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The Second Italian War (1499–1504), sometimes known as Louis XII's Italian War or the War over Naples, was the second of the Italian Wars
Italian Wars

The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy in historical works, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the Italian city-states, the Papal States, all the major states of western Europe as well as the Ottoman Empire....
; it was fought primarily by Louis XII of France
Louis XII of France

Louis XII , called "the Father of the People" was the thirty-fifth List of French monarchs of France and the sole monarch from the House of Valois Cadet branch of the House of Valois....
 and Ferdinand I of Spain, with the participation of several Italian powers. In the aftermath of the First Italian War
First Italian War

The First Italian War , sometimes referred to as the Italian War of 1494 or Charles VIII's Italian War, was the opening phase of the Italian Wars....
, Louis was determined to press his claim on the thrones of Milan
Milan

Milan is the second largest city of Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. It is the capital in the Province of Milan, as well as the Regions of Italy capital of Lombardy....
 and Naples
Naples

Naples is a city in southern Italy, the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. The city is known for its rich history, art, culture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,800 years old....
.

In 1499, Louis concluded an alliance with the Republic of Venice
Republic of Venice

The Most Serene Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice . It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century AD until the year 1797....
 and the Swiss and invaded the Duchy of Milan
Duchy of Milan

The Duchy of Milan was a state in northern Italy from 1394 to 1797. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire, by then a decentralised entity, and was ruled by several dynasties, most of them major powers from outside Italy....
.






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The Second Italian War (1499–1504), sometimes known as Louis XII's Italian War or the War over Naples, was the second of the Italian Wars
Italian Wars

The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy in historical works, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the Italian city-states, the Papal States, all the major states of western Europe as well as the Ottoman Empire....
; it was fought primarily by Louis XII of France
Louis XII of France

Louis XII , called "the Father of the People" was the thirty-fifth List of French monarchs of France and the sole monarch from the House of Valois Cadet branch of the House of Valois....
 and Ferdinand I of Spain, with the participation of several Italian powers. In the aftermath of the First Italian War
First Italian War

The First Italian War , sometimes referred to as the Italian War of 1494 or Charles VIII's Italian War, was the opening phase of the Italian Wars....
, Louis was determined to press his claim on the thrones of Milan
Milan

Milan is the second largest city of Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. It is the capital in the Province of Milan, as well as the Regions of Italy capital of Lombardy....
 and Naples
Naples

Naples is a city in southern Italy, the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. The city is known for its rich history, art, culture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,800 years old....
.

In 1499, Louis concluded an alliance with the Republic of Venice
Republic of Venice

The Most Serene Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice . It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century AD until the year 1797....
 and the Swiss and invaded the Duchy of Milan
Duchy of Milan

The Duchy of Milan was a state in northern Italy from 1394 to 1797. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire, by then a decentralised entity, and was ruled by several dynasties, most of them major powers from outside Italy....
. Ludovico Sforza
Ludovico Sforza

Ludovico Sforza Duke of Milan , a member of the Sforza dynasty of Milan, Italy, was the second son of Francesco Sforza, and was famed as patron of Leonardo da Vinci and other artists....
, having hired an army of Swiss mercenaries
Swiss mercenaries

Swiss mercenaries were soldiers notable for their service in foreign armies, especially the armies of the Kings of France, throughout the Early Modern Europe of European history, from the Late Middle Ages into the Age of the Age of Enlightenment....
, returned to the city to find it occupied by Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
Gian Giacomo Trivulzio

Gian Giacomo Trivulzio was an italy aristocrat and condottiero who held several military commands during the Italian Wars....
, who had joined the French; Ludovico's army was soon scattered, and he himself imprisoned in France. The Treaty of Trente was signed on October 13, 1501 between Louis and Maximilian of Austria
Maximilian of Austria

Maximilian of Austria may refer to the following members of the Habsburg dynasty:*Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, who obtained the Burgundian lands by marriage...
. Based on the terms of the agreement, Austria
Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
 recognized all French conquests in the northern territories of Italy
Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
.

Impressed by the speed of his victory, Louis offered an alliance against Naples to Ferdinand, proposing that they should split the kingdom. Ferdinand readily agreed, and the Treaty of Granada was signed on November 11, 1500. Based on the terms of the agreement, Ferdinand would support French claims over the Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Naples

The Kingdom of Naples is the modern day name for a polity which existed on the southern part of the Italian peninsula. Also known contemporaneously, and somewhat confusingly, as the Kingdom of Sicily, this kingdom was founded after the secession of the island of Sicily from the old Kingdom of Sicily as a result of the Sicilian Vespers...
 in return for acquiring territories from the division of the kingdom.

