Scientific phenomena named after people
Encyclopedia
This is a list of scientific phenomena and concepts named after people (eponymous phenomena). For other lists of eponyms, see eponym
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Eponym
An eponym is the name of a person or thing, whether real or fictitious, after which a particular place, tribe, era, discovery, or other item is named or thought to be named...
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- Abderhalden–Fauser reaction – Emil AbderhaldenEmil AbderhaldenEmil Abderhalden was a Swiss biochemist and physiologist. His main findings, though disputed already in the 1920s, were not finally rejected until the late 1990s. Whether his misleading findings were based on fraud or simply the result of a lack of scientific rigor remains unclear...
- Abney effectAbney effectThe Abney effect describes the perceived hue shift that occurs when white light is added to a monochromatic light source.The addition of white light will cause a desaturation of the monochromatic source, as perceived by the human eye...
, Abney's law of additivity – William de Wiveleslie AbneyWilliam de Wiveleslie AbneyWilliam de Wiveleslie Abney FRS was an English astronomer, chemist, and photographer.-Biography:Abney was born in Derby, England, the son of Edward Abney vicar of St Alkmund's Derby, and owner of the Firs Estate... - Abrikosov lattice – Alexei Alexeyevich AbrikosovAlexei Alexeyevich AbrikosovAlexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov is a Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist whose main contributions are in the field of condensed matter physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003.- Biography :...
- Accot–Zhai steering law – Johnny Accot and Shumin Zhai
- Aharonov–Bohm effect – Yakir AharonovYakir AharonovYakir Aharonov is an Israeli physicist specializing in quantum physics. He is a Professor of Theoretical Physics and the James J. Farley Professor of Natural Philosophy at Chapman University in California. He is also a distinguished professor in Perimeter Institute.He also serves as a professor...
and David BohmDavid BohmDavid Joseph Bohm FRS was an American-born British quantum physicist who contributed to theoretical physics, philosophy, neuropsychology, and the Manhattan Project.-Youth and college:... - Alfvén waveAlfvén waveAn Alfvén wave, named after Hannes Alfvén, is a type of magnetohydrodynamic wave.-Definition:An Alfvén wave in a plasma is a low-frequency travelling oscillation of the ions and the magnetic field...
– Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén - Alhazen's problemAlhazen's problemIbn al-Haytham's work on catoptrics in Book V of the Book of Optics contains the important Islamic mathematical problem known as Alhazen's problem....
– Alhazen - Allais effectAllais effectThe Allais effect is a claimed anomalous precession of the plane of oscillation of a pendulum during a solar eclipse. It has been speculated to be unexplained by standard physical models of gravitation, but recent mainstream physics publications tend rather to posit conventional explanations for...
– Maurice AllaisMaurice AllaisMaurice Félix Charles Allais was a French economist, and was the 1988 winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources."... - Allee effectAllee effectThe Allee effect is a phenomenon in biology characterized by a positive correlation between population density and the per capita population growth rate in very small populations.-Description:...
– Warder Clyde AlleeWarder Clyde AlleeWarder Clyde Allee was an American zoologist and ecologist who taught animal ecology. He is best known for his research on animal behavior, protocooperation, and for identifying the Allee effect.-University career:... - Amdahl's lawAmdahl's lawAmdahl's law, also known as Amdahl's argument, is named after computer architect Gene Amdahl, and is used to find the maximum expected improvement to an overall system when only part of the system is improved...
, a.k.a. Amdahl's argument – Gene AmdahlGene AmdahlGene Myron Amdahl is a Norwegian-American computer architect and high-tech entrepreneur, chiefly known for his work on mainframe computers at IBM and later his own companies, especially Amdahl Corporation... - Ampère's lawAmpère's lawIn classical electromagnetism, Ampère's circuital law, discovered by André-Marie Ampère in 1826, relates the integrated magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop...
– André-Marie AmpèreAndré-Marie AmpèreAndré-Marie Ampère was a French physicist and mathematician who is generally regarded as one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism. The SI unit of measurement of electric current, the ampere, is named after him.... - Anderson–Higgs mechanism (a.k.a. Higgs mechanismHiggs mechanismIn particle physics, the Higgs mechanism is the process in which gauge bosons in a gauge theory can acquire non-vanishing masses through absorption of Nambu-Goldstone bosons arising in spontaneous symmetry breaking....
) – Peter HiggsPeter HiggsPeter Ware Higgs, FRS, FRSE, FKC , is an English theoretical physicist and an emeritus professor at the University of Edinburgh....
and Philip Warren AndersonPhilip Warren AndersonPhilip Warren Anderson is an American physicist and Nobel laureate. Anderson has made contributions to the theories of localization, antiferromagnetism and high-temperature superconductivity.- Biography :... - Anderson–Darling test – Theodore W. Anderson, Jr. and Donald A. Darling
- Andreev reflectionAndreev reflectionAndreev reflection , named after the Russian physicist Alexander F. Andreev, is a type of particle scattering whichoccurs at interfaces between a superconductor and a normal state material . It is a charge-transfer process by which normal current in N is converted to supercurrent in S...
– Alexander F. Andreev - Apgar scoreApgar scoreThe Apgar score was devised in 1952 by the eponymous Dr. Virginia Apgar as a simple and repeatable method to quickly and summarily assess the health of newborn children immediately after birth...
– Virginia ApgarVirginia ApgarVirginia Apgar was an American pediatric anesthesiologist. She was a leader in the fields of anesthesiology and teratology, and effectively founded the field of neonatology... - Arago spotArago spotIn optics, an Arago spot, Fresnel bright spot, or Poisson spot is a bright point that appears at the center of a circular object's shadow due to Fresnel diffraction...
– Dominique François Jean Arago - Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction – Aleksandr Erminingeldovich Arbuzov and August Karl Arnold Michaelis
- Archimedean spiralArchimedean spiralThe Archimedean spiral is a spiral named after the 3rd century BC Greek mathematician Archimedes. It is the locus of points corresponding to the locations over time of a point moving away from a fixed point with a constant speed along a line which rotates with constant angular velocity...
, Archimedes number – ArchimedesArchimedesArchimedes of Syracuse was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and an... - Argand diagram – Jean Robert Argand
- Argunov–Cassegrain telescope – P. P. Argunov and Laurent CassegrainLaurent CassegrainLaurent Cassegrain was a Catholic priest who is notable as the probable inventor of the Cassegrain reflector, a folded two mirror reflecting telescope design.-Biography:...
- Aristotle's lantern – AristotleAristotleAristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology...
- Armstrong oscillatorArmstrong oscillatorThe Armstrong oscillator is named after its inventor, the electrical engineer Edwin Armstrong. It is sometimes called a tickler oscillator because the feedback needed to produce oscillations is provided using a tickler coil via magnetic coupling between coil L and coil T...
– Edwin ArmstrongEdwin ArmstrongEdwin Howard Armstrong was an American electrical engineer and inventor. Armstrong was the inventor of modern frequency modulation radio.... - Arndt–Eistert synthesis – Fritz ArndtFritz ArndtFritz Arndt was a German chemist and together with Bernd Eistert he disoverered the Arndt-Eistert synthesis.- Life :Fritz Arndt was born on 6 July 1885, in Hamburg but started his chemistry studies at the University of Geneva followed by a the University of Bern and receiving his PhD from the...
and Bernd EistertBernd EistertBernd Eistert was a German chemist. Together with Fritz Arndt he discovered the Arndt-Eistert synthesis.-Life:... - Arndt–Schulz law/principle/rule – Rudolf ArndtRudolf ArndtRudolf Arndt was a German psychiatrist from Bialken, district of Marienwerder.Arndt studied in Greifswald and Halle, preferably under Felix von Niemeyer , Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben , and Heinrich Philipp August Damerow , and was conferred doctor of medicine on 20 February 1860...
and Hugo Paul Friedrich SchulzHugo Paul Friedrich SchulzHugo Paul Friedrich Schulz was a German pharmacologist from Wesel, Rhenish Prussia. He studied medicine in the universities of Heidelberg and Bonn, where he did scientific work in the physiological institute of Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger... - Arrhenius equationArrhenius equationThe Arrhenius equation is a simple, but remarkably accurate, formula for the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant, and therefore, rate of a chemical reaction. The equation was first proposed by the Dutch chemist J. H. van 't Hoff in 1884; five years later in 1889, the Swedish...
– Svante August Arrhenius - Ashkin–Teller model (a.k.a. Potts modelPotts modelIn statistical mechanics, the Potts model, a generalization of the Ising model, is a model of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice. By studying the Potts model, one may gain insight into the behaviour of ferromagnets and certain other phenomena of solid state physics...
) – Julius Ashkin and Edward TellerEdward TellerEdward Teller was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though he did not care for the title. Teller made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy , and surface physics... - Asinger reactionAsinger reactionThe Asinger-reaction was invented in 1956 by Friedrich Asinger . The Asinger-reaction is a multicomponent reaction and is classified as A-4CR :...
– Friedrich AsingerFriedrich AsingerFriedrich Asinger was a German chemist and professor for Technical Chemistry.... - Auger effect, electronAuger electronThe Auger effect is a physical phenomenon in which the transition of an electron in an atom filling in an inner-shell vacancy causes the emission of another electron. When a core electron is removed, leaving a vacancy, an electron from a higher energy level may fall into the vacancy, resulting in...
– Pierre Victor AugerPierre Victor AugerPierre Victor Auger was a French physicist, born in Paris. He worked in the fields of atomic physics, nuclear physics, and cosmic ray physics.... - Autler–Townes effect – Stanley H. Autler and Charles H. Townes
- Auwers synthesisAuwers synthesisThe Auwers synthesis is a series of organic reactions forming a flavonol from a coumarone. This reaction was first reported by Karl von Auwers in 1908....
– Karl von AuwersKarl von AuwersKarl Friedrich von Auwers was a German chemist and the academic adviser of Karl Ziegler and Georg Wittig at the University of Marburg.-Life:... - Avogadro's lawAvogadro's lawAvogadro's law is a gas law named after Amedeo Avogadro who, in 1811, hypothesized that two given samples of an ideal gas, at the same temperature, pressure and volume, contain the same number of molecules...
, numberAvogadro's numberIn chemistry and physics, the Avogadro constant is defined as the ratio of the number of constituent particles N in a sample to the amount of substance n through the relationship NA = N/n. Thus, it is the proportionality factor that relates the molar mass of an entity, i.e...
– Count Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e CerretoAmedeo AvogadroLorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e di Cerreto, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto was an Italian savant. He is most noted for his contributions to molecular theory, including what is known as Avogadro's law...
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- Baeyer–Drewson indigo synthesis – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer and Viggo Drewsen
- Baeyer–Villiger oxidation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer and Victor VilligerVictor VilligerVictor Villiger was a Swiss-born German chemist and the discoverer of the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation.-Life:...
- Bagnold numberBagnold NumberThe Bagnold number is the ratio of grain collision stresses to viscous fluid stresses in a granular flow with interstitial Newtonian fluid, first identified by Ralph Alger Bagnold.The Bagnold number is defined by...
– Ralph Alger BagnoldRalph Alger BagnoldBrigadier Ralph Alger Bagnold, FRS OBE, was the founder and first commander of the British Army's Long Range Desert Group during World War II. He is also generally considered to have been a pioneer of desert exploration, an acclaim earned for his activities during the 1930s... - Baily's beadsBaily's beadsAs the moon "grazes" by the Sun during a solar eclipse, the rugged lunar limb topography allows beads of sunlight to shine through in some places, and not in others. This effect is called Baily's beads in honor of Francis Baily who first provided an exact explanation of the phenomenon in 1836...
– Francis BailyFrancis BailyFrancis Baily was an English astronomer, most famous for his observations of 'Baily's beads' during an eclipse of the Sun.-Life:Baily was born at Newbury in Berkshire in 1774... - Baker–Nathan effect – John William Baker and Wilfred S. Nathan
- Bakerian mimicry – Herbert G. Baker
- Baldwin effectBaldwin effectThe Baldwin effect, also known as Baldwinian evolution or ontogenic evolution, is a theory of a possible evolutionary processes that was originally put forward in 1896 in a paper, "A New Factor in Evolution," by American psychologist James Mark Baldwin. The paper proposed a mechanism for specific...
– James Mark BaldwinJames Mark BaldwinJames Mark Baldwin was an American philosopher and psychologist who was educated at Princeton under the supervision of Scottish philosopher James McCosh and who was one of the founders of the Department of Psychology at the university... - Balmer line, seriesBalmer seriesThe Balmer series or Balmer lines in atomic physics, is the designation of one of a set of six different named series describing the spectral line emissions of the hydrogen atom....
– Johann Jakob BalmerJohann Jakob BalmerJohann Jakob Balmer was a Swiss mathematician and mathematical physicist.-Biography :Balmer was born in Lausen, Switzerland, the son of a Chief Justice also named Johann Jakob Balmer. His mother was Elizabeth Rolle Balmer, and he was the oldest son... - Bamberger rearrangementBamberger rearrangementThe Bamberger rearrangement is the chemical reaction of N-phenylhydroxylamines with strong aqueous acid, which will rearrange to give 4-aminophenols...
– Eugen BambergerEugen BambergerEugen Bamberger was a German chemist and discoverer of the Bamberger rearrangement.-Life and achievements:Bamberger started studying medicine in 1875 at the University of Berlin, but changed subjects and university after one year, starting his studies of science at the University of Heidelberg in... - Bamford–Stevens reaction – William Randall Bamford and Thomas Stevens Stevens
- Bardeen vacuum – James Maxwell Bardeen
- Barkhausen effectBarkhausen effectThe Barkhausen effect is a name given to the noise in the magnetic output of a ferromagnet when the magnetizing force applied to it is changed...
– Heinrich BarkhausenHeinrich BarkhausenHeinrich Georg Barkhausen , born at Bremen, was a German physicist.Born into a patrician family in Bremen, he showed interest in natural sciences from an early age... - Barnett effectBarnett EffectThe Barnett effect is the magnetization of an uncharged body when spun on its axis. It was discovered by American physicist Samuel Barnett in 1915....
– Samuel Jackson BarnettSamuel Jackson BarnettSamuel Jackson Barnett was an American physicist. He was a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.... - Barnum effect (a.k.a. Forer effectForer effectThe Forer effect is the observation that individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people...
) – Phineas Taylor Barnum (and Bertram R. Forer) - Barro–Ricardo equivalence – Robert BarroRobert BarroRobert Joseph Barro is an American classical macroeconomist and the Paul M. Warburg Professor of Economics at Harvard University. The Research Papers in Economics project ranked him as the 4th most influential economist in the world as of August 2011 based on his academic contributions...
and David RicardoDavid RicardoDavid Ricardo was an English political economist, often credited with systematising economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill. He was also a member of Parliament, businessman, financier and speculator,... - Barton reactionBarton reactionThe Barton Reaction involves the photolysis of a nitrite to form a δ-nitroso alcohol. It is named for the British chemist Sir Derek Harold Richard Barton...
– Sir Derek Harold Richard BartonDerek Harold Richard BartonSir Derek Harold Richard Barton FRS was a British organic chemist and Nobel Prize laureate.-Biography:Barton was born to William Thomas and Maude Henrietta Barton. He attended Tonbridge School and in 1938 he entered Imperial College London, where he graduated in 1940 and obtained his Ph.D. degree... - Barton–McCombie deoxygenation – Sir Derek Harold Richard BartonDerek Harold Richard BartonSir Derek Harold Richard Barton FRS was a British organic chemist and Nobel Prize laureate.-Biography:Barton was born to William Thomas and Maude Henrietta Barton. He attended Tonbridge School and in 1938 he entered Imperial College London, where he graduated in 1940 and obtained his Ph.D. degree...
and Stuart W. McCombie - Baskerville effectBaskerville effectThe Baskerville effect, or the Hound of the Baskervilles effect is a statistical observation that mortality through heart attacks is increased by psychological stress...
– the fictional Charles Baskerville of the novel The Hound of the BaskervillesThe Hound of the BaskervillesThe Hound of the Baskervilles is the third of four crime novels by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring the detective Sherlock Holmes. Originally serialised in The Strand Magazine from August 1901 to April 1902, it is set largely on Dartmoor in Devon in England's West Country and tells the story of an... - Batesian mimicryBatesian mimicryBatesian mimicry is a form of mimicry typified by a situation where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator...
– Henry Walter BatesHenry Walter BatesHenry Walter Bates FRS FLS FGS was an English naturalist and explorer who gave the first scientific account of mimicry in animals. He was most famous for his expedition to the Amazon with Alfred Russel Wallace in 1848. Wallace returned in 1852, but lost his collection in a shipwreck... - Bayes' theoremBayes' theoremIn probability theory and applications, Bayes' theorem relates the conditional probabilities P and P. It is commonly used in science and engineering. The theorem is named for Thomas Bayes ....
– Rev. Thomas BayesThomas BayesThomas Bayes was an English mathematician and Presbyterian minister, known for having formulated a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes' theorem... - Baylis–Hillman reactionBaylis–Hillman reactionThe Baylis–Hillman reaction is an organic reaction of an aldehyde and an α,β-unsaturated electron-withdrawing group catalyzed by DABCO to give an allylic alcohol. This reaction is also known as the Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction or MBH reaction. It is named for the Japanese chemist Ken-ichi...
– Anthony B. Baylis and Melville E. D. Hillman - Bayliss effectBayliss EffectA special manifestation of the myogenic tone is the myogenic response in the vasculature. The Bayliss effect in vascular smooth muscles cells is a response to stretch. This is especially relevant in arterioles of the body...
– William M. Bayliss - BCS superconduction theory – John BardeenJohn BardeenJohn Bardeen was an American physicist and electrical engineer, the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a...
, Leon CooperLeon CooperLeon N Cooper is an American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate, who with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer, developed the BCS theory of superconductivity...
, and Robert Schrieffer - Beaufort scaleBeaufort scaleThe Beaufort Scale is an empirical measure that relates wind speed to observed conditions at sea or on land. Its full name is the Beaufort Wind Force Scale.-History:...
(Beaufort wind force scale) – Sir Francis BeaufortFrancis BeaufortRear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, FRS, FRGS was an Irish hydrographer and officer in Britain's Royal Navy... - Beckmann rearrangementBeckmann rearrangementThe Beckmann rearrangement, named after the German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann , is an acid-catalyzed rearrangement of an oxime to an amide...
– Ernst Otto BeckmannErnst Otto BeckmannErnst Otto Beckmann was a German chemist who is remembered for his invention of the Beckmann differential thermometer and for his discovery of the Beckmann rearrangement.-Scientific work:... - Beer's law (a.k.a. Beer–Lambert law or Beer–Lambert–Bouguer law) – August BeerAugust BeerAugust Beer was a German physicist and mathematician. Beer was born in Trier, where he studied mathematics and natural sciences. He worked for Julius Plücker in Bonn afterwards, where he earned a Ph.D. in 1848 and became a lecturer in 1850. In 1854, Beer published his book Einleitung in die höhere...
(and Johann Heinrich LambertJohann Heinrich LambertJohann Heinrich Lambert was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, philosopher and astronomer.Asteroid 187 Lamberta was named in his honour.-Biography:...
and Pierre BouguerPierre BouguerPierre Bouguer was a French mathematician, geophysicist, geodesist, and astronomer. He is also known as "the father of naval architecture"....
) - Beilstein's test – Friedrich Konrad BeilsteinFriedrich Konrad BeilsteinFriedrich Konrad Beilstein , Russian name "Бейльштейн, Фёдор Фёдорович", was a chemist and founder of the famous Handbuch der organischen Chemie . The first edition of this work, published in 1881, covered 1,500 compounds in 2,200 pages...
- Bejan numberBejan numberThere are two Bejan numbers in use, named after Duke University professor Adrian Bejan in two scientific domains: thermodynamics and fluid mechanics.-Thermodynamics:...
– Adrian BejanAdrian BejanAdrian Bejan is an American professor and proponent of the constructal theory of design and evolution in nature. He is J. A... - Bekenstein boundBekenstein boundIn physics, the Bekenstein bound is an upper limit on the entropy S, or information I, that can be contained within a given finite region of space which has a finite amount of energy—or conversely, the maximum amount of information required to perfectly describe a given physical system down to the...
– Jacob BekensteinJacob BekensteinJacob David Bekenstein is an Israeli theoretical physicist who has contributed to the foundation of black hole thermodynamics and to other aspects of the connections between information and gravitation.-Biography:... - Bell's inequality – John Stewart BellJohn Stewart BellJohn Stewart Bell FRS was a British physicist from Northern Ireland , and the originator of Bell's theorem, a significant theorem in quantum physics regarding hidden variable theories.- Early life and work :...
- Bell numberBell numberIn combinatorics, the nth Bell number, named after Eric Temple Bell, is the number of partitions of a set with n members, or equivalently, the number of equivalence relations on it...
– Eric Temple BellEric Temple BellEric Temple Bell , was a mathematician and science fiction author born in Scotland who lived in the U.S. for most of his life... - Belousov–Zhabotinskii reaction – Boris Pavlovich Belousov and Anatol Markovich Zhabotinskii
- Bénard cell – Henri BénardHenri BénardHenri Bénard, , French physicist, best known for his research on convection in liquids that now carries his name, Benard convection....
- Bénard–Marangoni cell/convection (a.k.a. Marangoni convection) – Henri BénardHenri BénardHenri Bénard, , French physicist, best known for his research on convection in liquids that now carries his name, Benard convection....
and Carlo MarangoniCarlo MarangoniCarlo Giuseppe Matteo Marangoni was an Italian physicist.Marangoni graduated in 1865 from the University of Pavia, under the supervision of Giovanni Cantoni, with a dissertation entitled "".... - Benedict's test – Stanley Rossiter BenedictStanley Rossiter BenedictStanley Rossiter Benedict is an American chemist best known for discovering Benedict's reagent, a solution that detects certain sugars....
- Benford's lawBenford's lawBenford's law, also called the first-digit law, states that in lists of numbers from many real-life sources of data, the leading digit is distributed in a specific, non-uniform way...
– Frank Albert Benford, Jr. - Benioff zoneBenioff zoneA Wadati–Benioff zone is a deep active seismic area in a subduction zone. Differential motion along the zone produces deep-seated earthquakes, the foci of which may be as deep as about . They develop beneath volcanic island arcs and continental margins above active subduction zones...
– see Wadati–Benioff zone, below - Bennett pinch – Willard Harrison BennettWillard Harrison BennettWillard Harrison Bennett was a scientist and inventor, born in Findlay, Ohio. Bennett conducted research into plasma physics, astrophysics, geophysics, surface physics, and physical chemistry...
- Berezinsky–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition – Veniamin L. Berezinsky, John M. KosterlitzJohn M. KosterlitzJohn Michael Kosterlitz is a professor of physics at Brown University. He received the Lars Onsager Prize from the American Physical Society in 2000, and the Maxwell Medal and Prize from the British Institute of Physics in 1981, for his work on the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. He is a Fellow of...
, and David J. Thouless - Bergman cyclizationBergman cyclizationThe Bergman cyclization or Bergman reaction or Bergman cycloaromatization is an organic reaction and more specifically a rearrangement reaction taking place when an enediyne is heated in presence of a suitable hydrogen donor . It is named for the American chemist Robert George Bergman...
– Robert George Bergman - Bergmann's ruleBergmann's RuleBergmann's rule is an ecogeographic principle that states that within a broadly distributed genus, species of larger size are found in colder environments, and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions. Although originally formulated in terms of species within a genus, it has often been...
– Christian BergmannChristian BergmannKarl Georg Lucas Christian Bergmann was a German anatomist, physiologist and biologist who developed the Bergmann's rule.- Biography :... - Bergmann–Zervas carbobenzoxy method – Max BergmannMax BergmannMax Bergmann was a Jewish-German biochemist. He was the first to use the Carboxybenzyl protecting group for the synthesis of oligopeptides.-Life and work:Bergmann was born in Fürth, Bavaria, Germany on February 12, 1886....
and Leonidas Zervas - Bernoulli effect, Bernoulli's equation, principleBernoulli's principleIn fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy...
– Daniel BernoulliDaniel BernoulliDaniel Bernoulli was a Dutch-Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics... - Berry's phase – Michael V. Berry
- Betz limit – Albert BetzAlbert BetzAlbert Betz was a German physicist and a pioneer of wind turbine technology.In 1910 he graduated as a naval engineer from Technische Hochschule Berlin...
