | Różan Rózan Różan is a town in Mazovian Voivodeship, Poland. It is located at around . Narew River flows through the town.... |
Masovia Masovian Voivodeship (1526-1795) Masovian Voivodeship, 1526–1795 was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland, and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the 15th century to the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... |
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| 49 | Liw Liw Liw is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Liw, within Węgrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies on the river Liwiec , approximately west of Węgrów and east of Warsaw.... |
Masovia Masovian Voivodeship (1526-1795) Masovian Voivodeship, 1526–1795 was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland, and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the 15th century to the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... |
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| 50 | Nur Nur, Poland Nur is a village in Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Nur. It lies approximately south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka and north-east of Warsaw.... |
Masovia Masovian Voivodeship (1526-1795) Masovian Voivodeship, 1526–1795 was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland, and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the 15th century to the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... |
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| 51 | Drohiczyn Drohiczyn Drohiczyn is a small historic town in Siemiatycze County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland. The town with population 2,110 is situated on a bank of the Bug River.- History :... |
Podlachia Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795) The Podlaskie Voivodeship was formed in 1513 by Sigismund I the Old as a voivodeship in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from a split off part of the Trakai Voivodeship.... |
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| 52 | Bielsk Podlaski Bielsk Podlaski -Roads and Highways:Bielsk Podlaski is at the intersection of two National Road and a Voivodeship Road:* National Road 19 - Kuźnica Białystoka Border Crossing - Kuźnica - Białystok - Bielsk Podlaski - Siemiatycze - Międzyrzec Podlaski - Kock - Lubartów - Lublin - Kraśnik - Janów Lubelski - Nisko... |
Podlachia Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795) The Podlaskie Voivodeship was formed in 1513 by Sigismund I the Old as a voivodeship in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from a split off part of the Trakai Voivodeship.... |
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| 53 | Mielnik Mielnik Mielnik is a village in Siemiatycze County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Mielnik... |
Podlachia Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795) The Podlaskie Voivodeship was formed in 1513 by Sigismund I the Old as a voivodeship in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from a split off part of the Trakai Voivodeship.... |
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| 54 | Rawa Mazowiecka Rawa Mazowiecka Rawa Mazowiecka is a town in central Poland, with 17,765 inhabitants . It lies in the Łódź Voivodeship and is the capital of Rawa County.First mentioned in 1288, it received city rights in 1321.... |
Rawa Mazowiecka Rawa Voivodeship Rawa Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland since 15th century till the partitions of Poland in 1795. It was part of the Greater Polish prowincja... |
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| 55 | Sochaczew Sochaczew Sochaczew is a town in central Poland, with 38,300 inhabitants . Situated in the Masovian Voivodeship , previously in Skierniewice Voivodeship . It is the capital of Sochaczew County.... |
Rawa Mazowiecka Rawa Voivodeship Rawa Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland since 15th century till the partitions of Poland in 1795. It was part of the Greater Polish prowincja... |
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| 56 | Gostynin Gostynin Gostynin is a town in Central Poland with 19,414 inhabitants . It is situated in the Masovian Voivodship since 1999 and was previously in the Płock Voivodship from 1975 to 1998. It is the capital of Gostynin County.-External links:*... |
Rawa Mazowiecka Rawa Voivodeship Rawa Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland since 15th century till the partitions of Poland in 1795. It was part of the Greater Polish prowincja... |
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| 57 | Brest-Litovsk Brest, Belarus Brest , formerly also Brest-on-the-Bug and Brest-Litovsk , is a city in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the city of Terespol, where the Bug River and Mukhavets rivers meet... |
Brest-Litovsk | 2 |
| 58 | Pinsk Pinsk Pinsk , a town in Belarus, in the Polesia region, traversed by the river Pripyat, at the confluence of the Strumen and Pina rivers. The region was known as the Marsh of Pinsk. It is a fertile agricultural center. It lies south-west of Minsk. The population is about 130,000... |
Brest-Litovsk | 2 |
| 59 | Chełmno | Chełmno | 2 |