In 1501, French and Aragonese armies seized Naples. The two kings now quarreled over the division of the spoils; Ferdinand's insistence that he be recognized as king of both Naples and Sicily
Sicily

Sicily is an Autonomous regions with special statute of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 km? and currently has just over five million inhabitants....
 soon led to war between France and Spain. Defeated at Cerignola
Battle of Cerignola

The Battle of Cerignola was fought on April 21 1503, between Spain and France armies, in Cerignola, next Bari, Southern Italy. It is noted as the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms....
 and Garigliano
Battle of Garigliano (1503)

The Battle of Garigliano was fought on December 29, 1503 between a Spain army under Gonzalo Fern?ndez de C?rdoba and a France army commanded by Ludovico II of Saluzzo, Marquisate of Saluzzo....
 by the Spanish under Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba

Gonzalo Fern?ndez de C?rdoba, Duke of Terranova and Santangelo, also known simply as Gonzalo de C?rdoba , was a Spain general who made Spain the preeminent world military power for almost a century and half....
, Louis was forced to abandon Naples and withdraw to Lombardy
Lombardy

Lombardy is one of the 20 regions of Italy. The capital is Milan. One-sixth of Italy's population lives in Lombardy and about one fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in this region....
.

Treaties

The Treaty of Lyons was signed on January 31, 1504 between Louis XII of France
Louis XII of France

Louis XII , called "the Father of the People" was the thirty-fifth List of French monarchs of France and the sole monarch from the House of Valois Cadet branch of the House of Valois....
 and Ferdinand II of Aragon
Ferdinand II of Aragon

Ferdinand the Catholic was king of Aragon , Sicily , Naples , Valencia , Sardinia and Navarre, Count of Barcelona, de jure uxoris King of Crown of Castile and then Regent of that country also from 1508 to his death, in the name of his mentally unstable daughter Joanna the Mad....
. Based on the terms of the treaty, France ceded Naples
Naples

Naples is a city in southern Italy, the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. The city is known for its rich history, art, culture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,800 years old....
 to Spain. Moreover, France and Spain defined their respective control of Italian territories. France controlled northern Italy from Milan
Milan

Milan is the second largest city of Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. It is the capital in the Province of Milan, as well as the Regions of Italy capital of Lombardy....
 and Spain controlled Sicily
Sicily

Sicily is an Autonomous regions with special statute of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 km? and currently has just over five million inhabitants....
 and southern Italy.

The Treaty of Blois of September 22, 1504 concerned the proposed marriage between Charles of Luxembourg, the future Charles V
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556....
, and Claude of France
Claude of France

Claude of France , Queen Consort of France and Duke of Brittany in her own right, was the eldest daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne of Brittany....
, daughter of Louis XII
Louis XII of France

Louis XII , called "the Father of the People" was the thirty-fifth List of French monarchs of France and the sole monarch from the House of Valois Cadet branch of the House of Valois....
 and Anne of Brittany
Anne of Brittany

Anne, Duchess of Brittany , also known as Anna of Brittany , was a Breton ruler, who was to become queen to two successive French kings. She was born in Nantes, Brittany, and was the daughter of Francis II of Brittany and Margaret of Foix....
.

If the King Louis XII were to die without producing a male heir, Charles of Luxembourg would receive as dowry
Dowry

A dowry is the money, goods, or estate that a woman brings to her new husband. Compare bride price, which is paid to the bride's parents, and dower, which is property settled on the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage....
 the Duchy of Milan
Milan

Milan is the second largest city of Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. It is the capital in the Province of Milan, as well as the Regions of Italy capital of Lombardy....
, Genoa
Genoa

Genoa is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. The city has a population of about 610,000 and the urban area has a population of about 900,000....
 and its dependencies, the Duchy of Brittany
Brittany

Brittany is a former independent Celtic nations monarchy and duchy, now incorporated into France. It is also, more generally, the name of the cultural area whose limits correspond to the historic province and independent duchy....
, the counties of Asti
Asti

Asti is a city and comune of c. 75,000 inhabitants located in the Piedmont region of north-western Italy, about 55 kilometres east of Turin in the plain of the Tanaro River....
 and Blois
Blois

Blois is a the capital of the Loir-et-Cher Departments of France in central France, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire River between Orl?ans and Tours....
, the duchy of Burgundy
Duchy of Burgundy

The Duchy of Burgundy was a feudal territory once existing within the France in the Middle Ages. It roughly conforms to the modern Bourgogne. Existing between 843 and 1477, the Duchy was ruled by a succession of Duke of Burgundy, whose extinction with the death of Charles the Bold in 1477 led to the Duchy being absorbed into the French crown...
, the Viceroyalty of Auxonne
Auxonne

Auxonne is a commune in France in the C?te-d'Or Departments of France in Bourgogne in eastern France.Auxonne is one of the sites containing the defensive structures of Vauban, clearly seen from the train bridge as it enters the Auxonne SNCF train station on the Dijon - Besan?on train line....
, Auxerrois
Auxerrois

Auxerrois is a Provinces of France of France. Named after the city of Auxerre in Burgundy , it gives its name to several grape varieties :* Auxerrois Blanc is a white wine grape that is widely grown in Alsace, and also in Lorraine, Germany and Luxembourg....
, Mâconnais and Bar-sur-Seine.

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