- Bezold–Brücke shift (a.k.a. von Bezold spreading effect) – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm von Bezold and Ernst Wilhelm von BrückeErnst Wilhelm von BrückeErnst Wilhelm Ritter von Brücke was a German physician and physiologist.He was born Ernst Wilhelm Brücke in Berlin. He graduated in medicine at University of Berlin in 1842, the following year he became esearch assistant to Johannes Peter Müller...
- Biefeld–Brown effectBiefeld–Brown effectThe Biefeld–Brown effect is an electrical effect that produces an ionic wind that transfers its momentum to surrounding neutral particles, first discovered by Paul Alfred Biefeld and Thomas Townsend Brown . The effect is more widely referred to as electrohydrodynamics or sometimes...
– Paul Alfred BiefeldPaul Alfred BiefeldDr. Paul Alfred Biefeld was born in Jöhstadt, Saxony, Germany. He was the son of Heinrich and Wilhelmina Biefeld, he moved to the United States in 1881. Biefeld received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin in 1894. He received his Ph.D...
and Thomas Townsend BrownThomas Townsend BrownThomas Townsend Brown was an American physicist.-Early and middle years:Brown was born in Zanesville, Ohio; his parents were Lewis K. and Mary Townsend Brown. In 1921, Brown discovered what was later called the Biefeld-Brown effect while experimenting with a Coolidge X-ray tube. This is a vacuum... - Biginelli reactionBiginelli reactionThe Biginelli reaction is a multiple-component chemical reaction that creates 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-ones 4 from ethyl acetoacetate 1, an aryl aldehyde , and urea 3. It is named for the Italian chemist Pietro Biginelli.This reaction was developed by Pietro Biginelli in 1891...
– Pietro BiginelliPietro BiginelliPietro Biginelli was an Italian chemist, who have discovered a three-component reaction between urea, acetoacetic ester and aldehydes... - Biot numberBiot numberThe Biot number is a dimensionless number used in non-steady-state heat transfer calculations. It is named after the French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot , and gives a simple index of the ratio of the heat transfer resistances inside of and at the surface of a body...
– Jean-Baptiste BiotJean-Baptiste BiotJean-Baptiste Biot was a French physicist, astronomer, and mathematician who established the reality of meteorites, made an early balloon flight, and studied the polarization of light.- Biography :... - Biot–Savart law – Jean-Baptiste BiotJean-Baptiste BiotJean-Baptiste Biot was a French physicist, astronomer, and mathematician who established the reality of meteorites, made an early balloon flight, and studied the polarization of light.- Biography :...
and Félix SavartFélix SavartFélix Savart became a professor at Collège de France in 1836 and was the co-originator of the Biot-Savart Law, along with Jean-Baptiste Biot. Together, they worked on the theory of magnetism and electrical currents. Their law was developed about 1820. The Biot-Savart Law relates magnetic fields to... - Birch reductionBirch reductionThe Birch Reduction is an organic reaction which is particularly useful in synthetic organic chemistry. The reaction was reported in 1944 by the Australian chemist Arthur Birch working in the Dyson Perrins Laboratory in the University of Oxford, building on earlier work by Wooster and Godfrey in...
– Arthur John Birch - Birkeland currentBirkeland currentA Birkeland current is a set of currents which flow along geomagnetic field line connecting the Earth’s magnetosphere to the Earth's high latitude ionosphere. They are a specific class of magnetic field-aligned currents. Lately, the term Birkeland currents has been expanded by some authors to...
s – Kristian BirkelandKristian BirkelandKristian Olaf Birkeland was a Norwegian scientist. He is best remembered as the person who first elucidated the nature of the Aurora borealis. In order to fund his research on the aurorae, he invented the electromagnetic cannon and the Birkeland-Eyde process of fixing nitrogen from the air... - Bischler–Napieralski reaction – August BischlerAugust BischlerAugust Bischler was a Crimea German, Swiss chemist who together with Bernard Napieralski discovered the Bischler-Napieralski reaction.-Life:...
and Bernard Napieralski - Black's equationBlack's equationBlack's Equation is a mathematical model for the mean time to failure of a semiconductor circuit due to electromigration: a phenomenon of molecular rearrangement in the solid phase caused by an electromagnetic field....
for electromigration – James R. Black (d. 2004) of MotorolaMotorolaMotorola, Inc. was an American multinational telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois, which was eventually divided into two independent public companies, Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions on January 4, 2011, after losing $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009... - Bloch waveBloch waveA Bloch wave or Bloch state, named after Felix Bloch, is the wavefunction of a particle placed in a periodic potential...
– Felix BlochFelix BlochFelix Bloch was a Swiss physicist, working mainly in the U.S.-Life and work:Bloch was born in Zürich, Switzerland to Jewish parents Gustav and Agnes Bloch. He was educated there and at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, also in Zürich. Initially studying engineering he soon changed to physics... - Bodenstein number – probably Max BodensteinMax BodensteinMax Ernst August Bodenstein was a German physical chemist known for his work in chemical kinetics...
(1871–1942) - Bohm sheath criterion – David BohmDavid BohmDavid Joseph Bohm FRS was an American-born British quantum physicist who contributed to theoretical physics, philosophy, neuropsychology, and the Manhattan Project.-Youth and college:...
- Bohr effectBohr effectBohr effect is a property of hemoglobin first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr , which states that an increasing concentration of protons and/or carbon dioxide will reduce the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin...
– Christian BohrChristian BohrChristian Harald Lauritz Peter Emil Bohr was a Danish physician, father of the physicist and Nobel laureate Niels Bohr, as well as the mathematician Harald Bohr and grandfather of another physicist and nobel laureate Aage Bohr... - Bohr magneton, modelBohr modelIn atomic physics, the Bohr model, introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar in structure to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction,...
, radiusBohr radiusThe Bohr radius is a physical constant, approximately equal to the most probable distance between the proton and electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state. It is named after Niels Bohr, due to its role in the Bohr model of an atom...
– Niels BohrNiels BohrNiels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr mentored and collaborated with many of the top physicists of the century at his institute in... - Boltzmann constant – Ludwig BoltzmannLudwig BoltzmannLudwig Eduard Boltzmann was an Austrian physicist famous for his founding contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics...
- Borel algebraBorel algebraIn mathematics, a Borel set is any set in a topological space that can be formed from open sets through the operations of countable union, countable intersection, and relative complement...
, measure, setBorel setIn mathematics, a Borel set is any set in a topological space that can be formed from open sets through the operations of countable union, countable intersection, and relative complement...
, space, summation, Borel's lemmaBorel's lemmaIn mathematics, Borel's lemma is an important result about partial differential equations named after Émile Borel.Suppose U is an open set in the Euclidean space Rn, and suppose that f_0, f_1, ... is a sequence of smooth, complex-valued functions on U...
, paradoxBorel's paradoxIn probability theory, the Borel–Kolmogorov paradox is a paradox relating to conditional probability with respect to an event of probability zero...
– Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel - Borel–Cantelli lemma – Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel and Francesco Paolo CantelliFrancesco Paolo CantelliFrancesco Paolo Cantelli was an Italian mathematician. He was the founder of the Istituto Italiano degli Attuari for the applications of mathematics and probability to economics....
- Borel–Carathéodory theoremBorel–Carathéodory theoremIn mathematics, the Borel–Carathéodory theorem in complex analysis shows that an analytic function may be bounded by its real part. It is an application of the maximum modulus principle. It is named for Émile Borel and Constantin Carathéodory....
– Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel and Constantin CarathéodoryConstantin CarathéodoryConstantin Carathéodory was a Greek mathematician. He made significant contributions to the theory of functions of a real variable, the calculus of variations, and measure theory... - Born–Haber cycle – Max BornMax BornMax Born was a German-born physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 30s...
and Fritz HaberFritz HaberFritz Haber was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development for synthesizing ammonia, important for fertilizers and explosives. Haber, along with Max Born, proposed the Born–Haber cycle as a method for evaluating the lattice energy of an ionic solid... - Born–Oppenheimer approximation – Max BornMax BornMax Born was a German-born physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 30s...
and Robert OppenheimerRobert OppenheimerJulius Robert Oppenheimer was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. Along with Enrico Fermi, he is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first... - Borodin–Hunsdiecker reaction – Alexander BorodinAlexander BorodinAlexander Porfiryevich Borodin was a Russian Romantic composer and chemist of Georgian–Russian parentage. He was a member of the group of composers called The Five , who were dedicated to producing a specifically Russian kind of art music...
, Hienz Hunsdiecker, and Clare Hunsdiecker (née Dieckmann) - Borrmann effectBorrmann effectThe Borrmann effect is the anomalous increase in the intensity of X-rays transmitted through a crystal when it is being set up for Bragg reflection....
(a.k.a. Borrmann–Campbell effect) – Gerhard Borrman (and H. N. Campbell) - Bortle Dark-Sky ScaleBortle Dark-Sky ScaleThe Bortle Dark-Sky Scale is a nine-level numeric scale that measures the night sky's and stars' brightness of a particular location. It quantifies the astronomical observability of celestial objects and the interference caused by light pollution and skyglow. John E...
– John E. Bortle - Bose–Einstein condensateBose–Einstein condensateA Bose–Einstein condensate is a state of matter of a dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero . Under such conditions, a large fraction of the bosons occupy the lowest quantum state of the external potential, at...
, effect, statisticsBose–Einstein statisticsIn statistical mechanics, Bose–Einstein statistics determines the statistical distribution of identical indistinguishable bosons over the energy states in thermal equilibrium.-Concept:...
– Satyendra Nath BoseSatyendra Nath BoseSatyendra Nath Bose FRS was an Indian mathematician and physicist noted for his collaboration with Albert Einstein in developing a theory regarding the gaslike qualities of electromagnetic radiation. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation...
and Albert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history... - BosonBosonIn particle physics, bosons are subatomic particles that obey Bose–Einstein statistics. Several bosons can occupy the same quantum state. The word boson derives from the name of Satyendra Nath Bose....
– Satyendra Nath BoseSatyendra Nath BoseSatyendra Nath Bose FRS was an Indian mathematician and physicist noted for his collaboration with Albert Einstein in developing a theory regarding the gaslike qualities of electromagnetic radiation. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation... - Boyle's lawBoyle's lawBoyle's law is one of many gas laws and a special case of the ideal gas law. Boyle's law describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system...
(a.k.a. Boyle–Mariotte law) – Robert BoyleRobert BoyleRobert Boyle FRS was a 17th century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology. He has been variously described as English, Irish, or Anglo-Irish, his father having come to Ireland from England during the time of the English plantations of...
(and Edme MariotteEdme MariotteEdme Mariotte was a French physicist and priest.- Biography :Edme Mariotte was the youngest son of Simon Mariotte, administrator at the district Til-Châtel , and Catherine Denisot . His parents lived in Til-Châtel and had 4 other children: Jean, Denise, Claude, and Catharine...
) - Brackett line/series – Frederick Sumner BrackettFrederick Sumner BrackettFrederick Sumner Brackett , was an American physicist and spectroscopist.Born in Claremont, California, he graduated from Pomona College and worked as an observer at Mount Wilson Observatory until 1920. He observed the infra-red radiation of the Sun. Brackett received a doctorate in physics from...
- Bradford's lawBradford's lawBradford's law is a pattern first described by Samuel C. Bradford in 1934 that estimates the exponentially diminishing returns of extending a search for references in science journals...
(of scattering) – Samuel C. Bradford - Bragg angle, Bragg's lawBragg's lawIn physics, Bragg's law gives the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice. When X-rays are incident on an atom, they make the electronic cloud move as does any electromagnetic wave...
, Bragg plane – William Henry BraggWilliam Henry BraggSir William Henry Bragg OM, KBE, PRS was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son William Lawrence Bragg - the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics...
and his son William Lawrence BraggWilliam Lawrence BraggSir William Lawrence Bragg CH OBE MC FRS was an Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer, discoverer of the Bragg law of X-ray diffraction, which is basic for the determination of crystal structure. He was joint winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915. He was knighted... - Bragg diffraction – William Lawrence BraggWilliam Lawrence BraggSir William Lawrence Bragg CH OBE MC FRS was an Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer, discoverer of the Bragg law of X-ray diffraction, which is basic for the determination of crystal structure. He was joint winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915. He was knighted...
- Brans–Dicke theory – Carl H. BransCarl H. BransCarl Henry Brans is an American mathematical physicist best known for his research into the theoretical underpinnings of gravitation elucidated in his most widely publicized work, the Brans–Dicke theory....
and Robert H. DickeRobert H. DickeRobert Henry Dicke was an American physicist who made important contributions to the fields of astrophysics, atomic physics, cosmology and gravity.-Biography:... - Bravais lattice – Auguste BravaisAuguste BravaisAuguste Bravais was a French physicist, well known for his work in crystallography...
- Bravais–Miller indices (a.k.a. Miller–Bravais indices) – Auguste BravaisAuguste BravaisAuguste Bravais was a French physicist, well known for his work in crystallography...
and William Hallowes MillerWilliam Hallowes MillerWilliam Hallowes Miller FRS , British mineralogist and crystallographer.- Life and work :Miller was born in 1801 at Velindre near Llandovery, Carmarthenshire. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1826 as fifth wrangler. He became a Fellow there in 1829... - Brayton cycleBrayton cycleThe Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the workings of the gas turbine engine, basis of the airbreathing jet engine and others. It is named after George Brayton , the American engineer who developed it, although it was originally proposed and patented by Englishman John Barber...
– George B. Brayton - Bredt's ruleBredt's RuleBredt's rule is an empirical observation in organic chemistry that states that a double bond cannot be placed at the bridgehead of a bridged ring system, unless the rings are large enough...
– Julius BredtJulius BredtJulius Bredt was a German organic chemist. He was the first to determine, in 1893, the correct structure of camphor. Bredt also discovered that a double bond cannot be placed at the bridgehead of a bridged ring system, a statement now known as Bredt's rule.- Further reading :... - Brewster's angleBrewster's angleBrewster's angle is an angle of incidence at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric surface, with no reflection. When unpolarized light is incident at this angle, the light that is reflected from the surface is therefore perfectly...
, law – David BrewsterDavid BrewsterSir David Brewster KH PRSE FRS FSA FSSA MICE was a Scottish physicist, mathematician, astronomer, inventor, writer and university principal.-Early life:... - Brillouin zoneBrillouin zoneIn mathematics and solid state physics, the first Brillouin zone is a uniquely defined primitive cell in reciprocal space. The boundaries of this cell are given by planes related to points on the reciprocal lattice. It is found by the same method as for the Wigner–Seitz cell in the Bravais lattice...
– Léon BrillouinLéon BrillouinLéon Nicolas Brillouin was a French physicist. He made contributions to quantum mechanics, radio wave propagation in the atmosphere, solid state physics, and information theory.-Early life:... - Brinkman numberBrinkman numberThe Brinkman number is a dimensionless number related to heat conduction from a wall to a flowing viscous fluid, commonly used in polymer processing...
– Hendrik C. Brinkman - Brook rearrangementBrook rearrangementThe Brook rearrangement in organic chemistry is a rearrangement reaction in which a organosilyl group switches position with a hydroxyl proton over a carbon to oxygen covalent bond under the influence of a base . It is named for the Canadian chemist Adrian Gibbs Brook...
– Adrian Gibbs Brook - Brooks's law (of software development) – Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr.
- Brownian motionBrownian motionBrownian motion or pedesis is the presumably random drifting of particles suspended in a fluid or the mathematical model used to describe such random movements, which is often called a particle theory.The mathematical model of Brownian motion has several real-world applications...
– Robert BrownRobert Brown (botanist)Robert Brown was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope... - Bucherer reactionBucherer reactionThe Bucherer reaction in organic chemistry is the reversible conversion of naphthol to naphthylamine in presence of ammonia and sodium bisulfite ....
– Hans Theodor BuchererHans Theodor BuchererHans Theodor Bucherer was a German chemist and gave name to several chemical reactions, for example the Bucherer carbazole synthesis, the Bucherer reaction, and the Bucherer–Bergs reaction-Life:... - Büchi automata – Julius Richard BüchiJulius Richard BüchiJulius Richard Büchi was a Swiss logician and mathematician.He received his Dr. sc. nat. in 1950 at the ETH Zürich under supervision of Paul Bernays and Ferdinand Gonseth. Shortly afterwards he went to Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana...
- Buck oscillator (a.k.a. Royer oscillatorRoyer oscillatorA Royer oscillator is an electronic oscillator which has the advantages of simplicity, low component count, rectangle waveforms and easy transformer isolation. It was first described by George H...
) – ? (or George H. Royer) - Buckingham π theorem – Edgar Buckingham (and Aimé Vaschy)
- Burali-Forti paradoxBurali-Forti paradoxIn set theory, a field of mathematics, the Burali-Forti paradox demonstrates that naively constructing "the set of all ordinal numbers" leads to a contradiction and therefore shows an antinomy in a system that allows its construction...
– Cesare Burali-FortiCesare Burali-FortiCesare Burali-Forti was an Italian mathematician.He was born in Arezzo, and was an assistant of Giuseppe Peano in Turin from 1894 to 1896, during which time he discovered what came to be called the Burali-Forti paradox of Cantorian set theory. He died in Turin.-Books by C. Burali-Forti:* with R.... - Bürgi–Dunitz angle – Hans-Beat Bürgi and Jack David DunitzJack David DunitzJack David Dunitz is a British chemist and one of the greatest chemical crystallographers.He was Professor of Chemical Crystallography at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Zürich, 1957–90...
C
- Cabannes–Daure effect – Jean CabannesJean CabannesJean Cabannes was a French physicist specialising in optics.From 1910 to 1914 Cabannes worked in the laboratory of Charles Fabry in Marseille on the topic launched by Lord Rayleigh at the end of the 19th century of how gas molecules diffused light. In 1914 he showed that pure gases could scatter...
and Pierre Daure - Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling, reaction – Paul Cadiot and Wladyslav Chodkiewicz
- Callendar effect – Guy Stewart Callendar
- Callippic cycleCallippic cycleIn astronomy and calendar studies, the Callippic cycle is a particular approximate common multiple of the year and the synodic month, that was proposed by Callippus in 330 BC...
– Callippus of Cyzicus - Calvin cycleCalvin cycleThe Calvin cycle or Calvin–Benson-Bassham cycle or reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle or CBB cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms...
(a.k.a. Calvin–Benson cycle) – Melvin CalvinMelvin CalvinMelvin Ellis Calvin was an American chemist most famed for discovering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson and James Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He spent most of his five-decade career at the University of California, Berkeley.- Life :Calvin was born...
(and Andy Benson) - Cannizzaro reactionCannizzaro reactionThe Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of an aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position...
– Stanislao CannizzaroStanislao CannizzaroStanislao Cannizzaro, FRS was an Italian chemist. He is remembered today largely for the Cannizzaro reaction and for his influential role in the atomic-weight deliberations of the Karlsruhe Congress in 1860.-Biography:... - Cardan angles (a.k.a. Tait–Bryan angles) – Gerolamo CardanoGerolamo CardanoGerolamo Cardano was an Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler...
- Carnot cycleCarnot cycleThe Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle proposed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824 and expanded by Benoit Paul Émile Clapeyron in the 1830s and 40s. It can be shown that it is the most efficient cycle for converting a given amount of thermal energy into work, or conversely,...
, number – Nicolas Léonard Sadi CarnotNicolas Léonard Sadi CarnotNicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot was a French military engineer who, in his 1824 Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines, now known as the Carnot cycle, thereby laying the foundations of the second law of thermodynamics... - Carpenter effect (a.k.a. Ideomotor effectIdeomotor effectThe ideomotor effect is a psychological phenomenon wherein a subject makes motions unconsciously. As in reflexive responses to pain, the body sometimes reacts reflexively to ideas alone without the person consciously deciding to take action. For instance, tears are produced by the body...
) – William Benjamin CarpenterWilliam Benjamin CarpenterWilliam Benjamin Carpenter MD CB FRS was an English physician, invertebrate zoologist and physiologist. He was instrumental in the early stages of the unified University of London.-Life:... - Cartan–Kähler theoremCartan–Kähler theoremIn mathematics, the Cartan–Kähler theorem is a major result on the integrability conditions for differential systems, in the case of analytic functions, for differential ideals I. It is named for Élie Cartan and Erich Kähler....
– Élie CartanÉlie CartanÉlie Joseph Cartan was an influential French mathematician, who did fundamental work in the theory of Lie groups and their geometric applications...
, Erich KählerErich Kählerwas a German mathematician with wide-ranging geometrical interests.Kähler was born in Leipzig, and studied there. He received his Ph.D. in 1928 from the University of Leipzig. He held professorial positions in Königsberg, Leipzig, Berlin and Hamburg... - Casimir effectCasimir effectIn quantum field theory, the Casimir effect and the Casimir–Polder force are physical forces arising from a quantized field. The typical example is of two uncharged metallic plates in a vacuum, like capacitors placed a few micrometers apart, without any external electromagnetic field...
– Hendrik CasimirHendrik CasimirHendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir FRS was a Dutch physicist best known for his research on the two-fluid model of superconductors in 1934 and the Casimir effect Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir FRS (July 15, 1909 in The Hague, Netherlands – May 4, 2000 in Heeze) was a Dutch physicist best known... - Catalan's conjecture (a.k.a. Mihăilescu's theoremMihailescu's theoremCatalan's conjecture is a theorem in number theory that was conjectured by the mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan in 1844 and proven in 2002 by Preda Mihăilescu....
), Catalan numbers – Eugène Charles CatalanEugène Charles CatalanEugène Charles Catalan was a French and Belgian mathematician.- Biography :Catalan was born in Bruges , the only child of a French jeweller by the name of Joseph Catalan, in 1814. In 1825, he traveled to Paris and learned mathematics at École Polytechnique, where he met Joseph Liouville... - Cauchy number (a.k.a. Hooke number) – Augustin-Louis Cauchy
- Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem – Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Sofia KovalevskayaSofia KovalevskayaSofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya , was the first major Russian female mathematician, responsible for important original contributions to analysis, differential equations and mechanics, and the first woman appointed to a full professorship in Northern Europe.She was also one of the first females to...
- Cauer filterElliptic filterAn elliptic filter is a signal processing filter with equalized ripple behavior in both the passband and the stopband...
– Wilhelm CauerWilhelm CauerWilhelm Cauer was a German mathematician and scientist. He is most noted for his work on the analysis and synthesis of electrical filters and his work marked the beginning of the field of network synthesis... - Chandler wobbleChandler wobbleThe Chandler wobble is a small motion in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the Earth's surface, which was discovered by American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891. It amounts to on the Earth's surface and has a period of 433 days...
– Seth Carlo ChandlerSeth Carlo ChandlerSeth Carlo Chandler, Jr. was an American astronomer.He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. During his last year in high school he performed mathematical computations for Benjamin Peirce, of the Harvard College Observatory.After graduating, he became the assistant of Benjamin A. Gould... - Chandrasekhar limitChandrasekhar limitWhen a star starts running out of fuel, it usually cools off and collapses into one of three compact forms, depending on its total mass:* a White Dwarf, a big lump of Carbon and Oxygen atoms, almost like one huge molecule...
, numberChandrasekhar numberThe Chandrasekhar number is a dimensionless quantity used in magnetic convection to represent ratio of the Lorentz force to the viscosity. It is named after the Indian astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar....
– Subrahmanyan ChandrasekharSubrahmanyan ChandrasekharSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, FRS ) was an Indian origin American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars... - Chaplygin gasChaplygin gasChaplygin gas, which occurs in certain theories of cosmology, is a hypothetical substance that satisfies an exotic equation of state in the formp=-A/\rho^\alphawhere p is the pressure, \rho is the density, with \alpha=1 and A a positive constant...
– Sergey Alexeyevich Chaplygin - Chapman rearrangement – Arthur William Chapman
- Charles's lawCharles's lawCharles' law is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated. It was first published by French natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, although he credited the discovery to unpublished work from the 1780s by Jacques Charles...
– Jacques CharlesJacques CharlesJacques Alexandre César Charles was a French inventor, scientist, mathematician, and balloonist.Charles and the Robert brothers launched the world's first hydrogen-filled balloon in August 1783, then in December 1783, Charles and his co-pilot Nicolas-Louis Robert ascended to a height of about... - Chebyshev distanceChebyshev distanceIn mathematics, Chebyshev distance , Maximum metric, or L∞ metric is a metric defined on a vector space where the distance between two vectors is the greatest of their differences along any coordinate dimension...