| 60 | Mstsislaw Mstsislaw Mstsislaw is a town in Mahilyow Voblast, Eastern Belarus. As of 2004, its population is 11,700.Mstsislaw was first mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 1156. It was initially included within the Principality of Smolensk, but had become the capital of the Principality of Mstsislaw by 1180. In... |
Mstsislaw | 2 |
| 61 | Malbork Malbork Malbork is a town in northern Poland in the Żuławy region , with 38,478 inhabitants . Situated in the Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, it was previously assigned to Elbląg Voivodeship... |
Malbork Malbork Voivodeship The Malbork Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from 1454/1466 until the partitions in 1772-1795. Together with the Pomeranian and Chełmno Voivodeships and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia it formed the historical province of Royal Prussia... |
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| 62 | Bratslav Bratslav Bratslav |Breslov]] as the name of a Hasidic group, which originated from this town) is a townlet in Ukraine, located in the Nemyriv Raion of Vinnytsia Oblast, by the Southern Bug river. It is a medieval European city having dramatically lost its importance during 19th-20th centuries... |
Bratslav | 6 |
| 63 | Gdańsk Gdansk Gdańsk is a Polish city on the Baltic coast, at the centre of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.The city lies on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay , in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia, spa town of Sopot, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the... |
Pomerania Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466-1772) The Pomeranian Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1454/1466 until the First partition of Poland in 1772.From 1613 the capital was at Skarszewy.-History:... |
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| 64 | Minsk Minsk - Ecological situation :The ecological situation is monitored by Republican Center of Radioactive and Environmental Control .During 2003–2008 the overall weight of contaminants increased from 186,000 to 247,400 tons. The change of gas as industrial fuel to mazut for financial reasons has worsened... |
Minsk Minsk Voivodeship Minsk Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1413 and later in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth till the partitions of the Commonwealth in 1795... |
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| 65 | Mazyr Mazyr Mazyr, also Mozyr is a city in the Homiel Province of Belarus on the Pripyat River about 210 km east of Pinsk and 100 km northwest of Chernobyl and is located at approximately . The population is 111,770 . The total urban area including Kalinkavičy across the river has a population of... |
Minsk Minsk Voivodeship Minsk Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1413 and later in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth till the partitions of the Commonwealth in 1795... |
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| 66 | Rechytsa Rechytsa Rechytsa is a town in the Homiel Province of Belarus. It is center of Rechytsa Raion. The city is situated at the mouth of Rechitsa river, flowing into Dnieper. The population is 65,532 as of 2005.-History:... |
Minsk Minsk Voivodeship Minsk Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Grand Duchy of Lithuania since 1413 and later in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth till the partitions of the Commonwealth in 1795... |
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| 67 | Livonia Inflanty Inflanty is the Polish name for Livonia.Inflanty may also refer to*the Inflanty Voivodeship, also known as Polish Livonia.*the Principality of Inflanty, also known as the Duchy of Livonia.... |
Livonia Inflanty Inflanty is the Polish name for Livonia.Inflanty may also refer to*the Inflanty Voivodeship, also known as Polish Livonia.*the Principality of Inflanty, also known as the Duchy of Livonia.... |
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| 68 | Chernihiv Chernihiv Chernihiv or Chernigov is a historic city in northern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Chernihiv Oblast , as well as of the surrounding Chernihivskyi Raion within the oblast... |
Chernihiv | 4 |
See also
- The StatesThe StatesThe States or the Estates signifies the assembly of the representatives of the estates of the realm, called together for purposes of legislation or deliberation...
- Confederated sejmConfederated sejmConfederated sejm was a form of sejm in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. After 1764, sejms were frequently confederated...
- Liberum vetoLiberum vetoThe liberum veto was a parliamentary device in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It allowed any member of the Sejm to force an immediate end to the current session and nullify any legislation that had already been passed at the session by shouting Nie pozwalam! .From the mid-16th to the late 18th...
- May Constitution of Poland (adopted 3 May 1791)
- Voivodeships of PolandVoivodeships of PolandThe voivodeship, or province, called in Polish województwo , has been a high-level administrative subdivision of Poland since the 14th century....