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The Second Aliyah was arguably the most important and influential aliyah
Aliyah

Aliyah refers to Jewish immigration to Greater Israel. The opposite action, Jewish emigration from Israel, is referred to as Yerida ....
. It took place between 1904 and 1914, during which approximately 40,000 Jews immigrated into Ottoman
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
 Palestine, mostly from Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 and Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
, some from Yemen
Yemen

Yemen , officially the Republic of Yemen is an Arab country located on the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia. Yemen has an estimated population of more than 23 million people and is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the North, the Red Sea to the West, the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Aden to the South, and Oman to the east....
.

The prime cause for the aliyah was mounting antisemitism in Russia and pogrom
Pogrom

A pogrom is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers....
s in the Pale of Settlement
Pale of Settlement

The Pale of Settlement was the term given to a region of Russian Empire, along its western border, in which permanent residence of Jews was allowed, and beyond which Jewish residence was generally prohibited....
, notably the Kishinev Pogrom
Kishinev pogrom

The Kishinev pogrom was an anti-Jewish riot that took place in Chisinau, then the capital of the Bessarabia province of the Russian Empire on April 6-7, 1903....
 and the Pogroms that attended the 1905 Russian Revolution.

Although the aliyah contributed to Jewish settlement in Palestine in many ways, many see it as a failure, as nearly half of the immigrants left Palestine by the time World War I
World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
 started.

Second Aliyah immigrants were primarily idealists, inspired by the revolutionary ideals then sweeping the Russian Empire
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
 who sought to create a communal agricultural settlement system in Palestine.






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The Second Aliyah was arguably the most important and influential aliyah
Aliyah

Aliyah refers to Jewish immigration to Greater Israel. The opposite action, Jewish emigration from Israel, is referred to as Yerida ....
. It took place between 1904 and 1914, during which approximately 40,000 Jews immigrated into Ottoman
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
 Palestine, mostly from Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 and Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
, some from Yemen
Yemen

Yemen , officially the Republic of Yemen is an Arab country located on the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia. Yemen has an estimated population of more than 23 million people and is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the North, the Red Sea to the West, the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Aden to the South, and Oman to the east....
.

The prime cause for the aliyah was mounting antisemitism in Russia and pogrom
Pogrom

A pogrom is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers....
s in the Pale of Settlement
Pale of Settlement

The Pale of Settlement was the term given to a region of Russian Empire, along its western border, in which permanent residence of Jews was allowed, and beyond which Jewish residence was generally prohibited....
, notably the Kishinev Pogrom
Kishinev pogrom

The Kishinev pogrom was an anti-Jewish riot that took place in Chisinau, then the capital of the Bessarabia province of the Russian Empire on April 6-7, 1903....
 and the Pogroms that attended the 1905 Russian Revolution.

Although the aliyah contributed to Jewish settlement in Palestine in many ways, many see it as a failure, as nearly half of the immigrants left Palestine by the time World War I
World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
 started.

Settlement

The Second Aliyah immigrants were primarily idealists, inspired by the revolutionary ideals then sweeping the Russian Empire
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
 who sought to create a communal agricultural settlement system in Palestine. They thus founded the kibbutz
Kibbutz

A kibbutz is a Intentional community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The kibbutz is a form of communal living that combines socialism and Zionism....
 movement. The first kibbutz, Degania
Degania

Degania Alef is a kibbutz in northern Israel. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Emek HaYarden Regional Council.Degania Alef was the first kibbutz established by Jewish Zionist pioneers in the areas of the Land of Israel, then under Ottoman Empire rule....
, was founded in 1909.

Those among the immigrants who preferred to settle in cities, created Ahuzat Bayit near Jaffa
Jaffa

File:Jaffa StPeter church.jpgJaffa is an ancient port city believed to be one of the oldest in the world.Jaffa is located south of Tel Aviv, Israel on the Mediterranean Sea....
, which was later renamed to Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv

Tel Aviv-Yafo , usually Tel Aviv, is the List of largest cities and second largest cities by country List of cities in Israel in Israel, with an estimated population of 390,100....
.

Culture

The Second Aliyah is largely credited with the Revival of the Hebrew language and establishing it as the standard language for Jews in Palestine. Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda was a key figure in the Language revival of Hebrew language as a Human language. Ben-Yehuda regarded Hebrew and Zionism as symbiotic: "The Hebrew language can live only if we revive the nation and return it to the fatherland," he wrote....
 contributed to the creation of the first modern Hebrew dictionary. Although he was an immigrant of the First Aliyah
First Aliyah

The First Aliyah was the first modern widespread wave of Zionism aliyah. Jews who migrated to Palestine in this wave came mostly from Eastern Europe and from Yemen....
, his work mostly bore fruit during the second.

The Second Aliyah also established the first Hebrew high school in Palestine, the Herzliya Hebrew High School
Herzliya Hebrew High School

Herzliya Hebrew High School , originally known as HaGymnasia HaIvrit is a historic high school in Tel Aviv, Israel....
, Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv

Tel Aviv-Yafo , usually Tel Aviv, is the List of largest cities and second largest cities by country List of cities in Israel in Israel, with an estimated population of 390,100....
.

Defense

The Second Aliyah created the security organization, HaShomer
Hashomer

Hashomer was a Jewish defense organization in Palestine founded out of Bar-Giora in April 1909. It ceased to operate after the founding of the Haganah in 1920....
, which became the precedent for future Jewish defense organizations such as the Haganah
Haganah

Haganah was a Jewish paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948, which later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces....
.

Further reading

  • Ben-Gurion, David
    David Ben-Gurion

    was the first Prime Minister of Israel. Ben-Gurion's passion for Zionism, which began early in life, culminated in his instrumental role in the founding of the state of Israel....
    , From Class to Nation: Reflections on the Vocation and Mission of the Labor Movement (Hebrew), Am Oved (1976)