, equation, filterChebyshev filterChebyshev filters are analog or digital filters having a steeper roll-off and more passband ripple or stopband ripple than Butterworth filters...
, linkageChebyshev linkageThe Hoekens linkage is a four-bar mechanism that converts rotational motion to approximate straight-line motion. The Hoekens linkage is a cognate linkage of the Chebyshev linkage.-See also:*Straight line mechanism*Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage...
, polynomialsChebyshev polynomialsIn mathematics the Chebyshev polynomials, named after Pafnuty Chebyshev, are a sequence of orthogonal polynomials which are related to de Moivre's formula and which can be defined recursively. One usually distinguishes between Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind which are denoted Tn and...
– Pafnuty ChebyshevPafnuty ChebyshevPafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev was a Russian mathematician. His name can be alternatively transliterated as Chebychev, Chebysheff, Chebyshov, Tschebyshev, Tchebycheff, or Tschebyscheff .-Early years:One of nine children, Chebyshev was born in the village of Okatovo in the district of Borovsk,... - Chebyshev's inequalityChebyshev's inequalityIn probability theory, Chebyshev’s inequality guarantees that in any data sample or probability distribution,"nearly all" values are close to the mean — the precise statement being that no more than 1/k2 of the distribution’s values can be more than k standard deviations away from the mean...
(a.k.a. Bienaymé-Chebyshev inequality) – Pafnuty ChebyshevPafnuty ChebyshevPafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev was a Russian mathematician. His name can be alternatively transliterated as Chebychev, Chebysheff, Chebyshov, Tschebyshev, Tchebycheff, or Tschebyscheff .-Early years:One of nine children, Chebyshev was born in the village of Okatovo in the district of Borovsk,...
(and Irénée-Jules BienayméIrénée-Jules BienayméIrénée-Jules Bienaymé , was a French statistician. He built on the legacy of Laplace generalizing his least squares method. He contributed to the fields and probability, and statistics and to their application to finance, demography and social sciences...
) - Cherenkov radiationCherenkov radiationCherenkov radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium...
(a.k.a. Cherenkov-Vavilov radiation) – Pavel Alekseyevich CherenkovPavel Alekseyevich CherenkovPavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov was a Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934.-Biography:...
(and Sergey Ivanovich VavilovSergey Ivanovich VavilovSergey Ivanovich Vavilov -Biography:Vavilov founded the Soviet school of physical optics, known by his works in luminescence. In 1934 he co-discovered the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect, a discovery for which Pavel Cherenkov was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958...
) - Chichibabin pyridine amination reaction – Alexei Yevgenievich Chichibabin
- Chisholm's paradox – Roderick Milton Chisholm
- Christiansen cavity, effectChristiansen effectThe Christiansen effect is named after the Danish physicist Christian Christiansen the effect of this filter is based on the various dispersions of two different media....
, filter – Christian ChristiansenChristian ChristiansenChristian Christiansen was a Danish physicist.Christiansen first taught at the local polytechnical school. In 1886 he was appointed to a chair for physics at the University of Copenhagen.... - Christoffel symbol – Elwin Bruno ChristoffelElwin Bruno ChristoffelElwin Bruno Christoffel was a German mathematician and physicist.-Life:...
- Christofilos effectChristofilos EffectThe Christofilos Effect refers to the entrapment of charged particles along magnetic lines of force. It was first predicted in 1957 by American amateur scientist Nicholas Christofilos, a salesman for an elevator firm. He sent his calculations to scientists engaged in related research, with little...
– Nicholas ChristofilosNicholas ChristofilosNicholas Constantine Christofilos was a Greek-American physicist.Christofilos was born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Greece... - Chugaev elimination/reactionChugaev eliminationThe Chugaev elimination is a chemical reaction that involves the elimination of water from alcohols to produce alkenes. The intermediate is a xanthate. It is named for its discoverer, the Russian chemist Lev Aleksandrovich Chugaev....
, reagent – Lev Aleksandrovich ChugaevLev Aleksandrovich ChugaevLev Aleksandrovich Chugaev was a Russian chemist. The Chugaev reaction, which he discovered during his work on thujene an terpene, is named after him. He was also active in the field of inorganic chemistry especially Platinum group complexes.In literature he is also known as Leo Aleksandrovich... - Ciamician photodisproportionation, synthesis – Giacomo Luigi CiamicianGiacomo Luigi CiamicianGiacomo Luigi Ciamician was an Italian photochemist of Armenian descent.-Biography:He was born on August 27, 1857 in Trieste, Italy .He was a nine-time Nobel prize nominee and an Italian senator...
- Claisen condensationClaisen condensationThe Claisen condensation is a carbon–carbon bond forming reaction that occurs between two esters or one ester and another carbonyl compound in the presence of a strong base, resulting in a β-keto ester or a β-diketone...
, rearrangementClaisen rearrangementThe Claisen rearrangement is a powerful carbon-carbon bond-forming chemical reaction discovered by Rainer Ludwig Claisen...
– Rainer Ludwig ClaisenRainer Ludwig ClaisenRainer Ludwig Claisen was a famous German chemist best known for his work with condensations of carbonyls and sigmatropic rearrangements. He was born in Cologne as the son of a jurist and studied chemistry at the university of Bonn , where he became a member of K.St.V. Arminia... - Claisen-Schmidt reaction – Rainer Ludwig ClaisenRainer Ludwig ClaisenRainer Ludwig Claisen was a famous German chemist best known for his work with condensations of carbonyls and sigmatropic rearrangements. He was born in Cologne as the son of a jurist and studied chemistry at the university of Bonn , where he became a member of K.St.V. Arminia...
and J. Gustav Schmidt - Clapp oscillatorClapp oscillatorThe Clapp oscillator is one of several types of electronic oscillator constructed from a transistor and a positive feedback network, using the combination of an inductance with a capacitor for frequency determination, thus also called LC oscillator.It was published by James Kilton Clapp in 1948...
– James K. Clapp - Clarke orbit – Arthur C. ClarkeArthur C. ClarkeSir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE, FRAS was a British science fiction author, inventor, and futurist, famous for his short stories and novels, among them 2001: A Space Odyssey, and as a host and commentator in the British television series Mysterious World. For many years, Robert A. Heinlein,...
- Clausius number – Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius
- Clemmensen reductionClemmensen reductionClemmensen reduction is a chemical reaction described as a reduction of ketones to alkanes using zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid. This reaction is named after Erik Christian Clemmensen, a Danish chemist....
– Erik Christian ClemmensenErik Christian ClemmensenErik Christian Clemmensen was a Danish-American chemist.Clemmensen was born in Odense, Denmark. Clemmensen studied at Polytechnical University in Copenhagen. He emigrated to the United States in 1900 and worked in the pharmaceutical industry. For the invention of the Clemmensen reduction, he... - Coanda effectCoanda effectThe Coandă effect is the tendency of a fluid jet to be attracted to a nearby surface. The principle was named after Romanian aerodynamics pioneer Henri Coandă, who was the first to recognize the practical application of the phenomenon in aircraft development....
– Henri CoandaHenri CoandaHenri Marie Coandă was a Romanian inventor, aerodynamics pioneer and builder of an experimental aircraft, the Coandă-1910 described by Coandă in the mid-1950s as the world's first jet, a controversial claim disputed by some and supported by others... - Coase theoremCoase theoremIn law and economics, the Coase theorem , attributed to Ronald Coase, describes the economic efficiency of an economic allocation or outcome in the presence of externalities. The theorem states that if trade in an externality is possible and there are no transaction costs, bargaining will lead to...
– Ronald CoaseRonald CoaseRonald Harry Coase is a British-born, American-based economist and the Clifton R. Musser Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Chicago Law School. After studying with the University of London External Programme in 1927–29, Coase entered the London School of Economics, where he took... - Colburn–Chilton analogyChilton and Colburn J-factor analogyChilton–Colburn J-factor analogy is a successful and widely used analogy from heat, momentum, and mass transfer analogies. The basic mechanisms and mathematics of heat, mass, and momentum transport are essentially the same...
(a.k.a. Colburn analogy) – Allan Philip Colburn and Thomas H. ChiltonThomas H. ChiltonThomas H. Chilton was a chemical engineer and professor. He is considered a founder of modern chemical engineering practice and lectured widely around the world. He received numerous awards, including an honorary doctorate and the President's Certificate of Merit... - Coleman–Liau index – Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau
- Coleman–Mandula theorem – Sidney ColemanSidney ColemanSidney Richard Coleman was an American theoretical physicist who studied under Murray Gell-Mann.- Life and work :Sidney Coleman grew up on the Far North Side of Chicago...
and Jeffrey MandulaJeffrey MandulaJeffrey Ellis Mandula is a physicist well-known for the Coleman–Mandula theorem from 1967. He got his Ph.D. 1966 under Sidney Coleman at Harvard University. Today, he is responsible for the funding of science in the U.S. Department of Energy.-References:* at University of California, Davis* at... - Collatz conjectureCollatz conjectureThe Collatz conjecture is a conjecture in mathematics named after Lothar Collatz, who first proposed it in 1937. The conjecture is also known as the 3n + 1 conjecture, the Ulam conjecture , Kakutani's problem , the Thwaites conjecture , Hasse's algorithm The Collatz conjecture is a...
(a.k.a. Ulam conjecture, Kakutani's problem, Thwaites conjecture, Hasse's algorithm, Syracuse problem), graph – Lothar CollatzLothar CollatzLothar Collatz was a German mathematician. In 1937 he posed the famous Collatz conjecture, which remains unsolved....
(or Stanisław Ulam, Shizuo KakutaniShizuo Kakutaniwas a Japanese-born American mathematician, best known for his eponymous fixed-point theorem.Kakutani attended Tohoku University in Sendai, where his advisor was Tatsujirō Shimizu. Early in his career he spent two years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton at the invitation of the...
, Sir Bryan Thwaites, Helmut HasseHelmut HasseHelmut Hasse was a German mathematician working in algebraic number theory, known for fundamental contributions to class field theory, the application of p-adic numbers to local classfield theory and diophantine geometry , and to local zeta functions.-Life:He was born in Kassel, and died in...
) - Colpitts oscillatorColpitts oscillatorA Colpitts oscillator, invented in 1920 by American engineer Edwin H. Colpitts, is one of a number of designs for electronic oscillator circuits using the combination of an inductance with a capacitor for frequency determination, thus also called LC oscillator...
– Edwin H. ColpittsEdwin H. ColpittsEdwin Henry Colpitts was a communications pioneer best known for his invention of the Colpitts oscillator. As research branch chief for Western Electric in the early 1900s, he and scientists under his direction achieved significant advances in the development of oscillators and vacuum tube... - Compton effect, scatteringCompton scatteringIn physics, Compton scattering is a type of scattering that X-rays and gamma rays undergo in matter. The inelastic scattering of photons in matter results in a decrease in energy of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, called the Compton effect...
, wavelengthCompton wavelengthThe Compton wavelength is a quantum mechanical property of a particle. It was introduced by Arthur Compton in his explanation of the scattering of photons by electrons...
– Arthur ComptonArthur ComptonArthur Holly Compton was an American physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his discovery of the Compton effect. He served as Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis from 1945 to 1953.-Early years:... - Coolidge effectCoolidge effectIn biology and psychology, the Coolidge effect is a phenomenon—seen in nearly every mammalian species in which it has been tested—whereby males exhibit continuous sexual activity if they are introduced to receptive sexual partners, but will eventually stop having sex if the partner has already...
– from a joke attributed to John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. - Cooper pairCooper pairIn condensed matter physics, a Cooper pair or BCS pair is two electrons that are bound together at low temperatures in a certain manner first described in 1956 by American physicist Leon Cooper...
– Leon CooperLeon CooperLeon N Cooper is an American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate, who with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer, developed the BCS theory of superconductivity... - Cope elimination, rearrangementCope rearrangementThe Cope rearrangement is an extensively studied organic reaction involving the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes. It was developed by Arthur C. Cope...
– Arthur Clay Cope - Corey–Fuchs reaction – Elias James CoreyElias James CoreyElias James Corey is an American organic chemist. In 1990 he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis", specifically retrosynthetic analysis...
and Philip L. Fuchs - Corey–Kim oxidation – Elias James CoreyElias James CoreyElias James Corey is an American organic chemist. In 1990 he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis", specifically retrosynthetic analysis...
and Choung Un Kim - Corey–Winter olefin synthesis – Elias James CoreyElias James CoreyElias James Corey is an American organic chemist. In 1990 he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis", specifically retrosynthetic analysis...
and Roland Arthur Edwin Winter - Coriolis effectCoriolis effectIn physics, the Coriolis effect is a deflection of moving objects when they are viewed in a rotating reference frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the left of the motion of the object; in one with counter-clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the right...
– Gaspard-Gustave CoriolisGaspard-Gustave CoriolisGaspard-Gustave de Coriolis or Gustave Coriolis was a French mathematician, mechanical engineer and scientist. He is best known for his work on the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference. See the Coriolis Effect... - Cotton effectCotton effectThe Cotton effect is the characteristic change in optical rotatory dispersion and/or circular dichroism in the vicinity of an absorption band of a substance....
– Aimé Auguste Cotton - Cotton–Mouton effect – Aimé Auguste Cotton and H. Mouton
- Coulomb constant, lawCoulomb's lawCoulomb's law or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics describing the electrostatic interaction between electrically charged particles. It was first published in 1785 by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb and was essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism...
– Charles Augustin de Coulomb - Coulter counterCoulter counterA Coulter counter is an apparatus for counting and sizing particles suspended in electrolytes. It is used for cells, bacteria, prokaryotic cells and virus particles....
, principleCoulter principleThe term “Coulter Principle” refers to the use of an electric field for counting and sizing dilute suspensions of particles in conducting liquids. The phrase was coined when Wallace H. Coulter was awarded US Patent #2,656,508, Means for Counting Particles Suspended in a Fluid...
– Wallace Henry Coulter - Cowling number – probably Thomas George CowlingThomas George CowlingThomas George Cowling FRS was an English astronomer.Cowling was born in Hackney, London and studied mathematics at Brasenose College, Oxford from 1924 to 1930. From 1928 to 1930 he worked under Edward Arthur Milne...
- Coxeter–Dynkin diagram – Harold Scott MacDonald CoxeterHarold Scott MacDonald CoxeterHarold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter, was a British-born Canadian geometer. Coxeter is regarded as one of the great geometers of the 20th century. He was born in London but spent most of his life in Canada....
and Eugene Borisovich Dynkin - Crabtree effectCrabtree effectNamed after the English biochemist Herbert Grace Crabtree, the Crabtree effect describes the phenomenon whereby the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, produces ethanol aerobically in the presence of high external glucose concentrations rather than producing biomass via the tricarboxylic acid cycle,...
– Herbert Grace Crabtree - Criegee reaction, rearrangementCriegee rearrangementThe Criegee rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction named after Rudolf Criegee. In this organic reaction a tertiary alcohol is cleaved in an organic oxidation by a peroxyacid to a ketone...
– Rudolf CriegeeRudolf CriegeeRudolf Criegee was a German chemist. He studied in Tübingen, Greifswald, and Würzburg and received his doctorate at Würzburg in 1925. He proposed a reaction mechanism for ozonolysis in 1953. The Criegee rearrangement is named after him... - Curie pointCurie pointIn physics and materials science, the Curie temperature , or Curie point, is the temperature at which a ferromagnetic or a ferrimagnetic material becomes paramagnetic on heating; the effect is reversible. A magnet will lose its magnetism if heated above the Curie temperature...
– Pierre CuriePierre CuriePierre Curie was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity, and Nobel laureate. He was the son of Dr. Eugène Curie and Sophie-Claire Depouilly Curie ... - Curry's paradoxCurry's paradoxCurry's paradox is a paradox that occurs in naive set theory or naive logics, and allows the derivation of an arbitrary sentence from a self-referring sentence and some apparently innocuous logical deduction rules...
– Haskell CurryHaskell CurryHaskell Brooks Curry was an American mathematician and logician. Curry is best known for his work in combinatory logic; while the initial concept of combinatory logic was based on a single paper by Moses Schönfinkel, much of the development was done by Curry. Curry is also known for Curry's... - Curtin–Hammett principle – David Yarrow Curtin and Louis Plack HammettLouis Plack HammettLouis Plack Hammett was an American physical chemist. He is known for the Hammett equation, which relates reaction rates to equilibrium constants for certain classes of organic reactions involving substituted aromatic compounds...
- Curtius rearrangementCurtius rearrangementThe Curtius rearrangement , as first defined by Theodor Curtius, is a chemical reaction that involves the rearrangement of an acyl azide to an isocyanate. Several reviews have been published....
– Theodor CurtiusTheodor Curtius- External links :* * * *...
D
- Dakin reactionDakin reactionThe Dakin oxidation is an organic redox reaction in which an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde or ketone reacts with hydrogen peroxide in base to form a benzenediol and a carboxylate[3]...
, Dakin-West reactionDakin-West reactionThe Dakin–West reaction is a chemical reaction that transforms an amino-acid into a keto-amide using an acid anhydride and a base, typically pyridine. It is named for Henry Drysdale Dakin and Randolph West . Of special note, the keto-amide product is always racemic.With pyridine as a base and...
– Henry Drysdale DakinHenry Drysdale DakinHenry Drysdale Dakin FRS was an English chemist.He was born in London as the youngest of 8 children to a family of steel merchants from Leeds. As a school boy he did water analysis with the Leeds City Analyst. He studied chemistry at the University of Leeds with Julius B...
(and Randolph West) - Dalton's lawDalton's lawIn chemistry and physics, Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture...
(of partial pressures) – John DaltonJohn DaltonJohn Dalton FRS was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness .-Early life:John Dalton was born into a Quaker family at Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, Cumberland,... - Damerau–Levenshtein distance – Frederick J. DamerauFrederick J. DamerauFrederick J. Damerau was a pioneer of research on natural language processing and data mining.After earning his B.A. from Cornell University in 1953, he spent most of his career at IBM, in the Thomas J. Watson Research Center....
and Vladimir LevenshteinVladimir LevenshteinVladimir Iosifovich Levenshtein is a Russian scientist who did research in information theory and error-correcting codes. Among other contributions, he is known for the Levenshtein distance algorithm, which he developed in 1965.... - Danishefsky reaction – Samuel J. DanishefskySamuel J. DanishefskySamuel J. Danishefsky is an American chemist working as a professor at both Columbia University and the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City.- Birth and education :...
- Darlington pair – Sidney DarlingtonSidney DarlingtonSidney Darlington was an electrical engineer and inventor of a transistor configuration in 1953, the Darlington pair...
- Darcy's lawDarcy's lawDarcy's law is a phenomenologically derived constitutive equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. The law was formulated by Henry Darcy based on the results of experiments on the flow of water through beds of sand...
– Henry DarcyHenry DarcyHenry Philibert Gaspard Darcy was a French engineer who made several important contributions to hydraulics.-Biography:... - Darwin point, DarwinismDarwinismDarwinism is a set of movements and concepts related to ideas of transmutation of species or of evolution, including some ideas with no connection to the work of Charles Darwin....
– Charles DarwinCharles DarwinCharles Robert Darwin FRS was an English naturalist. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.He published his theory... - Darzens condensation – Auguste George Darzens
- de Broglie wavelength – Louis de Broglie
- de Bruijn sequences – Nicolaas Govert de BruijnNicolaas Govert de BruijnNicolaas Govert de Bruijn is a Dutch mathematician, affiliated as professor emeritus with the Eindhoven University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. in 1943 from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam....
- de Haas–van Alphen effect – Wander Johannes de HaasWander Johannes de HaasWander Johannes de Haas was a Dutch physicist and mathematician. He is best known for the Shubnikov–de Haas effect, the de Haas–van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect.-Personal life:...
and P. M. van Alphen - de Haas–Shubnikov effect – see Shubnikov–de Haas effect, below
- Deborah numberDeborah numberThe Deborah number is a dimensionless number, often used in rheology to characterize the fluidity of materials under specific flow conditions. It was originally proposed by Markus Reiner, a professor at Technion in Israel, inspired by a verse in the Bible, stating "The mountains flowed before the...
– the prophetess DeborahDeborahDeborah was a prophetess of Yahweh the God of the Israelites, the fourth Judge of pre-monarchic Israel, counselor, warrior, and the wife of Lapidoth according to the Book of Judges chapters 4 and 5....
(Bible, Judges 5:5) - Debye effect, lengthDebye lengthIn plasma physics, the Debye length , named after the Dutch physicist and physical chemist Peter Debye, is the scale over which mobile charge carriers screen out electric fields in plasmas and other conductors. In other words, the Debye length is the distance over which significant charge...
, modelDebye modelIn thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat in a solid. It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice as phonons in a box, in contrast to the Einstein model, which treats the...
, shielding – Peter Joseph William Debye - Debye–Falkenhagen effect – Peter Joseph William Debye and Hans FalkenhagenHans FalkenhagenHans Falkenhagen was a German physicist best known for eponymous Debye–Falkenhagen effect.-Works:* Kohäsion und Zustandsgleichung von Dipolgasen, Dissertation, Göttingen 1920...
- Richard DedekindRichard DedekindJulius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind was a German mathematician who did important work in abstract algebra , algebraic number theory and the foundations of the real numbers.-Life:...
has many topics named after him; see biography article. - Delbrück scatteringDelbruck scatteringDelbrück scattering, the deflection of high-energy photons in the Coulomb field of nuclei as a consequence of vacuum polarization has been observed. However, the process of scattering of light by light, has not been observed...
– Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück - Delépine reactionDelepine reactionThe Delépine reaction is the organic synthesis of primary amines by reaction of a benzyl or alkyl halides with hexamethylenetetramine followed by acid hydrolysis of the quaternary ammonium salt...
– Stéphane Marcel Delépine - Dellinger effectDellinger effectThe Dellinger effect is a fadeout of short-wave radios, caused by increased ionization of the D region of the ionosphere due to solar flares.The effect was discovered by John Howard Dellinger...
(a.k.a. Mögel–Dellinger effect) – John Howard DellingerJohn Howard DellingerJohn Howard Dellinger was a noted American telecommunication engineer who discovered how solar flares caused fadeouts of short-wave radios ....
(and Hans Mögel) - Demjanov rearrangementDemjanov rearrangementThe Demjanov rearrangement is the chemical reaction of primary amines with nitrous acid to give rearranged alcohols. It involves substitution by a hydroxyl group with a possible ring expansion. It is named after the Russian chemist Nikolai Jakovlevich Demjanov...
– Nikolai Jakovlevich Demjanov - Dess–Martin oxidation – Daniel Benjamin Dess and James Cullen MartinJames Cullen MartinJames Cullen Martin was an American chemist. He specialized in organic chemistry and main group element chemistry with an emphasis on physical organic chemistry....
- Dice's coefficient – Lee Raymond Dice
- Dieckmann condensationDieckmann condensationThe Dieckmann condensation is the intramolecular chemical reaction of diesters with base to give β-ketoesters. It is named after the German chemist Walter Dieckmann . The equivalent intermolecular reaction is the Claisen condensation....
– Walter DieckmannWalter DieckmannWalter Dieckmann was a German chemist.Dieckmann studied at the University of Munich and became assisatant of Adolf von Baeyer.... - Diels–Alder reaction – Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt AlderKurt AlderKurt Alder was a German chemist and Nobel laureate.-Biography:Alder was born in the industrial area of Königshütte, Silesia , where he received his early schooling...
- Diophantine equationDiophantine equationIn mathematics, a Diophantine equation is an indeterminate polynomial equation that allows the variables to be integers only. Diophantine problems have fewer equations than unknown variables and involve finding integers that work correctly for all equations...
– Diophantus of Alexandria - Dirac combDirac combIn mathematics, a Dirac comb is a periodic Schwartz distribution constructed from Dirac delta functions...
, fermionDirac fermionIn particle physics, a Dirac fermion is a fermion which is not its own anti-particle. It is named for Paul Dirac. All fermions in the standard model, except possibly neutrinos, are Dirac fermions...
, spinor, equationDirac equationThe Dirac equation is a relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation formulated by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. It provided a description of elementary spin-½ particles, such as electrons, consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity, and...
, delta functionDirac delta functionThe Dirac delta function, or δ function, is a generalized function depending on a real parameter such that it is zero for all values of the parameter except when the parameter is zero, and its integral over the parameter from −∞ to ∞ is equal to one. It was introduced by theoretical...
, measure – Paul DiracPaul DiracPaul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS was an English theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics... - Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune DirichletJohann Peter Gustav Lejeune DirichletJohann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet was a German mathematician with deep contributions to number theory , as well as to the theory of Fourier series and other topics in mathematical analysis; he is credited with being one of the first mathematicians to give the modern formal definition of a...
has dozens of formulas named after him. - Divisia indexDivisia indexA Divisia index is a theoretical construct to create index number series for continuous-time data on prices and quantities of goods exchanged.It is designed to incorporate quantity and price changes over time from subcomponents which are measured in different units -- e.g...
– François Divisia - Doebner–Miller reaction – Oscar Döbner (Doebner) and Wilhelm von Miller
- Dollo's lawDollo's lawDollo's law of irreversibility is a hypothesis proposed in 1893 by French-born Belgian paleontologist Louis Dollo which states that evolution is not reversible...
– Louis DolloLouis DolloLouis Antoine Marie Joseph Dollo was a French-born Belgian palaeontologist, known for formulating Dollo's law. He graduated as an engineer at École Centrale de Lille in France. In 1878, he supervised the excavation of the famous, multiple Iguanodon find, at Bernissart, Belgium. Recently, the... - Donnan effect (a.k.a. Gibbs-Donnan effectGibbs-Donnan effectThe Gibbs–Donnan effect is a name for the behavior of charged particles near a semi-permeable membrane to sometimes fail to distribute evenly across the two sides of the membrane...
) – see Gibbs-Donnan effectGibbs-Donnan effectThe Gibbs–Donnan effect is a name for the behavior of charged particles near a semi-permeable membrane to sometimes fail to distribute evenly across the two sides of the membrane...
, below - Doppler effectDoppler effectThe Doppler effect , named after Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who proposed it in 1842 in Prague, is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren or horn approaches, passes, and recedes from...
(a.k.a. Doppler-Fizeau effect), Doppler profile – Christian DopplerChristian DopplerChristian Andreas Doppler was an Austrian mathematician and physicist.-Life and work:Christian Doppler was raised in Salzburg, Austria, the son of a stonemason. Doppler could not work in his father's business because of his generally weak physical condition...
(and Hippolyte FizeauHippolyte FizeauArmand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau was a French physicist.-Biography:Fizeau was born in Paris. His earliest work was concerned with improvements in photographic processes. Following suggestions by François Arago, Léon Foucault and Fizeau collaborated in a series of investigations on the interference of...
) - Dötz reactionDötz reactionThe Wulff-Dötz reaction is the chemical reaction of an aromatic or vinylic alkoxy pentacarbonyl chromium carbene complex with an alkyne and carbon monoxide to give a Cr3-coordinated substituted phenol. Several reviews have been published...
– Karl Heinz Dötz - Drake equationDrake equationThe Drake equation is an equation used to estimate the number of detectable extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy. It is used in the fields of exobiology and the Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence...
(a.k.a. Sagan equation, Green Bank equation) – Frank DrakeFrank DrakeFrank Donald Drake PhD is an American astronomer and astrophysicist. He is most notable as one of the pioneers in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, including the founding of SETI, mounting the first observational attempts at detecting extraterrestrial communications in 1961 in Project...
(or Carl SaganCarl SaganCarl Edward Sagan was an American astronomer, astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, science popularizer and science communicator in astronomy and natural sciences. He published more than 600 scientific papers and articles and was author, co-author or editor of more than 20 books...
or Green Bank, West VirginiaGreen Bank, West VirginiaGreen Bank is a census-designated place in Pocahontas County in West Virginia's Potomac Highlands inside the Allegheny Mountain Range. Green Bank is located along WV 28. Green Bank is also close to the Snowshoe Mountain ski resort...
, home to the National Radio Astronomy ObservatoryNational Radio Astronomy ObservatoryThe National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a Federally Funded Research and Development Center of the United States National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc for the purpose of radio astronomy...
(NRAO)) - Droste effectDroste effectThe Droste effect is a specific kind of recursive picture, one that in heraldry is termed mise en abyme. An image exhibiting the Droste effect depicts a smaller version of itself in a place where a similar picture would realistically be expected to appear. This smaller version then depicts an even...
– Dutch chocolate maker Droste - Drude modelDrude modelThe Drude model of electrical conduction was proposed in 1900 by Paul Drude to explain the transport properties of electrons in materials...
– Paul Drude - Duff's deviceDuff's deviceIn computer science, Duff's device is an optimized implementation of a serial copy that uses a technique widely applied in assembly language for loop unwinding. Its discovery is credited to Tom Duff in November of 1983, who at the time was working for Lucasfilm. It is perhaps the most dramatic...
– Tom DuffTom DuffThomas Douglas Selkirk Duff is a computer programmer. He was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and grew up in Toronto and Leaside. In 1974 he graduated from the University of Waterloo with a B.Math and, two years later, got an M.Sc... - Duffing equation, map – ? Duffing
- Duhamel's integralDuhamel's integralIn theory of vibrations, Duhamel's integral is a way of calculating the response of linear systems and structures to arbitrary time-varying external excitations.-Background:...
, and principleDuhamel's principleIn mathematics, and more specifically in partial differential equations, Duhamel's principle is a general method for obtaining solutions to inhomogeneous linear evolution equations like the heat equation, wave equation, and vibrating plate equation...
– Jean-Marie Constant Duhamel - Dulong–Petit lawDulong–Petit lawThe Dulong–Petit law, a chemical law proposed in 1819 by French physicists Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit, states the classical expression for the molar specific heat capacity of a crystal...
– Pierre Louis DulongPierre Louis DulongPierre Louis Dulong was a French physicist and chemist, remembered today largely for the law of Dulong and Petit. He worked on the specific heat capacity and the expansion and refractive indices of gases....
and Alexis Thérèse PetitAlexis Thérèse PetitAlexis Thérèse Petit was a French physicist. Petit is known for his work on the efficiencies of air- and steam-engines, published in 1818... - Dunitz angle – see Bürgi–Dunitz angle, above
E
- Early effectEarly EffectThe Early effect is the variation in the width of the base in a bipolar junction transistor due to a variation in the applied base-to-collector voltage, named after its discoverer James M. Early...
– James M. EarlyJames M. EarlyJames M. Early was an American engineer, best known for his work on transistors and charge-coupled device imagers. He is also known as Jim Early.... - Eddington limit – Arthur Eddington
- Edgeworth–Bowley box – Francis Ysidro EdgeworthFrancis Ysidro EdgeworthFrancis Ysidro Edgeworth FBA was an Irish philosopher and political economist who made significant contributions to the methods of statistics during the 1880s...
and Arthur Lyon BowleyArthur Lyon BowleySir Arthur Lyon Bowley was an English statistician and economist who worked on economic statistics and pioneered the use of sampling techniques in social surveys.... - Edison effectThermionic emissionThermionic emission is the heat-induced flow of charge carriers from a surface or over a potential-energy barrier. This occurs because the thermal energy given to the carrier overcomes the binding potential, also known as work function of the metal. The charge carriers can be electrons or ions, and...
– Thomas EdisonThomas EdisonThomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. In addition, he created the world’s first industrial... - Edman degradationEdman degradationEdman degradation, developed by Pehr Edman, is a method of sequencing amino acids in a peptide. In this method, the amino-terminal residue is labeled and cleaved from the peptide without disrupting the peptide bonds between other amino acid residues....
– Pehr Victor Edman - Edward–Lemieux effect (a.k.a. Anomeric effectAnomeric effectIn organic chemistry, the anomeric effect or Edward-Lemieux effect is a stereoelectronic effect that describes the tendency of heteroatomic substituents adjacent to a heteroatom within a cyclohexane ring to prefer the axial orientation instead of the less hindered equatorial orientation that would...
) – John Thomas Edward and Raymond U. LemieuxRaymond U. LemieuxRaymond Urgel Lemieux, CC, AOE, FRS was a Canadian organic chemist, who pioneered a number of discoveries in the field of chemistry, his first and most famous being the synthesis of sucrose... - Eglinton reaction – Geoffrey EglintonGeoffrey EglintonGeoffrey Eglinton, FRS is a British chemist and Emeritus Professor and Senior Research Fellow in Earth Sciences at Bristol University....
- Ehrenfest paradoxEhrenfest paradoxThe Ehrenfest paradox concerns the rotation of a "rigid" disc in the theory of relativity.In its original formulation as presented by Paul Ehrenfest 1909 in the Physikalische Zeitschrift, it discusses an ideally rigid cylinder that is made to rotate about its axis of symmetry...
– Paul EhrenfestPaul EhrenfestPaul Ehrenfest was an Austrian and Dutch physicist, who made major contributions to the field of statistical mechanics and its relations with quantum mechanics, including the theory of phase transition and the Ehrenfest theorem.- Biography :Paul Ehrenfest was born and grew up in Vienna in a Jewish... - Eimer's organEimer's organEimer's organs are sensory organs in which the epidermis is modified to form bulbous papillae. First isolated by Theodor Eimer from the European mole in 1871, these organs are present in many moles, and are particularly common in the star-nosed mole, which bears 30,000 of them on its unique...
– Gustav Heinrich Theodor Eimer - Einstein CrossEinstein CrossThe Einstein Cross or Q2237+030 or QSO 2237+0305 is a gravitationally lensed quasar that sits directly behind ZW 2237+030, Huchra's Lens...
, effectEinstein effectDue to Einstein's prolific output, the term Einstein effect may refer to any one of a large number of possible effects in different fields of physics.These may include:* Gravitational redshift* Gravitational lensingand more specifically,...
, radiusEinstein radiusThe Einstein radius is the radius of an Einstein ring, and is a characteristic angle for gravitational lensing in general, as typical distances between images in gravitational lensing are of the order of the Einstein radius.- Derivation :...
, ringEinstein ringIn observational astronomy an Einstein ring is the deformation of the light from a source into a ring through gravitational lensing of the source's light by an object with an extremely large mass . This occurs when the source, lens and observer are all aligned...
, shift – Albert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history... - Einstein–de Haas effect – Albert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history...
and Wander Johannes de HaasWander Johannes de HaasWander Johannes de Haas was a Dutch physicist and mathematician. He is best known for the Shubnikov–de Haas effect, the de Haas–van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect.-Personal life:... - Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox (a.k.a. EPR paradoxEPR paradoxThe EPR paradox is a topic in quantum physics and the philosophy of science concerning the measurement and description of microscopic systems by the methods of quantum physics...
, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm paradox) – Albert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history...
, Boris PodolskyBoris PodolskyBoris Yakovlevich Podolsky , was an American physicist of Russian Jewish descent.-Education:In 1896, Boris Podolsky was born into a poor Jewish family in Taganrog, in what was then the Russian Empire, and he moved to the United States in 1913...
, Nathan RosenNathan RosenNathan Rosen was an American-Israeli physicist noted for his study on the structure of the hydrogen molecule and his work with Albert Einstein and Boris Podolsky on entangled wave functions and the EPR paradox.-Background:Nathan Rosen was born into a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York...
(and David BohmDavid BohmDavid Joseph Bohm FRS was an American-born British quantum physicist who contributed to theoretical physics, philosophy, neuropsychology, and the Manhattan Project.-Youth and college:...
) - Ekman layer – Walfrid Ekman
- Elbs reactionElbs reactionThe Elbs reaction is an organic reaction describing the pyrolysis of an ortho methyl substituted benzophenone to condensed polyaromatic. The reaction is named after its inventor, the German chemist Karl Elbs also responsible for the Elbs oxidation...
– Karl ElbsKarl ElbsKarl Elbs , 13 September 1858 in Alt-Breisach, Baden, Germany – 24 August 1933) was a German chemist. He is credited with developing the Elbs reaction for the synthesis of anthracene. He is also responsible for the Elbs persulfate oxidation.-References:... - Elliott–Halberstam conjecture – Peter D. T. A. Elliott and Heini HalberstamHeini HalberstamHeini Halberstam is a British mathematician, working in the field of analytic number theory. He is one of the two mathematicians after whom the Elliott-Halberstam conjecture is named....
- Elman network – Jeff Elman
- Elsasser number – Walter M. ElsasserWalter M. ElsasserWalter Maurice Elsasser was a German-born American physicist considered a "father" of the presently accepted dynamo theory as an explanation of the Earth's magnetism. He proposed that this magnetic field resulted from electric currents induced in the fluid outer core of the Earth...
- Engel curveEngel curveAn Engel curve describes how household expenditure on a particular good orservice varies with household income. There are two varieties of Engel Curves. Budget share Engel Curves describe how the proportion of household income spent on a good varies with income. Alternatively, Engel curves can also...
– Ernst EngelErnst EngelErnst Engel was a German statistician and economist, famous for the Engel curve and the Engel's law.Ernst was born in Dresden in 1821... - Epimenides paradoxEpimenides paradoxThe Epimenides paradox is a problem in logic. It is named after the Cretan philosopher Epimenides of Knossos , There is no single statement of the problem; a typical variation is given in the book Gödel, Escher, Bach, by Douglas Hofstadter:...
– Epimenides of Knossos - Erlenmeyer flaskErlenmeyer flaskAn Erlenmeyer flask, also known as a conical flask, is a widely used type of laboratory flask which features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck. It is named after the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer, who created it in 1861...
, rule, synthesis – Richard August Carl Emil ErlenmeyerRichard August Carl Emil ErlenmeyerRichard August Carl Emil Erlenmeyer or Emil Erlenmeyer was a German chemist known for formulating the Erlenmeyer Ruleand designing a type of chemical flask.-Biography:... - Eschenmoser fragmentationEschenmoser fragmentationThe Eschenmoser fragmentation, first published in 1967, is the chemical reaction of α,β-epoxyketones with aryl sulfonylhydrazines to give alkynes and carbonyl compounds...
– Albert EschenmoserAlbert EschenmoserAlbert Eschenmoser is a Swiss chemist working at the ETH Zurich and The Scripps Research Institute.His work together with Lavoslav Ružička on terpenes and the postulation of squalene cyclization to form lanosterol improved the insight into steroid biosynthesis.In the early 1960s, Eschenmoser began... - Eschweiler–Clarke reaction – Wilhelm Eschweiler and Hans Thacher ClarkeHans Thacher ClarkeHans Thacher Clarke was one of the world's leading biochemists.His father, Joseph Thacher Clarke, was an archaeologist who was friendly with George Eastman of the Kodak company...
- Eshelby's inclusion – John D. EshelbyJohn D. EshelbyJohn Douglas Eshelby was a scientist in micromechanics. His work has shaped the fields of defect mechanics and micromechanics of inhomogeneous solids for fifty years and provided the basis for the quantitative analysis of the controlling mechanisms of plastic deformation and fracture.Eshelby was...
- Étard reactionEtard ReactionThe Étard reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the direct oxidation of an aromatic or heterocyclic bound methyl group to an aldehyde using chromyl chloride. It is named for the French chemist Alexandre Léon Étard...
– Alexandre Léon Étard - Ettinghausen effectEttinghausen effectThe Ettingshausen Effect is a thermoelectric phenomenon that affects electric current in a conductor when a magnetic field is present....
– Albert von Ettinghausen - Euler this and that (numerous entries) – Leonhard EulerLeonhard EulerLeonhard Euler was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion...
- Evershed effectEvershed effectThe Evershed effect, named after the British astronomer John Evershed, is the radial flow of gas across the photospheric surface of the penumbra of sunspots from the inner border with the umbra towards the outer edge....
– John EvershedJohn EvershedJohn Evershed was an English astronomer. He was the first to observe radial motions in sunspots, a phenomenon known as the Evershed effect....
F
- Faà di Bruno's formulaFaà di Bruno's formulaFaà di Bruno's formula is an identity in mathematics generalizing the chain rule to higher derivatives, named after , though he was not the first to state or prove the formula...
– Francesco Faà di BrunoFrancesco Faà di BrunoFrancesco Faà di Bruno was an Italian mathematician and priest, born at Alessandria. He was of noble birth, and held, at one time, the rank of captain-of-staff in the Sardinian Army. He is the eponym of Faà di Bruno's formula... - Faraday constant, effectFaraday effectIn physics, the Faraday effect or Faraday rotation is a Magneto-optical phenomenon, that is, an interaction between light and a magnetic field in a medium...
, Faraday's law of inductionFaraday's law of inductionFaraday's law of induction dates from the 1830s, and is a basic law of electromagnetism relating to the operating principles of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors and generators...
, Faraday's law of electrolysis – Michael FaradayMichael FaradayMichael Faraday, FRS was an English chemist and physicist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.... - Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor – Philo T. Farnsworth and Robert L. HirschRobert L. HirschRobert L. Hirsch is a former senior energy program adviser for Science Applications International Corporation and is a Senior Energy Advisor at MISI and a consultant in energy, technology, and management. His primary experience is in research, development, and commercial applications...
- Favorskii reactionFavorskii reactionThe Favorskii reaction , named for the Russian chemist Alexei Yevgrafovich Favorskii, is a special case of nucleophilic attack on a carbonyl group involving a terminal alkyne with acidic protons....
, rearrangementFavorskii rearrangementThe Favorskii rearrangement , named for the Russian chemist Alexei Yevgrafovich Favorskii, is most principally a rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones which leads to carboxylic acid derivatives. In the case of cyclic α-halo ketones, the Favorski rearrangement constitutes a ring...
– Alexei Yevgrafovich FavorskiiAlexei Yevgrafovich FavorskiiAlexey Yevgrafovich Favorsky, also spelled Favorskii, was a Soviet/Russian chemist.-Life:Favorsky studied chemistry at the imperial University of Saint Petersburg from 1878 to 1882. He joined Alexander Butlerov's laboratory for several years, and in 1891 became a lecturer. In 1895, Favorksy... - Fenton reaction – Henry John Horstman FentonHenry John Horstman FentonHenry John Horstman Fenton was a British chemist who, in the 1890s invented Fenton's reagent, a solution of hydrogen peroxide and an iron catalyst that is used to oxidize contaminants or waste waters...
- Fermat's principleFermat's principleIn optics, Fermat's principle or the principle of least time is the principle that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time. This principle is sometimes taken as the definition of a ray of light...
– Pierre de FermatPierre de FermatPierre de Fermat was a French lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, France, and an amateur mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his adequality... - Fermi energyFermi energyThe Fermi energy is a concept in quantum mechanics usually referring to the energy of the highest occupied quantum state in a system of fermions at absolute zero temperature....
, paradoxFermi paradoxThe Fermi paradox is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations and the lack of evidence for, or contact with, such civilizations....
, surfaceFermi surfaceIn condensed matter physics, the Fermi surface is an abstract boundary useful for predicting the thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of metals, semimetals, and doped semiconductors. The shape of the Fermi surface is derived from the periodicity and symmetry of the crystalline...
, FermionFermionIn particle physics, a fermion is any particle which obeys the Fermi–Dirac statistics . Fermions contrast with bosons which obey Bose–Einstein statistics....
– Enrico FermiEnrico FermiEnrico Fermi was an Italian-born, naturalized American physicist particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics... - Fermi–Dirac statistics – Enrico FermiEnrico FermiEnrico Fermi was an Italian-born, naturalized American physicist particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics...
and Paul DiracPaul DiracPaul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS was an English theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics... - Ferrers diagram (a.k.a. Young diagram, Ferrers graph) – Norman Macleod FerrersNorman Macleod FerrersNorman Macleod Ferrers was a British mathematician and university administrator.-Life:Ferrers was educated at Eton College before studying at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he was Senior Wrangler in 1851. He was appointed to a Fellowship at the college in 1852, and was ordained in...
- Feshbach resonanceFeshbach resonanceIn physics, Feshbach resonance, named after Herman Feshbach, is a resonance of a many-body system in which a bound state is achieved if the coupling between an internal degree of freedom and the reaction coordinates which lead to dissociation vanish...
– Herman FeshbachHerman FeshbachHerman Feshbach was an American physicist. He was an Institute Professor Emeritus of physics at MIT. Feshbach is best known for Feshbach resonance and for writing, with Philip M... - Feynman diagramFeynman diagramFeynman diagrams are a pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, first developed by the Nobel Prize-winning American physicist Richard Feynman, and first introduced in 1948...
– Richard FeynmanRichard FeynmanRichard Phillips Feynman was an American physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics... - Finkelstein reactionFinkelstein reactionThe Finkelstein reaction, named for the German chemist Hans Finkelstein , is an SN2 reaction that involves the exchange of one halogen atom for another...
– Hans Finkelstein - Fischer esterificationFischer esterificationFischer esterification or Fischer–Speier esterification is a special type of esterification by refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction was first described by Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier in 1895. Most carboxylic acids are suitable for the...
, indole synthesisFischer indole synthesisThe Fischer indole synthesis isa chemical reaction that produces the aromatic heterocycle indole from a phenylhydrazine and an aldehyde or ketone under acidic conditions. The reaction was discovered in 1883 by Hermann Emil Fischer. Today antimigraine drugs of the triptan class are often...
– Emil Hermann Fischer - Fischer–Hafner reaction – Ernst Otto FischerErnst Otto FischerErnst Otto Fischer was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize for pioneering work in the area of organometallic chemistry.-Early life:...
and Walter Hafner - Fischer–Tropsch process – Franz Joseph Emil FischerFranz Joseph Emil FischerFranz Joseph Emil Fischer was a German chemist. He and Hans Tropsch discovered the Fischer-Tropsch process. With Hans Schrader he developed the Fischer Assay, a standardized laboratory test for determining the oil yield from oil shale to be expected from a conventional shale oil extraction...
and Hans TropschHans TropschHans Tropsch was a chemist responsible, along with Franz Fischer, for the development of the Fischer-Tropsch process.- Life :... - Fischer–Hepp rearrangement – Otto Philipp Fischer and Eduard Hepp
- Fisher distribution – Ronald A. Fisher
- Fisher equationFisher equationThe Fisher equation in financial mathematics and economics estimates the relationship between nominal and real interest rates under inflation....
– Irving FisherIrving FisherIrving Fisher was an American economist, inventor, and health campaigner, and one of the earliest American neoclassical economists, though his later work on debt deflation often regarded as belonging instead to the Post-Keynesian school.Fisher made important contributions to utility theory and... - Fitts' lawFitts' lawFitts's law is a model of human movement primarily used in human–computer interaction and ergonomics that predicts that the time required to rapidly move to a target area is a function of the distance to the target and the size of the target...
– Paul M. Fitts - Flesch–Kincaid Readability Test – Rudolf F. Flesch and J. Peter KincaidJ. Peter KincaidJ. Peter Kincaid is a scientist and educator who is the founding director of the Modeling and Simulation Ph.D. program at the University of Central Florida. Trained as a human factors psychologist at the Ohio State University, Kincaid has split his career between higher education and working as a...
- Fletcher–Munson effect and Fletcher–Munson curvesFletcher–Munson curvesThe Fletcher–Munson curves are one of many sets of equal-loudness contours for the human ear, determined experimentally by Harvey Fletcher and Wilden A...
– Harvey FletcherHarvey FletcherHarvey Fletcher was an American physicist. Known as the "father of stereophonic sound" he is credited with the invention of the audiometer and hearing aid...
and Wilden A. Munson - Flynn effectFlynn effectThe Flynn effect is the name given to a substantial and long-sustained increase in intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world. When intelligence quotient tests are initially standardized using a sample of test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100...
– James R. FlynnJames R. FlynnJames Robert Flynn PhD FRSNZ , aka Jim Flynn, Emeritus Professor of Political Studies at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, researches intelligence and has become well known for his discovery of the Flynn effect, the continued year-after-year increase of IQ scores in all parts of the... - Forbush effect – Scott Ellsworth ForbushScott ForbushScott Ellsworth Forbush was an American astronomer, physicist and geophysicist who is recognized as having laid the observational foundations for many of the central features of solar-interplanetary-terrestrial physics, which at the time was an under-developed field of study...
- Forer effectForer effectThe Forer effect is the observation that individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people...
(a.k.a. Barnum effect) – Bertram R. Forer (and Phineas Taylor Barnum) - Foucault effect (a.k.a. Foucault pendulumFoucault pendulumThe Foucault pendulum , or Foucault's pendulum, named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, is a simple device conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth. While it had long been known that the Earth rotated, the introduction of the Foucault pendulum in 1851 was the...
) – Jean Bernard Léon Foucault - Fourier numberFourier numberIn physics and engineering, the Fourier number or Fourier modulus, named after Joseph Fourier, is a dimensionless number that characterizes heat conduction. Conceptually, it is the ratio of the heat conduction rate to the rate of thermal energy storage. Together with the Biot number, it...
– Joseph FourierJoseph FourierJean Baptiste Joseph Fourier was a French mathematician and physicist best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations. The Fourier transform and Fourier's Law are also named in his honour... - Fourier–Motzkin eliminationFourier–Motzkin eliminationFourier–Motzkin elimination, FME method, is a mathematical algorithm for eliminating variables from a system of linear inequalities. It can look for both real and integer solutions...
– Joseph FourierJoseph FourierJean Baptiste Joseph Fourier was a French mathematician and physicist best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations. The Fourier transform and Fourier's Law are also named in his honour...
and Theodore MotzkinTheodore MotzkinTheodore Samuel Motzkin was an Israeli-American mathematician.- Biography :Motzkin's father, Leo Motzkin, was a noted Russian Zionist leader.Motzkin received his Ph.D... - Franck–Condon factor, principleFranck-Condon principleThe Franck–Condon principle is a rule in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry that explains the intensity of vibronic transitions. Vibronic transitions are the simultaneous changes in electronic and vibrational energy levels of a molecule due to the absorption or emission of a photon of the...
, transition – James FranckJames FranckJames Franck was a German Jewish physicist and Nobel laureate.-Biography:Franck was born to Jacob Franck and Rebecca Nachum Drucker. Franck completed his Ph.D...
and Edward Uhler Condon - Franssen effectFranssen effectThe Franssen effect is an auditory illusion where the listener incorrectly localizes a sound. It was found in 1960 by Nico V. Franssen. There are two classical experiments, which are related to the Franssen effect, called Franssen effect F1 and Franssen effect F2.-Setup:There are two speakers to...
– Nico Franssen - Franz–Keldysh effect – Walter FranzWalter FranzWalter Franz was a theoretical physicist who independently discovered the Franz-Keldysh effect.Franz was a student of Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich. He was granted his Ph.D. in 1934...
and Leonid V. Keldysh - Fraunhofer diffractionFraunhofer diffractionIn optics, the Fraunhofer diffraction equation is used to model the diffraction of waves when the diffraction pattern is viewed at a long distance from the diffracting object, and also when it is viewed at the focal plane of an imaging lens....
, linesFraunhofer linesIn physics and optics, the Fraunhofer lines are a set of spectral lines named for the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer . The lines were originally observed as dark features in the optical spectrum of the Sun....
– Joseph von FraunhoferJoseph von FraunhoferJoseph von Fraunhofer was a German optician. He is known for the discovery of the dark absorption lines known as Fraunhofer lines in the Sun's spectrum, and for making excellent optical glass and achromatic telescope objectives.-Biography:Fraunhofer was born in Straubing, Bavaria... - Fresnel zoneFresnel zoneIn optics and radio communications , a Fresnel zone , named for physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is one of a number of concentric ellipsoids which define volumes in the radiation pattern of a circular aperture...
– Augustin Fresnel - Frey effect – Allan H. FreyAllan H. FreyAllan H. Frey is an American neuroscientist known for his research and writing during the Cold War on the nature of the microwave auditory effect, also called the "Frey effect". He worked at General Electric's Advanced Electronics Center at Cornell University...
- Friedel oscillationsFriedel oscillationsFriedel Oscillations arise from localized perturbations in a metallic or semiconductor system caused by a defect in the Fermi gas or Fermi Liquid. Friedel Oscillations are a quantum mechanical analog to electric charge screening of charged species in a pool of ions...
– Jacques FriedelJacques FriedelJacques Friedel FMRS is a French physicist and material scientist.-Life:His great-grand father Charles Friedel was an organic chemist and crystallographer at Paris-Sorbonne University, his grand-father Georges Friedel worked on liquid crystals, and his father Edmond Friedel was the director of the... - Friedel–Crafts reaction – Charles FriedelCharles FriedelCharles Friedel was a French chemist and mineralogist. A native of Strasbourg, France, he was a student of Louis Pasteur at the Sorbonne...
and James Mason Crafts - Friedländer synthesisFriedländer synthesisThe Friedländer synthesis is the chemical reaction of 2-aminobenzaldehydes with ketones to form quinoline derivatives. It is named after German chemist Paul Friedländer ....
– Paul Friedländer - Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric (a.k.a. Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metricFriedmann-Robertson-Walker metricThe Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric is an exact solution of Einstein's field equations of general relativity; it describes a homogeneous, isotropic expanding or contracting universe that may be simply connected or multiply connected...
, Robertson-Walker metric) – Alexander Friedmann, Georges LemaîtreGeorges LemaîtreMonsignor Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître was a Belgian priest, astronomer and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain. He was the first person to propose the theory of the expansion of the Universe, widely misattributed to Edwin Hubble...
, Howard Percy RobertsonHoward Percy RobertsonHoward Percy Robertson was an American mathematician and physicist known for contributions related to physical cosmology and the uncertainty principle...
and Arthur Geoffrey WalkerArthur Geoffrey WalkerArthur Geoffrey Walker was a leading mathematician who made important contributions to physics and physical cosmology. He was born in Watford, Hertfordshire, England.... - FriesFries rearrangementThe Fries rearrangement, named for the German chemist Karl Theophil Fries, is a rearrangement reaction of a phenyl ester to a hydroxy aryl ketone by catalysis of Lewis acids.It involves migration of an acyl group of phenyl ester to benzene ring.- Mechanism:...
and Photo-Fries rearrangement – Karl Theophil FriesKarl Theophil FriesKarl Theophil Fries was a German chemist.-Life:Karl Theophil Fries was born in Kiedrich, Germany on . After his family moved to Frankfurt he went to school there, but chose to study chemistry at the near University of Marburg in 1894.After one year in Darmstadt University of Technology to improve... - Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement – Paul Ernst Moritz Fritsch, Wilhelm Paul Buttenberg, and Heinrich G. Wiechell
- Frobenius algebraFrobenius algebraIn mathematics, especially in the fields of representation theory and module theory, a Frobenius algebra is a finite dimensional unital associative algebra with a special kind of bilinear form which gives the algebras particularly nice duality theories. Frobenius algebras began to be studied in...
, automorphism, methodFrobenius methodIn mathematics, the Frobenius method, named after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, is a way to find an infinite series solution for a second-order ordinary differential equation of the formin the vicinity of the regular singular point z=0....
, norm, theoremFrobenius theorem (differential topology)In mathematics, Frobenius' theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for finding a maximal set of independent solutions of an overdetermined system of first-order homogeneous linear partial differential equations...
– Ferdinand Georg FrobeniusFerdinand Georg FrobeniusFerdinand Georg Frobenius was a German mathematician, best known for his contributions to the theory of differential equations and to group theory... - Froude numberFroude numberThe Froude number is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of a characteristic velocity to a gravitational wave velocity. It may equivalently be defined as the ratio of a body's inertia to gravitational forces. In fluid mechanics, the Froude number is used to determine the resistance of an...
– William FroudeWilliam FroudeWilliam Froude was an English engineer, hydrodynamicist and naval architect. He was the first to formulate reliable laws for the resistance that water offers to ships and for predicting their stability.... - Fry readability formulaFry Readability FormulaThe Fry readability formula is a readability metric for English texts, developed by Edward Fry.The grade reading level is calculated by the average number of sentences and syllables per hundred words...
– Edward FryEdward FrySir Edward Fry GCB, GCMG, PC, FRS , was a judge in the British Court of Appeal and also an arbitrator on the International Permanent Court of Arbitration. He was a Quaker, son of Joseph Fry and Mary Ann Swaine.... - Fujita scaleFujita scaleThe Fujita scale , or Fujita-Pearson scale, is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation...
(a.k.a. F-ScaleF-scaleThe F-scale is a 1947 personality test, designed by Theodor W. Adorno and others to measure the authoritarian personality. The "F" stands for "fascist." The F-scale measures responses on several different components of authoritarianism, including conventionalism, authoritarian submission,...
, Fujita-Pearson scale) – Tetsuya Theodore Fujita (and Allen PearsonAllen PearsonAllen Pearson was the Director of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center from 1965–79 and began to collaborate with Dr. Tetsuya Theodore "Ted" Fujita on tornado physical characteristics soon after the 1970 Lubbock Tornado. They bounced ideas off each other and the Fujita scale and later the...
) - Fujiwhara effectFujiwhara effectThe Fujiwhara effect or Fujiwara interaction, named after Sakuhei Fujiwhara, is a type of interaction between two nearby cyclonic vortices, causing them to appear to "orbit" each other.-Description:...
– Sakuhei FujiwharaSakuhei Fujiwharawas a Japanese meteorologist who became the namesake for the Fujiwhara effect. Novelist Jirō Nitta is his nephew and mathematician Masahiko Fujiwara is his grandnephew.-Early life:...
G
- Gabriel synthesisGabriel synthesisThe Gabriel synthesis is named for the German chemist Siegmund Gabriel. Traditionally, it is a chemical reaction that transforms primary alkyl halides into primary amines using potassium phthalimide....
– Siegmund GabrielSiegmund Gabriel-Life and work:Gabriel was born in Berlin and went to school in Berlin. After studying a few semesters at the University of Berlin, Gabriel studied at the University of Heidelberg and received his Ph.D. for work with Robert Wilhelm Bunsen 1874. He was professor at the University of Berlin till... - Gattermann reactionGattermann reactionThe Gattermann rection, named for the German chemist Ludwig Gattermann, in organic chemistry refers to a reaction of hydrocyanic acid with an aromatic compound, in this case benzene, under catalysis with Friedel-Crafts catalyst .Catalyst used is Copper Powder in HX in the case of reaction of...
– Ludwig GattermannLudwig GattermannLudwig Gattermann was a German chemist who contributed significantly to both organic and inorganic chemistry.- Early life :... - Gattermann–Koch reaction – Ludwig GattermannLudwig GattermannLudwig Gattermann was a German chemist who contributed significantly to both organic and inorganic chemistry.- Early life :...
and Julius Arnold KochJulius Arnold KochJulius Arnold Koch was an American chemist born in Germany. Koch graduated from University of Pittsburgh in 1884. Koch was the first dean of the School of Pharmacy at University of Pittsburgh and held this position until his retirement in 1932... - Gause's principle – Georgii Gause
- Gauss's lawGauss's lawIn physics, Gauss's law, also known as Gauss's flux theorem, is a law relating the distribution of electric charge to the resulting electric field. Gauss's law states that:...
– Carl Friedrich GaussCarl Friedrich GaussJohann Carl Friedrich Gauss was a German mathematician and scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.Sometimes referred to as the Princeps mathematicorum... - Geib–Spevack process (a.k.a. Girdler sulfide (GS) process) – Karl-Hermann Geib and Jerome S. Spevack (and the Girdler company, which built the first American plant using the process)
- Geiger counterGeiger counterA Geiger counter, also called a Geiger–Müller counter, is a type of particle detector that measures ionizing radiation. They detect the emission of nuclear radiation: alpha particles, beta particles or gamma rays. A Geiger counter detects radiation by ionization produced in a low-pressure gas in a...
(a.k.a. Geiger-Müller counter) – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger (and Walther MüllerWalther MüllerWalther Müller , was a German physicist, most well known for his improvement of Hans Geiger's counter for ionizing radiation, now known as the Geiger-Müller tube....
) - Geiger–Marsden experiment (a.k.a. Rutherford experiment) – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and Ernest MarsdenErnest MarsdenSir Ernest Marsden was an English-New Zealand physicist. He was born in East Lancashire, living in Rishton and educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn, where an inter-house trophy rewarding academic excellence bears his name.He met Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester...
- Geiger–Müller tubeGeiger–Müller tubeA Geiger–Müller tube is the sensing element of a Geiger counter instrument that can detect a single particle of ionizing radiation, and typically produce an audible click for each. It was named for Hans Geiger who invented the device in 1908, and Walther Müller who collaborated with Geiger in...
– Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and Walther MüllerWalther MüllerWalther Müller , was a German physicist, most well known for his improvement of Hans Geiger's counter for ionizing radiation, now known as the Geiger-Müller tube.... - Geiger–Nuttall law/rule – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and John Mitchell NuttallJohn Mitchell NuttallJohn Mitchell Nuttall was an English physicist, born in Todmorden. He is best remembered for his work with the physicist Hans Geiger, which resulted in the Geiger-Nuttall law of radioactive decay....
- Geissler tubeGeissler tubeA Geissler tube is an early gas discharge tube used to demonstrate the principles of electrical glow discharge. The tube was invented by the German physicist and glassblower Heinrich Geissler in 1857...
– Heinrich GeisslerHeinrich GeisslerJohann Heinrich Wilhelm Geißler was a German physicist and inventor of the Geissler tube, a low pressure gas-discharge tube made of glass.... - Gibbs entropy, free energyGibbs free energyIn thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the "useful" or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure...
, paradoxGibbs paradoxIn statistical mechanics, a semi-classical derivation of the entropy that doesn't take into account the indistinguishability of particles, yields an expression for the entropy which is not extensive...
, Gibbs' phase ruleGibbs' phase ruleGibbs' phase rule was proposed by Josiah Willard Gibbs in the 1870s as the equalityF\;=\;C\;-\;P\;+\;2where P is the number of phases in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other and C is the number of components. Typical phases are solids, liquids and gases. A system involving one pure chemical...
, Gibbs phenomenonGibbs phenomenonIn mathematics, the Gibbs phenomenon, named after the American physicist J. Willard Gibbs, is the peculiar manner in which the Fourier series of a piecewise continuously differentiable periodic function behaves at a jump discontinuity: the nth partial sum of the Fourier series has large...
– Josiah Willard GibbsJosiah Willard GibbsJosiah Willard Gibbs was an American theoretical physicist, chemist, and mathematician. He devised much of the theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics as well as physical chemistry. As a mathematician, he invented vector analysis . Yale University awarded Gibbs the first American Ph.D... - Gibbs–Donnan effect (a.k.a. Donnan effect) – Josiah Willard GibbsJosiah Willard GibbsJosiah Willard Gibbs was an American theoretical physicist, chemist, and mathematician. He devised much of the theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics as well as physical chemistry. As a mathematician, he invented vector analysis . Yale University awarded Gibbs the first American Ph.D...
and Frederick G. DonnanFrederick G. DonnanFrederick George Donnan FRS was an Irish physical chemist who is known for his work on membrane equilibria, and commemorated in the Donnan equilibrium describing ionic transport in cells... - Gibbs–Marangoni effect (a.k.a. Marangoni effectMarangoni effectThe Marangoni effect is the mass transfer along an interface between two fluids due to surface tension gradient...
) – Josiah Willard GibbsJosiah Willard GibbsJosiah Willard Gibbs was an American theoretical physicist, chemist, and mathematician. He devised much of the theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics as well as physical chemistry. As a mathematician, he invented vector analysis . Yale University awarded Gibbs the first American Ph.D...
and Carlo MarangoniCarlo MarangoniCarlo Giuseppe Matteo Marangoni was an Italian physicist.Marangoni graduated in 1865 from the University of Pavia, under the supervision of Giovanni Cantoni, with a dissertation entitled "".... - Gibbs–Helmholtz equation – Josiah Willard GibbsJosiah Willard GibbsJosiah Willard Gibbs was an American theoretical physicist, chemist, and mathematician. He devised much of the theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics as well as physical chemistry. As a mathematician, he invented vector analysis . Yale University awarded Gibbs the first American Ph.D...
and Hermann von HelmholtzHermann von HelmholtzHermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science... - Gibbs–Thomson effect – Josiah Willard GibbsJosiah Willard GibbsJosiah Willard Gibbs was an American theoretical physicist, chemist, and mathematician. He devised much of the theoretical foundation for chemical thermodynamics as well as physical chemistry. As a mathematician, he invented vector analysis . Yale University awarded Gibbs the first American Ph.D...
and three Thomsons: James Thomson, William Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin OM, GCVO, PC, PRS, PRSE, was a mathematical physicist and engineer. At the University of Glasgow he did important work in the mathematical analysis of electricity and formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and did much to unify the emerging...
, Sir J. J. ThomsonJ. J. ThomsonSir Joseph John "J. J." Thomson, OM, FRS was a British physicist and Nobel laureate. He is credited for the discovery of the electron and of isotopes, and the invention of the mass spectrometer... - Giffen goodGiffen goodIn economics and consumer theory, a Giffen good is one which people paradoxically consume more of as the price rises, violating the law of demand. In normal situations, as the price of a good rises, the substitution effect causes consumers to purchase less of it and more of substitute goods...
– Sir Robert Giffen - Goldbach's conjectureGoldbach's conjectureGoldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest unsolved problems in number theory and in all of mathematics. It states:A Goldbach number is a number that can be expressed as the sum of two odd primes...
– Christian GoldbachChristian GoldbachChristian Goldbach was a German mathematician who also studied law. He is remembered today for Goldbach's conjecture.-Biography:... - Goldstone bosonGoldstone bosonIn particle and condensed matter physics, Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons are bosons that appear necessarily in models exhibiting spontaneous breakdown of continuous symmetries...
(a.k.a. Nambu-Goldstone boson) – see Nambu-Goldstone boson, below - Gomberg–Bachmann reaction – Moses GombergMoses GombergMoses Gomberg was a chemistry professor at the University of Michigan....
and Werner Emmanuel BachmannWerner Emmanuel BachmannWerner Emmanuel Bachmann was a U.S. chemist. Bachmann was born in Detroit, Michigan where he studied chemistry and chemical engineering at Wayne State University and later at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor nearby... - Goodhart's lawGoodhart's lawGoodhart's law, although it can be expressed in many ways, states that once a social or economic indicator or other surrogate measure is made a target for the purpose of conducting social or economic policy, then it will lose the information content that would qualify it to play that role...
– Charles GoodhartCharles GoodhartCharles Albert Eric Goodhart, CBE, FBA is an economist. He was a member of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee from June 1997-May 2000 and a professor at the London School of Economics . He is the developer of Goodhart's law, an economic law named after him... - Goos–Hänchen effect/shift – F. Goos and H.Hänchen
- Grashof number – Franz GrashofFranz GrashofFranz Grashof was a German engineer. He was a professor of Applied Mechanics at the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe. He is one of the founding directors of Verein Deutscher Ingenieure in 1855. He developed some early steam-flow formulas but made no significant contribution to free convection.The...
- Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin cut-off/limitGreisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limitThe Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit is a theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic rays coming from "distant" sources. The limit is 5×1019 eV, or about 8 joules. The limit is set by slowing-interactions of cosmic ray protons with the microwave background radiation over long distances...
– Kenneth Greisen, Georgiy ZatsepinGeorgiy ZatsepinGeorgiy Timofeyevich Zatsepin was a Soviet/Russian astrophysicist known for his works in cosmic rays physics and neutrino astrophysics. He was born in Moscow....
and Vadim Kuzmin - Gresham's lawGresham's LawGresham's law is an economic principle that states: "When a government compulsorily overvalues one type of money and undervalues another, the undervalued money will leave the country or disappear from circulation into hoards, while the overvalued money will flood into circulation." It is commonly...
– Sir Thomas Gresham - Griess test (diazotization reaction) – Johann Peter Griess
- Grignard reactionGrignard reactionThe Grignard reaction is an organometallic chemical reaction in which alkyl- or aryl-magnesium halides add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde or ketone. This reaction is an important tool for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds...
– François Auguste Victor Grignard - Grob fragmentationGrob fragmentationA Grob fragmentation, named for the British chemist Cyril A. Grob, is an elimination reaction taking place when an electrofuge and nucleofuge are situated in positions 1 and 3 on an aliphatic chain...
– Cyril A. Grob - Gromov–Witten invariant – Mikhail Gromov and Edward WittenEdward WittenEdward Witten is an American theoretical physicist with a focus on mathematical physics who is currently a professor of Mathematical Physics at the Institute for Advanced Study....
- Grotrian diagramGrotrian diagramA Grotrian diagram or term diagram shows the allowed transitions between the energy levels of atoms. They can be used for one electron and multi electron atoms. They take into account the specific selection rules related to changes in angular momentum of the electron. The diagrams are named after...
– Walter Robert Wilhelm Grotrian - Grotthuss chainGrotthuss mechanismThe Grotthuss mechanism is the mechanism by which an 'excess' proton or protonic defect diffuses through the hydrogen bond network of water molecules or other hydrogen-bonded liquids through the formation or cleavage of covalent bonds....
– Christian Johann Dietrich Theodor von Grotthuss - Grotthuss–Draper law – Christian Johann Dietrich Theodor von Grotthuss and John William DraperJohn William DraperJohn William Draper was an American scientist, philosopher, physician, chemist, historian, and photographer. He is credited with producing the first clear photograph of a female face and the first detailed photograph of the Moon...
- Gunn diodeGunn diodeA Gunn diode, also known as a transferred electron device , is a form of diode used in high-frequency electronics. It is somewhat unusual in that it consists only of N-doped semiconductor material, whereas most diodes consist of both P and N-doped regions...
, effect – J. B. Gunn - Gunning fog indexGunning fog indexIn linguistics, the Gunning fog index measures the readability of English writing. The index estimates the years of formal education needed to understand the text on a first reading. A fog index of 12 requires the reading level of a U.S. high school senior...
– Robert Gunning - Gustafson's lawGustafson's lawGustafson's Law is a law in computer science which says that problems with large, repetitive data sets can be efficiently parallelized. Gustafson's Law contradicts Amdahl's law, which describes a limit on the speed-up that parallelization can provide. Gustafson's law was first described by John...
, a.k.a. Gustafson-Barsis's law – John L. Gustafson (and Edward H. Barsis) - Gutenberg–Richter law – Beno GutenbergBeno GutenbergBeno Gutenberg was a German-American seismologist who made several important contributions to the science...
and Charles Francis RichterCharles Francis RichterCharles Francis Richter , was an American seismologist and physicist. Richter is most famous as the creator of the Richter magnitude scale which, until the development of the moment magnitude scale in 1979, quantified the size of earthquakes...
H
- Haar measureHaar measureIn mathematical analysis, the Haar measure is a way to assign an "invariant volume" to subsets of locally compact topological groups and subsequently define an integral for functions on those groups....
– Alfréd HaarAlfréd HaarAlfréd Haar was a Jewish Hungarian mathematician. In 1904 he began to study at the University of Göttingen. His doctorate was supervised by David Hilbert. The Haar measure, Haar wavelet, and Haar transform are named in his honor.... - Hadamard inequality – Jacques Solomon Hadamard
- Hadamard transformHadamard transformThe Hadamard transform is an example of a generalized class of Fourier transforms...
(a.k.a. Hadamard–Rademacher–Walsh transform) – Jacques Solomon Hadamard, Hans Adolph Rademacher, and Joseph Leonard WalshJoseph Leonard WalshJoseph Leonard Walsh, was an American mathematician. His work was mainly in the field of analysis.For most of his professional career he studied and worked at Harvard University. He received a B.S. in 1916 and a PhD in 1920. The Advisor of his PhD was Maxime Bôcher... - Haldane effectHaldane effectThe Haldane effect is a property of hemoglobin first described by the Scottish physician John Scott Haldane. Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide; this property is the Haldane effect. Conversely, oxygenated blood has a reduced capacity for carbon...
– John Scott Haldane - Haldane's principle – John Burdon Sanderson Haldane
- Hall effectHall effectThe Hall effect is the production of a voltage difference across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field perpendicular to the current...
– Edwin HallEdwin HallEdwin Herbert Hall was an American physicist who discovered the "Hall effect". Hall conducted thermoelectric research at Harvard and also wrote numerous physics textbooks and laboratory manuals.- Biography :... - Hamilton's rule – William Donald "Bill" Hamilton
- Hamming distanceHamming distanceIn information theory, the Hamming distance between two strings of equal length is the number of positions at which the corresponding symbols are different...
, weightHamming weightThe Hamming weight of a string is the number of symbols that are different from the zero-symbol of the alphabet used. It is thus equivalent to the Hamming distance from the all-zero string of the same length. For the most typical case, a string of bits, this is the number of 1's in the string...
– Richard HammingRichard HammingRichard Wesley Hamming was an American mathematician whose work had many implications for computer science and telecommunications... - Hammond postulate – George Simms Hammond
- Hanle effectHanle effectThe Hanle effect is a reduction in the polarisaton of light when the atoms emitting the light are subject to a magnetic field in a particular direction, and when they have themselves been excited by polarised light....
– Wilhelm HanleWilhelm HanleWilhelm Hanle was a German experimental physicist. He is known for the Hanle effect. During World War II, he made contributions to the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club... - Hardy notation, spaceHardy spaceIn complex analysis, the Hardy spaces Hp are certain spaces of holomorphic functions on the unit disk or upper half plane. They were introduced by Frigyes Riesz , who named them after G. H. Hardy, because of the paper...
– Godfrey Harold Hardy - Hardy–Littlewood circle method, first conjecture – Godfrey Harold Hardy and John E. Littlewood
- Hardy–Weinberg principle – Wilhelm WeinbergWilhelm WeinbergDr Wilhelm Weinberg was a German half-Jewish physician and obstetrician-gynecologist, practicing in Stuttgart, who in a 1908 paper Dr Wilhelm Weinberg (Stuttgart, December 25, 1862 – Tübingen, November 27, 1937) was a German half-Jewish physician and obstetrician-gynecologist, practicing in...
and Godfrey Harold Hardy - Harrod–Johnson diagram – Roy F. Harrod and Harry G. Johnson
- Hartley oscillatorHartley oscillatorThe Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses an inductor and a capacitor in parallel to determine the frequency. Invented in 1915 by American engineer Ralph Hartley, the distinguishing feature of the Hartley circuit is that the feedback needed for oscillation is taken from...
– Ralph HartleyRalph HartleyRalph Vinton Lyon Hartley was an electronics researcher. He invented the Hartley oscillator and the Hartley transform, and contributed to the foundations of information theory.-Biography:... - Hartman effectHartman effectThe delay time for a quantum tunneling particle is independent of the thickness of the opaque barrier. This is called the Hartman effect, after Thomas Hartman who discovered it in 1962...
– Thomas E. Hartman - Hartree energyHartree energyThe hartree , also known as the Hartree energy, is the atomic unit of energy, named after the British physicist Douglas Hartree. It is defined as...
– Douglas HartreeDouglas HartreeDouglas Rayner Hartree PhD, FRS was an English mathematician and physicist most famous for the development of numerical analysis and its application to the Hartree-Fock equations of atomic physics and the construction of the meccano differential analyser.-Early life:Douglas Hartree was born in... - Hasse's algorithm – see Collatz conjectureCollatz conjectureThe Collatz conjecture is a conjecture in mathematics named after Lothar Collatz, who first proposed it in 1937. The conjecture is also known as the 3n + 1 conjecture, the Ulam conjecture , Kakutani's problem , the Thwaites conjecture , Hasse's algorithm The Collatz conjecture is a...
, above - Hasse diagramHasse diagramIn order theory, a branch of mathematics, a Hasse diagram is a type of mathematical diagram used to represent a finite partially ordered set, in the form of a drawing of its transitive reduction...
, principleHasse principleIn mathematics, Helmut Hasse's local-global principle, also known as the Hasse principle, is the idea that one can find an integer solution to an equation by using the Chinese remainder theorem to piece together solutions modulo powers of each different prime number...
– Helmut HasseHelmut HasseHelmut Hasse was a German mathematician working in algebraic number theory, known for fundamental contributions to class field theory, the application of p-adic numbers to local classfield theory and diophantine geometry , and to local zeta functions.-Life:He was born in Kassel, and died in... - Hasse–Minkowski theoremHasse–Minkowski theoremThe Hasse–Minkowski theorem is a fundamental result in number theory which states that two quadratic forms over a number field are equivalent if and only if they are equivalent locally at all places, i.e. equivalent over every completion of the field...
– Helmut HasseHelmut HasseHelmut Hasse was a German mathematician working in algebraic number theory, known for fundamental contributions to class field theory, the application of p-adic numbers to local classfield theory and diophantine geometry , and to local zeta functions.-Life:He was born in Kassel, and died in...
and Hermann MinkowskiHermann MinkowskiHermann Minkowski was a German mathematician of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, who created and developed the geometry of numbers and who used geometrical methods to solve difficult problems in number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity.- Life and work :Hermann Minkowski was born... - Hausdorff dimensionHausdorff dimensionthumb|450px|Estimating the Hausdorff dimension of the coast of Great BritainIn mathematics, the Hausdorff dimension is an extended non-negative real number associated with any metric space. The Hausdorff dimension generalizes the notion of the dimension of a real vector space...
– Felix HausdorffFelix HausdorffFelix Hausdorff was a Jewish German mathematician who is considered to be one of the founders of modern topology and who contributed significantly to set theory, descriptive set theory, measure theory, function theory, and functional analysis.-Life:Hausdorff studied at the University of Leipzig,... - Hawthorne effectHawthorne effectThe Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity whereby subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation.The term was coined in 1950 by...
– from the Hawthorne WorksHawthorne WorksThe Hawthorne Works, in Cicero, Illinois, was a large factory complex built by Western Electric starting in 1905 and operating until 1983. It had 45,000 employees at the height of its operations. Besides telephone equipment, the factory produced a wide variety of consumer products, including...
factory (where experiments were carried out 1924–1932) - Hayflick limitHayflick limitThe Hayflick limit is the number of times a normal cell population will divide before it stops, presumably because the telomeres reach a critical length....
– Leonard HayflickLeonard HayflickLeonard Hayflick , Ph.D., is Professor of Anatomy at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, and was Professor of Medical Microbiology at Stanford University School of Medicine. He is a past president of the Gerontological Society of America and was a founding member of the... - Hawking radiationHawking radiationHawking radiation is a thermal radiation with a black body spectrum predicted to be emitted by black holes due to quantum effects. It is named after the physicist Stephen Hawking, who provided a theoretical argument for its existence in 1974, and sometimes also after the physicist Jacob Bekenstein...
(a.k.a. Bekenstein–Hawking radiation) – Stephen HawkingStephen HawkingStephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA is an English theoretical physicist and cosmologist, whose scientific books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity...
(and Jacob BekensteinJacob BekensteinJacob David Bekenstein is an Israeli theoretical physicist who has contributed to the foundation of black hole thermodynamics and to other aspects of the connections between information and gravitation.-Biography:...
) - Heaviside layer – see Kennelly–Heaviside layer
- Hebbian learning – Donald Olding HebbDonald Olding HebbDonald Olding Hebb FRS was a Canadian psychologist who was influential in the area of neuropsychology, where he sought to understand how the function of neurons contributed to psychological processes such as learning...
- Heine–Borel theoremHeine–Borel theoremIn the topology of metric spaces the Heine–Borel theorem, named after Eduard Heine and Émile Borel, states:For a subset S of Euclidean space Rn, the following two statements are equivalent:*S is closed and bounded...
– Heinrich Eduard Heine and Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel - Heinlein's razor – see Hanlon's razorHanlon's razorHanlon's Razor is an eponymous adage that reads:This particular form is attributed to a Robert J. Hanlon. However, earlier utterances that convey basically the same idea are known.-Origins and similar quotations:The quotation first came from Robert J...
, above - Heisenberg uncertainty principle – Werner HeisenbergWerner HeisenbergWerner Karl Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory...
- Hellmann–Feynman theorem – Hans HellmannHans HellmannHans Gustav Adolf Hellmann was a German theoretical physicist.Hellmann was born in Wilhelmshaven, Prussian Hanover. He began studying electrical engineering in Stuttgart, but changed to engineering physics after a semester...
and Richard FeynmanRichard FeynmanRichard Phillips Feynman was an American physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics... - Helmholtz free energyHelmholtz free energyIn thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the “useful” work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and volume...
, Helmholtz resonanceHelmholtz resonanceHelmholtz resonance is the phenomenon of air resonance in a cavity, such as when one blows across the top of an empty bottle. The name comes from a device created in the 1850s by Hermann von Helmholtz, the "Helmholtz resonator", which he, the author of the classic study of acoustic science, used to...
– Hermann von HelmholtzHermann von HelmholtzHermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science... - Hénon map – Michel HénonMichel HénonMichel Hénon is a mathematician and astronomer. He is currently at the Nice Observatory.In astronomy, Hénon is well known for his contributions to stellar dynamics. In late 1960s and early 1970s he was involved in dynamical evolution of star clusters, in particular the globular clusters...
- Henrietta's law – see Leavitt's law, below
- Herbig Ae/Be star – George HerbigGeorge HerbigGeorge Howard Herbig is an astronomer at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. He is perhaps best known for the discovery of Herbig-Haro objects....
- Herbig-Haro objectHerbig-Haro objectHerbig–Haro objects are small patches of nebulosity associated with newly born stars, and are formed when gas ejected by young stars collides with clouds of gas and dust nearby at speeds of several hundred kilometres per second...
– George HerbigGeorge HerbigGeorge Howard Herbig is an astronomer at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. He is perhaps best known for the discovery of Herbig-Haro objects....
and Guillermo HaroGuillermo HaroProfessor Guillermo Haro was born in Mexico City where he grew during the time of the Mexican Revolution. He studied philosophy at the National Autonomous University of Mexico... - Herbrand base, interpretationHerbrand interpretationIn mathematical logic, a Herbrand interpretation is an interpretation in which all constants and function symbols are assigned very simple meanings. Specifically, every constant is interpreted as itself, and every function symbol is interpreted as the function that applies it...
, structure, universe, and Herbrand's theorem – Jacques HerbrandJacques HerbrandJacques Herbrand was a French mathematician who was born in Paris, France and died in La Bérarde, Isère, France. Although he died at only 23 years of age, he was already considered one of "the greatest mathematicians of the younger generation" by his professors Helmut Hasse, and Richard Courant.He... - Herschel effect – Sir John HerschelJohn HerschelSir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH, FRS ,was an English mathematician, astronomer, chemist, and experimental photographer/inventor, who in some years also did valuable botanical work...
- Hertz effect – Heinrich Rudolf HertzHeinrich Rudolf HertzHeinrich Rudolf Hertz was a German physicist who clarified and expanded the electromagnetic theory of light that had been put forth by Maxwell...
- Hertzsprung-Russell diagram – Ejnar HertzsprungEjnar HertzsprungEjnar Hertzsprung was a Danish chemist and astronomer.Hertzsprung was born in Copenhagen. In the period 1911–1913, together with Henry Norris Russell, he developed the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram....
and Henry Norris RussellHenry Norris RussellHenry Norris Russell was an American astronomer who, along with Ejnar Hertzsprung, developed the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram . In 1923, working with Frederick Saunders, he developed Russell–Saunders coupling which is also known as LS coupling.-Biography:Russell was born in 1877 in Oyster Bay, New... - Heusler alloyHeusler alloyA Heusler alloy is a ferromagnetic metal alloy based on a Heusler phase. Heusler phases are intermetallics with particular composition and face-centered cubic crystal structure. They are ferromagnetic—even though the constituting elements are not—as a result of the double-exchange mechanism between...
– Fritz Heusler - Heyting algebraHeyting algebraIn mathematics, a Heyting algebra, named after Arend Heyting, is a bounded lattice equipped with a binary operation a→b of implication such that ∧a ≤ b, and moreover a→b is the greatest such in the sense that if c∧a ≤ b then c ≤ a→b...
, arithmeticHeyting arithmeticIn mathematical logic, Heyting arithmetic is an axiomatization of arithmetic in accordance with the philosophy of intuitionism. It is named after Arend Heyting, who first proposed it....
– Arend HeytingArend HeytingArend Heyting was a Dutch mathematician and logician. He was a student of Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer at the University of Amsterdam, and did much to put intuitionistic logic on a footing where it could become part of mathematical logic... - Hick's lawHick's lawHick's Law, named after British psychologist William Edmund Hick, or the Hick–Hyman Law , describes the time it takes for a person to make a decision as a result of the possible choices he or she has. The Hick-Hyman Law assesses cognitive information capacity in choice reaction experiments...
, a.k.a. Hick–Hyman law – William Edmund Hick and Ray HymanRay HymanRay Hyman is a Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon, and a noted critic of parapsychology.-Career:... - Higgs bosonHiggs bosonThe Higgs boson is a hypothetical massive elementary particle that is predicted to exist by the Standard Model of particle physics. Its existence is postulated as a means of resolving inconsistencies in the Standard Model...
, field – Peter HiggsPeter HiggsPeter Ware Higgs, FRS, FRSE, FKC , is an English theoretical physicist and an emeritus professor at the University of Edinburgh.... - Higgs mechanismHiggs mechanismIn particle physics, the Higgs mechanism is the process in which gauge bosons in a gauge theory can acquire non-vanishing masses through absorption of Nambu-Goldstone bosons arising in spontaneous symmetry breaking....
– see Anderson-Higgs mechanism, above - Hilbert–Waring theorem (a.k.a. Waring's problemWaring's problemIn number theory, Waring's problem, proposed in 1770 by Edward Waring, asks whether for every natural number k there exists an associated positive integer s such that every natural number is the sum of at most s kth powers of natural numbers...
) – David HilbertDavid HilbertDavid Hilbert was a German mathematician. He is recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including invariant theory and the axiomatization of...
and Edward WaringEdward WaringEdward Waring was an English mathematician who was born in Old Heath , Shropshire, England and died in Pontesbury, Shropshire, England. He entered Magdalene College, Cambridge as a sizar and became Senior wrangler in 1757. He was elected a Fellow of Magdalene and in 1760 Lucasian Professor of... - Hill sphereHill sphereAn astronomical body's Hill sphere is the region in which it dominates the attraction of satellites. To be retained by a planet, a moon must have an orbit that lies within the planet's Hill sphere. That moon would, in turn, have a Hill sphere of its own...
(a.k.a. Roche sphere) – George William HillGeorge William HillGeorge William Hill , was an American astronomer and mathematician.Hill was born in New York City, New York to painter and engraver John William Hill. and Catherine Smith Hill. He moved to West Nyack with his family when he was eight years old. After attending high school, Hill graduated from...
(and Édouard RocheÉdouard RocheÉdouard Albert Roche was a French astronomer and mathematician, who is best known for his work in the field of celestial mechanics...
) - Hills cloud – Jack G. Hills
- Hipparchic cycleHipparchic cycleThe Greek astronomer Hipparchus introduced two cycles that have been named after him in later literature.The first is described in Ptolemy's Almagest IV.2...
– Hipparchus of Nicaea (a.k.a. Hipparchus of Rhodes) - Hirayama family – Kiyotsugu HirayamaKiyotsugu Hirayamawas a Japanese astronomer, best known for his discovery that many asteroid orbits were more similar to one another than chance would allow, leading to the concept of asteroid families, now called "Hirayama families" in his honour....
- Hirsch–Meeks fusor – Robert L. HirschRobert L. HirschRobert L. Hirsch is a former senior energy program adviser for Science Applications International Corporation and is a Senior Energy Advisor at MISI and a consultant in energy, technology, and management. His primary experience is in research, development, and commercial applications...
and Gene A. Meeks - Hofstadter's butterflyHofstadter's butterflyHofstadter's butterfly is the name of a fractal structure discovered by Douglas Hofstadter, which he described in 1976 in an article on the energy levels of Bloch electrons in magnetic fields. It gives a graphical representation of the spectrum of the almost Mathieu operator for \lambda = 1 at...
, lawHofstadter's lawHofstadter's law is a self-referencing time-related adage, coined by Douglas Hofstadter and named after himself.Hofstadter's Law was a part of Douglas Hofstadter's 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. The law is a statement regarding the difficulty of accurately estimating the...
– Douglas HofstadterDouglas HofstadterDouglas Richard Hofstadter is an American academic whose research focuses on consciousness, analogy-making, artistic creation, literary translation, and discovery in mathematics and physics... - Holetschek effect – Johann HoletschekJohann HoletschekJohann Holetschek was an Austrian astronomer, known for his research on comets. Born in Thuma, in Lower Austria, he worked at the observatory of the University of Vienna. He died at Vienna....
- Hopfield network – John J. Hopfield
- Hořava–Lifshitz gravity – Petr Hořava and Evgeny LifshitzEvgeny LifshitzEvgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz was a leading Soviet physicist of Jewish origin and the brother of physicist Ilya Mikhailovich Lifshitz. Lifshitz is well known in general relativity for coauthoring the BKL conjecture concerning the nature of a generic curvature...
- Hořava–Witten domain wall – Petr Hořava and Edward WittenEdward WittenEdward Witten is an American theoretical physicist with a focus on mathematical physics who is currently a professor of Mathematical Physics at the Institute for Advanced Study....
- Hubbert peak – Marion King Hubbert
- Hubble constant, expansion – Edwin HubbleEdwin HubbleEdwin Powell Hubble was an American astronomer who profoundly changed the understanding of the universe by confirming the existence of galaxies other than the Milky Way - our own galaxy...
- Huchra's LensHuchra's LensHuchra's lens is the lensing galaxy of the Einstein Cross ; it is also called ZW 2237+030 or QSO 2237+0305 G. It exhibits the phenomenon of gravitational lensing that was postulated by Albert Einstein when he realized that gravity would be able to bend light and thus could have lens-like effects....
– John HuchraJohn HuchraJohn Peter Huchra [pronounced HUCK-rah] was an American astronomer and professor. He was the Vice Provost for Research Policy at Harvard University and a Professor of Astronomy at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He was also a former chair of the United States National Committee... - Humphreys line/series – Curtis J. HumphreysCurtis J. HumphreysCurtis Judson Humphreys was an American physicist born in Alliance, Ohio, USA. He was chief of the Radiometry Section of the U.S. Navy during the 1940s...
- Hund's Rules – Friedrich HundFriedrich HundFriedrich Hermann Hund was a German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules.Hund worked at the Universities of Rostock, Leipzig, Jena, Frankfurt am Main, and Göttingen....
- Hunsdiecker reactionHunsdiecker reactionThe Hunsdiecker reaction is the organic reaction of silver salts of carboxylic acids with halogens to give organic halides. It is an example of a halogenation reaction...
– Heinz HunsdieckerHeinz HunsdieckerHeinz Hunsdiecker was a German chemist who together with his wife Cläre Hunsdiecker improved a reaction of Alexander Borodin now known as the Hunsdiecker reaction.-References:...
and Cläre Hunsdiecker - Hunt–McIlroy algorithm – James W. Hunt and Douglas McIlroyDouglas McIlroyMalcolm Douglas McIlroy is a mathematician, engineer, and programmer. As of 2007 he is an Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at Dartmouth College. Dr...
- Huygens–Fresnel principle – Christiaan Huygens and Augustin-Jean FresnelAugustin-Jean FresnelAugustin-Jean Fresnel , was a French engineer who contributed significantly to the establishment of the theory of wave optics. Fresnel studied the behaviour of light both theoretically and experimentally....
I
- Imbert–Fedorov effect – C. Imbert, F. I. Fedorov
- Ishikawa diagramIshikawa diagramIshikawa diagrams are causal diagrams that show the causes of a certain event -- created by Kaoru Ishikawa . Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are product design and quality defect prevention, to identify potential factors causing an overall effect...
– Kaoru IshikawaKaoru Ishikawawas a Japanese university professor and influential quality management innovator best known in North America for the Ishikawa or cause and effect diagram that is used in the analysis of industrial process.- Biography :... - Ising modelIsing modelThe Ising model is a mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics. The model consists of discrete variables called spins that can be in one of two states . The spins are arranged in a graph , and each spin interacts with its nearest neighbors...
(a.k.a. Lenz–Ising model) – Ernst IsingErnst IsingErnst Ising was a German physicist, who is best remembered for the development of the Ising model. He was a professor of physics at Bradley University until his retirement in 1976.-Life:Ernst Ising was born in Cologne in 1900...
(and Wilhelm LenzWilhelm LenzWilhelm Lenz was a German physicist, most notable for his invention of the Ising model and for his application of the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector to the quantum mechanical treatment of hydrogen-like atoms.In 1906, Lenz graduated from the Klinger-Oberralschule, a non-classical secondary school...
)
J
- Jaccard indexJaccard indexThe Jaccard index, also known as the Jaccard similarity coefficient , is a statistic used for comparing the similarity and diversity of sample sets....
, similarity coefficient, distance – Paul JaccardPaul JaccardPaul Jaccard was a professor of botany and plant physiology at the ETH Zurich. He studied at the University of Lausanne and ETH Zurich... - Jahn–Teller effect – Hermann Arthur Jahn and Edward TellerEdward TellerEdward Teller was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though he did not care for the title. Teller made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy , and surface physics...
- Jaro–Winkler distance – Matthew A. Jaro and William E. Winkler
- Jarque–Bera testJarque–Bera testIn statistics, the Jarque–Bera test is a goodness-of-fit test of whether sample data have the skewness and kurtosis matching a normal distribution. The test is named after Carlos Jarque and Anil K. Bera...
– Carlos M. Jarque and Anil K. BeraAnil K. BeraAnil K. Bera is an econometrician. He is Professor of Economics at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign's Department of Economics. He is most noted for his work with Carlos Jarque on the Jarque–Bera test.- Education :... - Johnson–Nyquist noiseJohnson–Nyquist noiseJohnson–Nyquist noise is the electronic noise generated by the thermal agitation of the charge carriers inside an electrical conductor at equilibrium, which happens regardless of any applied voltage...
– John B. JohnsonJohn B. JohnsonJohn Bertrand "Bert" Johnson was a Swedish-born American electrical engineer and physicist...
and Harry NyquistHarry NyquistHarry Nyquist was an important contributor to information theory.-Personal life:... - Jordan's ruleJordan's ruleJordan's rule named after the father of American ichthyology David Starr Jordan describes the inverse relationship between water temperature and meristic characteristics. The most common found relationship is for fin ray, vertebrae, or scale numbers to increase with decreasing temperature....
/law – David Starr JordanDavid Starr JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist, educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University.-Early life and education:... - Josephson constant, effectJosephson effectThe Josephson effect is the phenomenon of supercurrent across two superconductors coupled by a weak link...
, junction – Brian David JosephsonBrian David JosephsonBrian David Josephson, FRS is a Welsh physicist. He became a Nobel Prize laureate in 1973 for the prediction of the eponymous Josephson effect.... - Joule's lawJoule's lawJoule's laws are a pair of laws concerning the heat produced by a current and the energy dependence of an ideal gas to that of pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively...
(a.k.a. Joule–Lenz law) – James Prescott JouleJames Prescott JouleJames Prescott Joule FRS was an English physicist and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work . This led to the theory of conservation of energy, which led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The...
and Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz - Joule–Thomson effectJoule–Thomson effectIn thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect or Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect describes the temperature change of a gas or liquid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while kept insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment. This procedure is called a...
(a.k.a. Joule–Kelvin effect) – James Prescott JouleJames Prescott JouleJames Prescott Joule FRS was an English physicist and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work . This led to the theory of conservation of energy, which led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The...
and William Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin OM, GCVO, PC, PRS, PRSE, was a mathematical physicist and engineer. At the University of Glasgow he did important work in the mathematical analysis of electricity and formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and did much to unify the emerging...
K
- K3 surfaceK3 surfaceIn mathematics, a K3 surface is a complex or algebraic smooth minimal complete surface that is regular and has trivial canonical bundle.In the Enriques-Kodaira classification of surfaces they form one of the 5 classes of surfaces of Kodaira dimension 0....
– Ernst KummerErnst KummerErnst Eduard Kummer was a German mathematician. Skilled in applied mathematics, Kummer trained German army officers in ballistics; afterwards, he taught for 10 years in a gymnasium, the German equivalent of high school, where he inspired the mathematical career of Leopold Kronecker.-Life:Kummer...
, Erich KählerErich Kählerwas a German mathematician with wide-ranging geometrical interests.Kähler was born in Leipzig, and studied there. He received his Ph.D. in 1928 from the University of Leipzig. He held professorial positions in Königsberg, Leipzig, Berlin and Hamburg...
, Kunihiko Kodaira - Kähler differentialKähler differentialIn mathematics, Kähler differentials provide an adaptation of differential forms to arbitrary commutative rings or schemes.-Presentation:The idea was introduced by Erich Kähler in the 1930s...
, manifoldKähler manifoldIn mathematics, a Kähler manifold is a manifold with unitary structure satisfying an integrability condition.In particular, it is a Riemannian manifold, a complex manifold, and a symplectic manifold, with these three structures all mutually compatible.This threefold structure corresponds to the...
, metric – Erich KählerErich Kählerwas a German mathematician with wide-ranging geometrical interests.Kähler was born in Leipzig, and studied there. He received his Ph.D. in 1928 from the University of Leipzig. He held professorial positions in Königsberg, Leipzig, Berlin and Hamburg... - Kakutani's problem – see Collatz conjectureCollatz conjectureThe Collatz conjecture is a conjecture in mathematics named after Lothar Collatz, who first proposed it in 1937. The conjecture is also known as the 3n + 1 conjecture, the Ulam conjecture , Kakutani's problem , the Thwaites conjecture , Hasse's algorithm The Collatz conjecture is a...
, above - Karnaugh mapKarnaugh mapThe Karnaugh map , Maurice Karnaugh's 1953 refinement of Edward Veitch's 1952 Veitch diagram, is a method to simplify Boolean algebra expressions...
(a.k.a. Karnaugh-Veitch map, Veitch diagram) – Maurice KarnaughMaurice KarnaughMaurice Karnaugh is an American physicist, famous for the Karnaugh map used in Boolean algebra.He studied mathematics and physics at City College of New York and transferred to Yale University to complete his B.Sc. , M.Sc. and Ph.D...
(and Edward W. VeitchEdward W. VeitchEdward W. Veitch is an American computer scientist. He graduated from Harvard University in 1946 with a degree in Physics, followed by graduate degrees from Harvard in Physics and Applied Physics in 1948 and 1949 respectively...
) - Kasha's ruleKasha's ruleKasha's rule is a principle in the photochemistry of electronically excited molecules. The rule states that photon emission occurs in appreciable yield only from the lowest excited state of a given multiplicity...
– Michael KashaMichael KashaMichael Kasha is an American physical chemist and molecular spectroscopist who is one of the original founders of the Institute of Molecular Biophysics at Florida State University . Born in Elizabeth, NJ to a family of Ukrainian immigrants, he earned his Ph.D... - Kater's pendulumKater's pendulumA Kater's pendulum is a reversible freeswinging pendulum invented by British physicist and army captain Henry Kater in 1817 for use as a gravimeter instrument to measure the local acceleration of gravity. Its advantage is that, unlike previous pendulum gravimetry methods, the pendulum's centre of...
– Captain Henry KaterHenry KaterHenry Kater was an English physicist of German descent.-Early life:He was born at Bristol. At first he intended to study law; but he gave up the idea on his father's death in 1794. He entered the army, obtaining a commission in the 12th Regiment of Foot, then stationed in India, where he assisted... - Kaye effectKaye EffectThe Kaye Effect is a property of complex liquids which was first described by the British engineer Alan Kaye in 1963.While pouring one viscous mixture of an organic liquid onto a surface, the surface suddenly spouted an upcoming jet of liquid which merged with the downgoing one.This phenomenon has...
– Alan Kaye - Keeling curveKeeling curveThe Keeling Curve is a graph which plots the ongoing change in concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since 1958. It is based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii under the supervision of Charles David Keeling. Keeling's measurements showed the...
– Charles David KeelingCharles David KeelingCharles David Keeling was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory first alerted the world to the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to the "greenhouse effect" and global warming... - Kelvin–Joule effectJoule–Thomson effectIn thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect or Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect describes the temperature change of a gas or liquid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while kept insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment. This procedure is called a...
– William Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin OM, GCVO, PC, PRS, PRSE, was a mathematical physicist and engineer. At the University of Glasgow he did important work in the mathematical analysis of electricity and formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and did much to unify the emerging... - Kelvin–Voigt material, model – Woldemar VoigtWoldemar VoigtWoldemar Voigt was a German physicist, who taught at the Georg August University of Göttingen. Voigt eventually went on to head the Mathematical Physics Department at Göttingen and was succeeded in 1914 by Peter Debye, who took charge of the theoretical department of the Physical Institute...
and William Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin OM, GCVO, PC, PRS, PRSE, was a mathematical physicist and engineer. At the University of Glasgow he did important work in the mathematical analysis of electricity and formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and did much to unify the emerging... - Kennelly–Heaviside layer – Arthur Edwin KennellyArthur Edwin KennellyArthur Edwin Kennelly , was an Irish-American electrical engineer.-Biography:Kennelly was born December 17, 1861 in Colaba, in South Mumbai, India and was educated at University College School in London. He was the son of an Irish naval officer Captain David Joseph Kennelly and Catherine Gibson...
and Oliver HeavisideOliver HeavisideOliver Heaviside was a self-taught English electrical engineer, mathematician, and physicist who adapted complex numbers to the study of electrical circuits, invented mathematical techniques to the solution of differential equations , reformulated Maxwell's field equations in terms of electric and... - Kepler's laws of planetary motionKepler's laws of planetary motionIn astronomy, Kepler's laws give a description of the motion of planets around the Sun.Kepler's laws are:#The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci....
– Johannes KeplerJohannes KeplerJohannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican... - Kerr effectKerr effectThe Kerr effect, also called the quadratic electro-optic effect , is a change in the refractive index of a material in response to an applied electric field. The Kerr effect is distinct from the Pockels effect in that the induced index change is directly proportional to the square of the electric...
– John KerrJohn Kerr (physicist)John Kerr FRS was a Scottish physicist and a pioneer in the field of electro-optics. He is best known for the discovery of what is now called the Kerr effect.-Life and work:... - Kirkendall effectKirkendall effectThe Kirkendall effect is the motion of the boundary layer between two metals that occurs as a consequence of the difference in diffusion rates of the metal atoms...
– Ernest KirkendallErnest KirkendallErnest Oliver Kirkendall was an American chemist and metallurgist. He is known for his 1947 discovery of the Kirkendall effect.-Life and works:... - Kleene starKleene starIn mathematical logic and computer science, the Kleene star is a unary operation, either on sets of strings or on sets of symbols or characters. The application of the Kleene star to a set V is written as V*...
(a.k.a. Kleene operator, Kleene closure) – Stephen Kleene - Klein–Gordon equation – Oskar KleinOskar KleinOskar Benjamin Klein was a Swedish theoretical physicist.Klein was born in Danderyd outside Stockholm, son of the chief rabbi of Stockholm, Dr. Gottlieb Klein from Homonna in Hungary and Antonie Levy...
and Walter GordonWalter Gordon (physicist)Walter Gordon was a German theoretical physicist.-Life:Walter Gordon was the son of businessman Arnold Gordon and his wife Bianca Gordon . The family moved to Switzerland in his early years. In 1900 he attended school in St. Gallen and in 1915 he began his studies of mathematics and physics at... - Klein–Nishina effect – Oskar KleinOskar KleinOskar Benjamin Klein was a Swedish theoretical physicist.Klein was born in Danderyd outside Stockholm, son of the chief rabbi of Stockholm, Dr. Gottlieb Klein from Homonna in Hungary and Antonie Levy...
and Yoshio NishinaYoshio Nishinawas the founding father of modern physics research in Japan. He co-authored the well-known Klein–Nishina formula. He was a principal investigator of RIKEN and mentored generations... - Knudsen cellKnudsen CellIn crystal growth, Knudsen Cells are often used as sources evaporators for relatively low partial pressure elementary sources...
, numberKnudsen numberThe Knudsen number is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale. This length scale could be, for example, the radius of a body in a fluid...
– Martin Hans Christian Knudsen - Kodaira dimensionKodaira dimensionIn algebraic geometry, the Kodaira dimension κ measures the size of the canonical model of a projective variety V.The definition of Kodaira dimension, named for Kunihiko Kodaira, and the notation κ were introduced in the seminar.-The plurigenera:...
, embedding theoremKodaira embedding theoremIn mathematics, the Kodaira embedding theorem characterises non-singular projective varieties, over the complex numbers, amongst compact Kähler manifolds...
, vanishing theorem – Kunihiko Kodaira - Koenigs–Knorr reaction – Wilhelm Koenigs and Edward Knorr
- Kohn effectKohn effectThe Kohn effect is a dispersion of phonons from the Fermi surface, named for Walter Kohn....
– Walter KohnWalter KohnWalter Kohn is an Austrian-born American theoretical physicist.He was awarded, with John Pople, the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1998. The award recognized their contributions to the understandings of the electronic properties of materials... - Kohn–Sham equations – Walter KohnWalter KohnWalter Kohn is an Austrian-born American theoretical physicist.He was awarded, with John Pople, the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1998. The award recognized their contributions to the understandings of the electronic properties of materials...
and Lu Jeu Sham - Kohonen network – Teuvo KohonenTeuvo KohonenTeuvo Kohonen, Dr. Ing , is a Finnish academician and prominent researcher. He is currently professor emeritus of the Academy of Finland.Prof...
- Kolbe–Schmitt reaction and Kolbe electrolysisKolbe electrolysisKolbe electrolysis or Kolbe reaction is an organic reaction named after Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe. The Kolbe reaction is formally a decarboxylative dimerisation and proceeds by a radical reaction mechanism...
—Adolph Wilhelm Hermann KolbeAdolph Wilhelm Hermann KolbeAdolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe was a German chemist. He never used the first two of his given names, preferring to be known as Hermann Kolbe.-Life:...
and Rudolf SchmittRudolf SchmittRudolf Schmitt was a German chemist who together with Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe discovered the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction.-Biography:... - Kondo effectKondo effectIn physics, the Kondo effect describes the scattering of conduction electrons in a metal due to magnetic impurities. It is a measure of how electrical resistivity changes with temperature....
– Jun KondoJun KondoJun Kondo is a theoretical physicist in Japan. His research is famous for the Kondo effect.- Honours and appointments :*1959 Dr... - Kornblum oxidationKornblum oxidationThe Kornblum oxidation is a chemical reaction of a primary halide with dimethyl sulfoxide to form an aldehyde.Like all DMSO-based oxidations, the Kornblum oxidation creates an alkoxysulphonium ion, which, in the presence of a base, such as triethylamine , will eliminate to form the desired aldehyde....
and Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangementKornblum–DeLaMare rearrangementThe Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry in which a primary or secondary organic peroxide is converted to the corresponding ketone and alcohol under base catalysis...
– Nathan Kornblum and Harold E. DeLaMare - Kossel effect – Walther KosselWalther KosselWalther Ludwig Julius Kossel was a German physicist known for his theory of the chemical bond , Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law of atomic spectra, the Kossel-Stranski model for crystal growth, and the Kossel effect...
- Kosterlitz–Thouless transition – see Berezinsky–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition, above
- Kozai effect – Yoshihide Kozai
- Krebs cycle – Hans Adolf KrebsHans Adolf KrebsSir Hans Adolf Krebs was a German-born British physician and biochemist. Krebs is best known for his identification of two important metabolic cycles: the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle...
- Kratzer potential – Adolf KratzerAdolf KratzerB. Adolf Kratzer was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions to atomic physics and molecular physics, and was an authority on molecular band spectroscopy...
- Kronecker delta – Leopold KroneckerLeopold KroneckerLeopold Kronecker was a German mathematician who worked on number theory and algebra.He criticized Cantor's work on set theory, and was quoted by as having said, "God made integers; all else is the work of man"...
- Kuiper BeltKuiper beltThe Kuiper belt , sometimes called the Edgeworth–Kuiper belt, is a region of the Solar System beyond the planets extending from the orbit of Neptune to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, although it is far larger—20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive...
– Gerard KuiperGerard KuiperGerard Peter Kuiper , Netherlands – December 24, 1973, Mexico City) was a Dutch-American astronomer after whom the Kuiper belt was named.-Early life:... - Kummer's functionConfluent hypergeometric functionIn mathematics, a confluent hypergeometric function is a solution of a confluent hypergeometric equation, which is a degenerate form of a hypergeometric differential equation where two of the three regular singularities merge into an irregular singularity...
, Kummer surface – Ernst KummerErnst KummerErnst Eduard Kummer was a German mathematician. Skilled in applied mathematics, Kummer trained German army officers in ballistics; afterwards, he taught for 10 years in a gymnasium, the German equivalent of high school, where he inspired the mathematical career of Leopold Kronecker.-Life:Kummer... - Kuramoto modelKuramoto modelThe Kuramoto model, first proposed by Yoshiki Kuramoto , is a mathematical model used to describe synchronization. More specifically, it is a model for the behavior of a large set of coupled oscillators...
– Yoshiki KuramotoYoshiki Kuramotois a Japanese physicist in the Nonlinear Dynamics group at Kyoto University who formulated the Kuramoto model.-Notes:...
L
- Lagrangian mechanicsLagrangian mechanicsLagrangian mechanics is a re-formulation of classical mechanics that combines conservation of momentum with conservation of energy. It was introduced by the Italian-French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1788....
, Lagrange points – Joseph Louis LagrangeJoseph Louis LagrangeJoseph-Louis Lagrange , born Giuseppe Lodovico Lagrangia, was a mathematician and astronomer, who was born in Turin, Piedmont, lived part of his life in Prussia and part in France, making significant contributions to all fields of analysis, to number theory, and to classical and celestial mechanics... - Lamb shift – Willis LambWillis LambWillis Eugene Lamb, Jr. was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1955 together with Polykarp Kusch "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum". Lamb and Kusch were able to precisely determine certain electromagnetic properties of the electron...
- Lambert's cosine lawLambert's cosine lawIn optics, Lambert's cosine law says that the radiant intensity observed from a Lambertian surface or a Lambertian radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the observer's line of sight and the surface normal. A Lambertian surface is also known as an ideal diffusely...
(a.k.a. Lambert's emission law) – Johann Heinrich LambertJohann Heinrich LambertJohann Heinrich Lambert was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, philosopher and astronomer.Asteroid 187 Lamberta was named in his honour.-Biography:... - Landau dampingLandau dampingIn physics, Landau damping, named after its discoverer, the eminent Soviet physicist Lev Davidovich Landau, is the effect of damping of longitudinal space charge waves in plasma or a similar environment. This phenomenon prevents an instability from developing, and creates a region of stability in...
, poleLandau poleIn physics, the Landau pole is the momentum scale at which the coupling constant of a quantum field theory becomes infinite...
– Lev Davidovich Landau - Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect – Lev Davidovich Landau, Isaak PomeranchukIsaak PomeranchukIsaak Yakovlevich Pomeranchuk was a Soviet physicist, who was the founder and first head of the theory division at ITEP. The particle pomeron is named in his honour. For his work, Pomeranchuk was twice awarded Stalin Prize .-External links:**...
, and Arkady Migdal - Landau–Zener transition – Lev Davidovich Landau and Clarence ZenerClarence ZenerClarence Melvin Zener was the American physicist who first described the property concerning the breakdown of electrical insulators. These findings were later exploited by Bell Labs in the development of the Zener diode, which was duly named after him...
- Landé g-factorLandé g-factorIn physics, the Landé g-factor is a particular example of a g-factor, namely for an electron with both spin and orbital angular momenta. It is named after Alfred Landé, who first described it in 1921....
– Alfred LandéAlfred LandéAlfred Landé was a German-American physicist known for his contributions to quantum theory. He is responsible for the Landé g-factor an explanation of the Zeeman Effect.-Life and Achievements:... - Langmuir probeLangmuir probeA Langmuir probe is a device named after Nobel Prize winning physicist Irving Langmuir, used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma. It works by inserting one or more electrodes into a plasma, with a constant or time-varying electric potential...
– Irving LangmuirIrving LangmuirIrving Langmuir was an American chemist and physicist. His most noted publication was the famous 1919 article "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" in which, building on Gilbert N. Lewis's cubical atom theory and Walther Kossel's chemical bonding theory, he outlined his... - Langmuir–Blodgett film – Irving LangmuirIrving LangmuirIrving Langmuir was an American chemist and physicist. His most noted publication was the famous 1919 article "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" in which, building on Gilbert N. Lewis's cubical atom theory and Walther Kossel's chemical bonding theory, he outlined his...
and Katharine B. Blodgett - Laplace vector – see Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector, below
- Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector (a.k.a. LRL vector, Laplace vector, Runge–Lenz vector, Lenz vector) – Pierre-Simon de Laplace, Carl Runge and Wilhelm LenzWilhelm LenzWilhelm Lenz was a German physicist, most notable for his invention of the Ising model and for his application of the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector to the quantum mechanical treatment of hydrogen-like atoms.In 1906, Lenz graduated from the Klinger-Oberralschule, a non-classical secondary school...
- Larmor frequency, precessionLarmor precessionIn physics, Larmor precession is the precession of the magnetic moments of electrons, atomic nuclei, and atoms about an external magnetic field...
, radius – Sir Joseph LarmorJoseph LarmorSir Joseph Larmor , a physicist and mathematician who made innovations in the understanding of electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics, and the electron theory of matter... - Larsen effect – Søren Larsen (scientist)
- Laspeyres index – Ernst Louis Etienne Laspeyres
- Leavitt's law (a.k.a. Henrietta's law) – Henrietta Swan LeavittHenrietta Swan LeavittHenrietta Swan Leavitt was an American astronomer. A graduate of Radcliffe College, Leavitt went to work in 1893 at the Harvard College Observatory in a menial capacity as a "computer", assigned to count images on photographic plates...
- Le Chatelier's principleLe Châtelier's principleIn chemistry, Le Chatelier's principle, also called the Chatelier's principle, can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. The principle is named after Henry Louis Le Chatelier and sometimes Karl Ferdinand Braun who discovered it independently...
– Henri Louis Le ChatelierHenri Louis Le ChatelierHenri Louis Le Châtelier was an influential French chemist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is most famous for devising Le Châtelier's principle, used by chemists to predict the effect a changing condition has on a system in chemical equilibrium... - Lee distance – C. Y. Lee
- Leidenfrost effectLeidenfrost effectThe Leidenfrost effect is a phenomenon in which a liquid, in near contact with a mass significantly hotter than the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer which keeps that liquid from boiling rapidly...
, point – Johann Gottlob LeidenfrostJohann Gottlob LeidenfrostJohann Gottlob Leidenfrost was a German doctor and theologian who first described the scientific phenomenon eponymously named the Leidenfrost effect.-Personal life and career:... - Lenard effect – Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
- Lennard-Jones potentialLennard-Jones potentialThe Lennard-Jones potential is a mathematically simple model that approximates the interaction between a pair of neutral atoms or molecules. A form of the potential was first proposed in 1924 by John Lennard-Jones...
– John Lennard-JonesJohn Lennard-JonesSir John Edward Lennard-Jones KBE, FRS was a mathematician who was a professor of theoretical physics at Bristol University, and then of theoretical science at Cambridge University... - Lense–Thirring effect (a.k.a. Thirring effect) – Josef LenseJosef LenseJosef Lense was an Austrian physicistIn 1914 Lense got his doctorate under Samuel Oppenheim. From 1927-28 he was Professor ordinarius and from 1928-1946 Professor extraordinarius for applied mathematics at the Technical University of Munich...
and Hans ThirringHans ThirringHans Thirring was an Austrian theoretical physicist, professor, and father of the physicist Walter Thirring.... - Lenz vector – see Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector, above
- Lenz's lawLenz's lawLenz's law is a common way of understanding how electromagnetic circuits must always obey Newton's third law and The Law of Conservation of Energy...
– Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz - Levenshtein distanceLevenshtein distanceIn information theory and computer science, the Levenshtein distance is a string metric for measuring the amount of difference between two sequences...
, automatonLevenshtein automatonIn computer science, Levenshtein automata for a formal language are the family of finite state automata that can recognize the set V of all words in the language for which the Levenshtein distance to an arbitrary word w does not exceed a particular constant...
– Vladimir LevenshteinVladimir LevenshteinVladimir Iosifovich Levenshtein is a Russian scientist who did research in information theory and error-correcting codes. Among other contributions, he is known for the Levenshtein distance algorithm, which he developed in 1965.... - Levi-Civita symbolLevi-Civita symbolThe Levi-Civita symbol, also called the permutation symbol, antisymmetric symbol, or alternating symbol, is a mathematical symbol used in particular in tensor calculus...
– Tullio Levi-CivitaTullio Levi-CivitaTullio Levi-Civita, FRS was an Italian mathematician, most famous for his work on absolute differential calculus and its applications to the theory of relativity, but who also made significant contributions in other areas. He was a pupil of Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, the inventor of tensor calculus... - Little–Parks effect – W. A. Little and R. D. Parks
- Littlewood–Offord problem – John E. Littlewood and A. Cyril Offord
- Locard's exchange principleLocard's exchange principleThe Locard exchange principle, also known as Locard's theory, was postulated by 20th century forensic scientist Edmond Locard.Locard was the director of the very first crime laboratory in existence, located in Lyon, France...
– Edmond LocardEdmond LocardDr. Edmond Locard was a pioneer in forensic science who became known as the Sherlock Holmes of France. He formulated the basic principle of forensic science: "Every contact leaves a trace"... - Lombard effectLombard effectthumb|250 px|[[Great tit]]s sing at a higher frequency in [[noise pollution|noise polluted]] urban surroundings than quieter ones to help overcome the [[auditory masking]] that would otherwise impair other birds hearing their [[bird vocalization|song]]...
– Étienne LombardÉtienne Lombardthumb|200px|Étienne Lombard], Étienne Lombard was a French otolaryngologist and surgeon who discovered the Lombard effect, in which a person's voice is involuntarily raised when speaking in a loud environment.... - London force – Fritz LondonFritz LondonFritz Wolfgang London was a German theoretical physicist. His fundamental contributions to the theories of chemical bonding and of intermolecular forces are today considered classic and are discussed in standard textbooks of physical chemistry.With his brother Heinz, he made a significant...
- Lorentz forceLorentz forceIn physics, the Lorentz force is the force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. It is given by the following equation in terms of the electric and magnetic fields:...
, transformationLorentz transformationIn physics, the Lorentz transformation or Lorentz-Fitzgerald transformation describes how, according to the theory of special relativity, two observers' varying measurements of space and time can be converted into each other's frames of reference. It is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik...
– Hendrik Antoon Lorentz - Lorentz–Lorenz equation – Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Ludvig Lorenz
- Lorenz attractorLorenz attractorThe Lorenz attractor, named for Edward N. Lorenz, is an example of a non-linear dynamic system corresponding to the long-term behavior of the Lorenz oscillator. The Lorenz oscillator is a 3-dimensional dynamical system that exhibits chaotic flow, noted for its lemniscate shape...
– Edward Norton LorenzEdward Norton LorenzEdward Norton Lorenz was an American mathematician and meteorologist, and a pioneer of chaos theory. He discovered the strange attractor notion and coined the term butterfly effect.-Biography:... - Lorenz curveLorenz curveIn economics, the Lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the cumulative distribution function of the empirical probability distribution of wealth; it is a graph showing the proportion of the distribution assumed by the bottom y% of the values...
– Max O. LorenzMax O. LorenzMax Otto Lorenz was an American economist who developed the Lorenz curve in 1905 to describe income inequalities. He published this paper while a doctoral student at the University of Wisconsin–Madison... - Lorenz gauge conditionLorenz gauge conditionIn electromagnetism, the Lorenz gauge or Lorenz gauge condition is a partial gauge fixing of the electromagnetic vector potential. The condition is that \partial_\mu A^\mu=0...
– Ludvig Lorenz - Lorenz–Mie scattering – see Mie scattering, below
- Loschmidt's paradoxLoschmidt's paradoxLoschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from time-symmetric dynamics...
– Johann Loschmidt - Lotka's law – Alfred J. LotkaAlfred J. LotkaAlfred James Lotka was a US mathematician, physical chemist, and statistician, famous for his work in population dynamics and energetics. An American biophysicist best known for his proposal of the predator-prey model, developed simultaneously but independently of Vito Volterra...
- Lotka–Volterra equation – Alfred J. LotkaAlfred J. LotkaAlfred James Lotka was a US mathematician, physical chemist, and statistician, famous for his work in population dynamics and energetics. An American biophysicist best known for his proposal of the predator-prey model, developed simultaneously but independently of Vito Volterra...
and Vito VolterraVito VolterraVito Volterra was an Italian mathematician and physicist, known for his contributions to mathematical biology and integral equations.... - Love waves – Augustus Edward Hough LoveAugustus Edward Hough LoveAugustus Edward Hough Love FRS , often known as A. E. H. Love, was a mathematician famous for his work on the mathematical theory of elasticity...
- Lucas critiqueLucas critiqueThe Lucas critique, named for Robert Lucas′ work on macroeconomic policymaking, argues that it is naïve to try to predict the effects of a change in economic policy entirely on the basis of relationships observed in historical data, especially highly aggregated historical data.The basic idea...
– Robert Lucas, Jr.Robert Lucas, Jr.Robert Emerson Lucas, Jr. is an American economist at the University of Chicago. He received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1995 and is consistently indexed among the top 10 economists in the Research Papers in Economics rankings. He is married to economist Nancy Stokey.He received his B.A. in... - Lyapunov's central limit theorem, equation, exponentLyapunov exponentIn mathematics the Lyapunov exponent or Lyapunov characteristic exponent of a dynamical system is a quantity that characterizes the rate of separation of infinitesimally close trajectories...
, fractalLyapunov fractalIn mathematics, Lyapunov fractals are bifurcational fractals derived from an extension of the logistic map in which the degree of the growth of the population, r, periodically switches between two values A and B.A Lyapunov fractal is constructed by mapping the regions of stability and chaotic...
, functionLyapunov functionIn the theory of ordinary differential equations , Lyapunov functions are scalar functions that may be used to prove the stability of an equilibrium of an ODE. Named after the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov, Lyapunov functions are important to stability theory and control...
, stabilityLyapunov stabilityVarious types of stability may be discussed for the solutions of differential equations describing dynamical systems. The most important type is that concerning the stability of solutions near to a point of equilibrium. This may be discussed by the theory of Lyapunov...
, test, timeLyapunov timeIn mathematics, the Lyapunov time is the length of time for a dynamical system to become chaotic. The Lyapunov time reflects the limits of the predictability of the system. By convention, it is defined as the time for the distance between nearby trajectories of the system to increase by a factor...
and tube – Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov - Lyman line, seriesLyman seriesIn physics and chemistry, the Lyman series is the series of transitions and resulting ultraviolet emission lines of the hydrogen atom as an electron goes from n ≥ 2 to n = 1...
– Theodore LymanTheodore LymanTheodore Lyman was a U.S. physicist and spectroscopist, born in Boston. He graduated from Harvard in 1897, from which he also received his Ph.D. in 1900. He became an assistant professor in physics at Harvard, where he remained, becoming full professor in 1917, and where he was also director of...
M
- Mach band/effect, numberMach numberMach number is the speed of an object moving through air, or any other fluid substance, divided by the speed of sound as it is in that substance for its particular physical conditions, including those of temperature and pressure...
, principleMach's principleIn theoretical physics, particularly in discussions of gravitation theories, Mach's principle is the name given by Einstein to an imprecise hypothesis often credited to the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach....
– Ernst MachErnst MachErnst Mach was an Austrian physicist and philosopher, noted for his contributions to physics such as the Mach number and the study of shock waves... - Mach–Zehnder interferometer – Ludwig Mach and Ludwig ZehnderLudwig ZehnderLudwig Louis Albert Zehnder , Swiss physicist, inventor of an interferometer ....
- Madelung constantMadelung constantThe Madelung constant is used in determining the electrostatic potential of a single ion in a crystal by approximating the ions by point charges. It is named after Erwin Madelung, a German physicist....
, Madelung rule, Madelung energy – Erwin MadelungErwin MadelungErwin Madelung was a German physicist.He was born in 1881 in Bonn. His father was the surgeon Otto Wilhelm Madelung. He earned a doctorate in 1905 from the University of Göttingen, specializing in crystal structure, and eventually became a professor... - Maggi–Righi–Leduc effect – Gian Antonio Maggi, Augusto RighiAugusto RighiAugusto Righi was an Italian physicist and a pioneer in the study of electromagnetism. He was born and died in Bologna.His early research, conducted in Bologna between 1872 and 1880, was primarily in electrostatics...
and S. Leduc - Magnus effectMagnus effectThe Magnus effect is the phenomenon whereby a spinning object flying in a fluid creates a whirlpool of fluid around itself, and experiences a force perpendicular to the line of motion...
– Heinrich Gustav Magnus - Mahalanobis distanceMahalanobis distanceIn statistics, Mahalanobis distance is a distance measure introduced by P. C. Mahalanobis in 1936. It is based on correlations between variables by which different patterns can be identified and analyzed. It gauges similarity of an unknown sample set to a known one. It differs from Euclidean...
– Prasanta Chandra MahalanobisPrasanta Chandra MahalanobisPrasanta Chandra Mahalanobis FRS was an Indian scientist and applied statistician. He is best remembered for the Mahalanobis distance, a statistical measure. He made pioneering studies in anthropometry in India...
(প্রশান্ত চন্দ্র মহলানবিস) - Mahler measure, Mahler's theoremMahler's theoremIn mathematics, Mahler's theorem, introduced by , expresses continuous p-adic functions in terms of polynomials.In any field, one has the following result. Let=f-f\,be the forward difference operator...
– Kurt MahlerKurt MahlerKurt Mahler was a mathematician and Fellow of the Royal Society.He was a student at the universities in Frankfurt and Göttingen, graduating with a Ph.D... - Malmquist biasMalmquist biasThe Malmquist bias refers to an effect in observational astronomy which leads to the preferential detection of intrinsically bright objects. It was first popularized in 1922 by Swedish astronomer Gunnar Malmquist , who then greatly elaborated upon this work in 1925...
, effect – Karl Gunnar Malmquist - Malus' law – Étienne-Louis MalusÉtienne-Louis Malus- External links :...
- Malthusian parameter – named by Ronald FisherRonald FisherSir Ronald Aylmer Fisher FRS was an English statistician, evolutionary biologist, eugenicist and geneticist. Among other things, Fisher is well known for his contributions to statistics by creating Fisher's exact test and Fisher's equation...
as a criticism of Thomas Robert Malthus - Malthusian catastropheMalthusian catastropheA Malthusian catastrophe was originally foreseen to be a forced return to subsistence-level conditions once population growth had outpaced agricultural production...
, growth modelMalthusian growth modelThe Malthusian growth model, sometimes called the simple exponential growth model, is essentially exponential growth based on a constant rate of compound interest...
– Thomas Robert Malthus - Mandel'shtam–Brillouin scattering – Leonid Isaakovich Mandel'shtam and Léon BrillouinLéon BrillouinLéon Nicolas Brillouin was a French physicist. He made contributions to quantum mechanics, radio wave propagation in the atmosphere, solid state physics, and information theory.-Early life:...
- Marangoni cell/convection (a.k.a. Bénard–Marangoni convection) – see Bénard–Marangoni cell/convection, above
- Marangoni effectMarangoni effectThe Marangoni effect is the mass transfer along an interface between two fluids due to surface tension gradient...
(a.k.a. Gibbs–Marangoni effect) – see Gibbs–Marangoni effect, above - Markov's inequalityMarkov's inequalityIn probability theory, Markov's inequality gives an upper bound for the probability that a non-negative function of a random variable is greater than or equal to some positive constant...
, chainMarkov chainA Markov chain, named after Andrey Markov, is a mathematical system that undergoes transitions from one state to another, between a finite or countable number of possible states. It is a random process characterized as memoryless: the next state depends only on the current state and not on the...
, partitionMarkov partitionA Markov partition is a tool used in dynamical systems theory, allowing the methods of symbolic dynamics to be applied to the study of hyperbolic systems. By using a Markov partition, the system can be made to resemble a discrete-time Markov process, with the long-term dynamical characteristics...
, Markovian process – Andrey MarkovAndrey MarkovAndrey Andreyevich Markov was a Russian mathematician. He is best known for his work on theory of stochastic processes... - Mathieu functions – Émile Léonard MathieuÉmile Léonard MathieuÉmile Léonard Mathieu was a French mathematician. He is most famous for his work in group theory and mathematical physics. He has given his name to the Mathieu functions, Mathieu groups and Mathieu transformation...
- Matilda effectMatilda effectThe Matilda effect is the systematic repression and denial of the contribution of women scientists in research, whose work is often attributed to their male colleagues. This effect was first described in 1993 by science historian Margaret W. Rossiter....
– Matilda Joslyn GageMatilda Joslyn GageMatilda Electa Joslyn Gage was a suffragist, a Native American activist, an abolitionist, a freethinker, and a prolific author, who was "born with a hatred of oppression".-Early activities:... - Matthew effectMatthew effect (sociology)In sociology, the Matthew effect is the phenomenon where "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer". Those who possess power and economic or social capital can leverage those resources to gain more power or capital. The term was first coined by sociologist Robert K...
– Matthew the EvangelistMatthew the EvangelistMatthew the Evangelist was, according to the Bible, one of the twelve Apostles of Jesus and one of the four Evangelists.-Identity:... - Maxwell effect (optics) – James Clark Maxwell
- Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution – James Clark Maxwell and Ludwig BoltzmannLudwig BoltzmannLudwig Eduard Boltzmann was an Austrian physicist famous for his founding contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics...
- Maxwell–Wien bridge – James Clark Maxwell(?) and Wilhelm WienWilhelm WienWilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from the emission at any one reference temperature.He also formulated an...
- Mazurkiewicz trace – Antoni Mazurkiewicz
- McCollough effectMcCollough effectThe McCollough effect is a phenomenon of human visual perception in which colorless gratings appear colored depending on the orientation of the gratings. It is an aftereffect requiring a period of induction to produce it...
– Celeste McColloughCeleste McColloughCeleste McCollough, known since about 1996 as Celeste McCollough Howard is an American scientist who conducts research in human visual perception. She is famous for discovering, in 1965, the first contingent aftereffect, known soon after as the McCollough effect... - McCulloch–Pitts neuron – Warren McCulloch and Walter PittsWalter PittsWalter Harry Pitts, Jr. was a logician who worked in the field of cognitive psychology.He proposed landmark theoretical formulations of neural activity and emergent processes that influenced diverse fields such as cognitive sciences and psychology, philosophy, neurosciences, computer science,...
- McGurk effectMcGurk effectThe McGurk effect is a perceptual phenomenon which demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception. "It is a compelling illusion in which humans perceive mismatched audiovisual speech as a completely different syllable". The visual information a person gets from seeing a...
(a.k.a. McGurk–MacDonald effect) – Harry McGurkHarry McGurkHarry McGurk was a Scottish cognitive psychologist. He is known for his discovery of the McGurk effect, described in a 1976 paper with his research assistant John McDonald, while he was a senior developmental psychologist at the University of Surrey..He was born in Hillington, Glasgow on 23...
(and John MacDonaldJohn MacdonaldJohn Macdonald may refer to:*John S. MacDonald, co-founder of MacDonald Dettwiler*John Macdonald , New Zealand forensic psychiatrist who coined the MacDonald triad of sociopathy- Government :... - Mealy machineMealy machineIn the theory of computation, a Mealy machine is a finite-state machine whose output values are determined both by its current state and the current inputs. The outputs change asynchronously with respect to the clock, meaning that the outputs change at unpredictable times, making timing analysis...
– George H. Mealy - Meissner effectMeissner effectThe Meissner effect is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state. The German physicists Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered the phenomenon in 1933 by measuring the magnetic field distribution outside superconducting tin...
(a.k.a. Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect) – Walter Meissner (and Robert OchsenfeldRobert OchsenfeldRobert Ochsenfeld was a German physicist born on May 18, 1901 in Hilchenbach . In 1933 he discovered with Walter Meissner the Meißner-Ochsenfeld effect.He died on December 5, 1993 in Hilchenbach....
) - Mendelian inheritanceMendelian inheritanceMendelian inheritance is a scientific description of how hereditary characteristics are passed from parent organisms to their offspring; it underlies much of genetics...
– Gregor MendelGregor MendelGregor Johann Mendel was an Austrian scientist and Augustinian friar who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the new science of genetics. Mendel demonstrated that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance... - Mercalli intensity scaleMercalli intensity scaleThe Mercalli intensity scale is a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake. It measures the effects of an earthquake, and is distinct from the moment magnitude M_w usually reported for an earthquake , which is a measure of the energy released...
(Modified Mercalli scale) – Giuseppe MercalliGiuseppe MercalliGiuseppe Mercalli was an Italian volcanologist. He is best remembered today for his Mercalli scale for measuring earthquakes which is still used today.-Biography:... - Metonic cycleMetonic cycleIn astronomy and calendar studies, the Metonic cycle or Enneadecaeteris is a period of very close to 19 years which is remarkable for being very nearly a common multiple of the solar year and the synodic month...
– Meton of AthensMeton of AthensMeton of Athens was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, geometer, and engineer who lived in Athens in the 5th century BC. He is best known for calculations involving the eponymous 19-year Metonic cycle which he introduced in 432 BC into the lunisolar Attic calendar.The metonic calendar assumes... - Meyers synthesisMeyers synthesisThe Meyers synthesis is an organic synthesis for the preparation of unsymmetrical aldehydes via hydrolysis of an oxazine . The reaction is named after the American chemist Albert I. Meyers....
– Albert I. Meyers - Mie scattering (a.k.a. Lorenz–Mie scattering) – Gustav MieGustav MieGustav Adolf Feodor Wilhelm Ludwig Mie was a German physicist.-Biography:Mie was born in Rostock. From 1886 he studied mathematics and physics at the University of Rostock. In addition to his major subjects, he also attended lectures in chemistry, zoology, geology, mineralogy, astronomy as well as...
(and Ludvig Lorenz) - Mihăilescu's theoremMihailescu's theoremCatalan's conjecture is a theorem in number theory that was conjectured by the mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan in 1844 and proven in 2002 by Preda Mihăilescu....
(a.k.a. Catalan's conjecture) – Preda MihăilescuPreda MihailescuPreda V. Mihăilescu is a Romanian mathematician, best known for his proof of Catalan's conjecture.Born in Bucharest, he is the brother of Vintilă Mihăilescu. After leaving Romania in 1973, he settled in Switzerland. He studied mathematics and computer science in Zürich, receiving his Ph.D. from... - Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect – Stanislav MikheyevStanislav MikheyevStanislav Pavlovich Mikheyev was a Russian physicist known for a co-discovering of the MSW effect.-Education and research:Stanislav Mikheyev graduated from Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University in 1965. Then he became a researcher at Lebedev Physical Institute...
, Alexei Smirnov, and Lincoln WolfensteinLincoln WolfensteinLincoln Wolfenstein is an American particle physicist who studies the weak interaction. Wolfenstein was born in 1923 and obtained his PhD in 1949 from the University of Chicago. He retired from Carnegie Mellon University in 2000 after being a faculty member for 52 years, but still lectures there... - Miller effectMiller effectIn electronics, the Miller effect accounts for the increase in the equivalent input capacitance of an inverting voltage amplifier due to amplification of the effect of capacitance between the input and output terminals...
– John Milton Miller (John M. Miller) - Miller indices (a.k.a. Miller–Bravais indices) – William Hallowes MillerWilliam Hallowes MillerWilliam Hallowes Miller FRS , British mineralogist and crystallographer.- Life and work :Miller was born in 1801 at Velindre near Llandovery, Carmarthenshire. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1826 as fifth wrangler. He became a Fellow there in 1829...
(and Auguste BravaisAuguste BravaisAuguste Bravais was a French physicist, well known for his work in crystallography...
) - Misznay–Schardin effect – Col. Misznay and Hubert SchardinHubert SchardinHubert Schardin Hermann Reinhold was a German ballistics expert, engineer and academic who studied in the field of Time-lapse photography and high-frequency Cinematography....
- Mögel–Dellinger effect – see Dellinger effectDellinger effectThe Dellinger effect is a fadeout of short-wave radios, caused by increased ionization of the D region of the ionosphere due to solar flares.The effect was discovered by John Howard Dellinger...
, above - Mohorovičić discontinuityMohorovičić discontinuityThe Mohorovičić discontinuity , usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle. Named after the pioneering Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić, the Moho separates both the oceanic crust and continental crust from underlying mantle...
(Moho) – Andrija MohorovičićAndrija MohorovicicAndrija Mohorovičić was a Croatian meteorologist and seismologist. He is best known for the eponymous Mohorovičić discontinuity and is considered a founder of modern seismology.-Early years:... - Mohr's circle – Christian Otto Mohr
- Mohr–Coulomb theory – Christian Otto Mohr and Charles-Augustin de CoulombCharles-Augustin de CoulombCharles-Augustin de Coulomb was a French physicist. He is best known for developing Coulomb's law, the definition of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion. The [SI unit] of charge, the coulomb, was named after him....
- Mooers' lawMooers' LawMooers' Law is an empirical observation of behavior made by American computer scientist Calvin Mooers in 1959. The observation is made in relation to information retrieval and the interpretation of the observation is used commonly throughout the information profession both within and outside its...
– Calvin MooersCalvin MooersCalvin Northrup Mooers , was an American computer scientist known for his work in information retrieval and for the programming language TRAC.... - Moore machineMoore machineIn the theory of computation, a Moore machine is a finite-state machine, whose output values are determined solely by its current state.-Name:The Moore machine is named after Edward F...
– Edward Forrest Moore - Moore's lawMoore's LawMoore's law describes a long-term trend in the history of computing hardware: the number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years....
– Gordon E. Moore - Morgan unitCentimorganIn genetics, a centimorgan or map unit is a unit of recombinant frequency for measuring genetic linkage, defined as that distance between chromosome positions for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01. It is often used to infer...
– Thomas Hunt MorganThomas Hunt MorganThomas Hunt Morgan was an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist and embryologist and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries relating the role the chromosome plays in heredity.Morgan received his PhD from Johns Hopkins University in zoology... - Moreton waveMoreton waveA Moreton wave is the chromospheric signature of a large-scale solar coronal shock wave. Described as a kind of solar 'tsunami', they are generated by solar flares. They are named for American astronomer Gail Moreton, an observer at the Lockheed Solar Observatory in Burbank who spotted them in 1959...
– Gail E. Moreton - Morse potentialMorse potentialThe Morse potential, named after physicist Philip M. Morse, is a convenient model for the potential energy of a diatomic molecule. It is a better approximation for the vibrational structure of the molecule than the quantum harmonic oscillator because it explicitly includes the effects of bond...
– Philip M. MorsePhilip M. MorsePhilip McCord Morse , was an American physicist, administrator and pioneer of operations research in World War II. He is considered to be the father of operations research in the U.S.- Biography :Morse graduated from the Case School of Applied Science in 1926 with a B.S. in physics. He earned his... - Mössbauer effectMössbauer effectThe Mössbauer effect, or recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence, is a physical phenomenon discovered by Rudolf Mössbauer in 1958. It involves the resonant and recoil-free emission and absorption of γ radiation by atomic nuclei bound in a solid...
– Rudolf Mössbauer - Mott cross sectionMott scatteringMott scattering, also referred to as spin-coupling inelastic Coulomb scattering, is the separation of the two spin states of an electron beam by scattering the beam off the Coulomb field of heavy atoms...
, Mott insulatorMott insulatorMott insulators are a class of materials that should conduct electricity under conventional band theories, but are insulators when measured...
, Mott transitionMott transitionA Mott transition is a metal-nonmetal transition in condensed matter. Due to electric field screening the potential energy becomes much sharper peaked around the equilibrium position of the atom and electrons become localized and can no longer conduct a current.-Conceptual explanation:In a...
– Nevill Francis MottNevill Francis MottSir Nevill Francis Mott, CH, FRS was an English physicist. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1977 for his work on the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems, especially amorphous semiconductors. The award was shared with Philip W. Anderson and J. H... - Mpemba effectMpemba effectThe Mpemba effect is the observation that warmer water sometimes freezes faster than colder water. Although the observation has been verified, there is no single scientific explanation for the effect.-Historical observations:...
– Erasto B. Mpemba - Müllerian mimicryMüllerian mimicryMüllerian mimicry is a natural phenomenon when two or more harmful species, that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's warning signals...
– Fritz MüllerFritz MüllerJohann Friedrich Theodor Müller , better known as Fritz Müller, and also as Müller-Desterro, was a German biologist and physician who emigrated to southern Brazil, where he lived in and near the German community of Blumenau, Santa Catarina... - Munroe effect – Charles Edward MunroeCharles Edward MunroeCharles Edward Munroe was a U.S. chemist, and discoverer of the Munroe effect.He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts and studied at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, graduating in 1871...
- Murphy's lawMurphy's lawMurphy's law is an adage or epigram that is typically stated as: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong". - History :The perceived perversity of the universe has long been a subject of comment, and precursors to the modern version of Murphy's law are not hard to find. Recent significant...
– Maj. Edward A. Murphy, Jr.
N
- Nambu–Goldstone boson (a.k.a. Goldstone bosonGoldstone bosonIn particle and condensed matter physics, Goldstone bosons or Nambu–Goldstone bosons are bosons that appear necessarily in models exhibiting spontaneous breakdown of continuous symmetries...
) – Yoichiro NambuYoichiro Nambuis a Japanese-born American physicist, currently a professor at the University of Chicago. Known for his contributions to the field of theoretical physics, he was awarded a one-half share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008 for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in...
and Jeffrey GoldstoneJeffrey GoldstoneJeffrey Goldstone is a British-born theoretical physicist and an emeritus physics faculty at MIT Center for Theoretical Physics.He worked at the University of Cambridge until 1977.... - Nash equilibriumNash equilibriumIn game theory, Nash equilibrium is a solution concept of a game involving two or more players, in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, and no player has anything to gain by changing only his own strategy unilaterally...
– John Forbes NashJohn Forbes NashJohn Forbes Nash, Jr. is an American mathematician whose works in game theory, differential geometry, and partial differential equations have provided insight into the forces that govern chance and events inside complex systems in daily life... - Nassi–Shneiderman diagram – Isaac NassiIsaac NassiIsaac "Ike" Nassi is Executive Vice President and Chief Scientist at SAP AG and is based in SAP's Palo Alto location. He is the practice lead of the SAP Research Technology Infrastructure practice, which is focused on guiding SAP's technology infrastructure vision, direction, and execution...
and Ben ShneidermanBen ShneidermanBen Shneiderman is an American computer scientist, and professor for Computer Science at the Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory at the University of Maryland, College Park... - Necker cubeNecker cubeThe Necker Cube is an optical illusion first published as a rhomboid in 1832 by Swiss crystallographer Louis Albert Necker.-Ambiguity:The Necker Cube is an ambiguous line drawing....
– Louis Albert NeckerLouis Albert NeckerLouis Albert Necker was a Swiss crystallographer and geographer. He is best remembered for devising the optical illusion now known as the Necker cube. He was a keen mountaineer and spent the latter half of his life in Scotland, and was buried in Portree.-References:... - Needleman–Wunsch algorithmNeedleman–Wunsch algorithmThe Needleman–Wunsch algorithm performs a global alignment on two sequences . It is commonly used in bioinformatics to align protein or nucleotide sequences. The algorithm was published in 1970 by Saul B. Needleman and Christian D...
– Saul B. Needleman and Christian D. Wunsch - Néel temperatureNéel temperatureThe Néel temperature or magnetic ordering temperature , TN, is the temperature above which an antiferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic—that is, the thermal energy becomes large enough to destroy the macroscopic magnetic ordering within the material....
– Louis Néel - Nernst equationNernst equationIn electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is an equation that can be used to determine the equilibrium reduction potential of a half-cell in an electrochemical cell. It can also be used to determine the total voltage for a full electrochemical cell...
– Walther Hermann Nernst - Nernst–Ettingshausen effect – Walther Hermann Nernst and Albert von EttingshausenAlbert von EttingshausenAlbert von Ettingshausen was an Austrian physicist.He was professor of physics at Graz University of Technology, where he also taught electrical engineering.Earlier he was an assistant to Ludwig Boltzmann at the University of Graz....
- Newcomb's paradoxNewcomb's paradoxNewcomb's paradox, also referred to as Newcomb's problem, is a thought experiment involving a game between two players, one of whom purports to be able to predict the future. Whether the problem is actually a paradox is disputed....
– William NewcombWilliam NewcombWilliam Newcomb , a professor and theoretical physicist at the University of California's Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, is best known as the creator of Newcomb's paradox, devised in 1960... - Newton's ringsNewton's ringsThe phenomenon of Newton's rings, named after Isaac Newton who first studied them in 1717, is an interference pattern caused by the reflection of light between two surfaces - a spherical surface and an adjacent flat surface...
, Newtonian constant, mechanics – Isaac NewtonIsaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton PRS was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, who has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived."... - Nichols–Tolman effect – Nichols and Richard Chace Tolman
- Nordmann–Tikhoff effect – Charles Nordmann and Gavriil Adrianovich TikhovGavriil Adrianovich TikhovGavriil Adrianovich Tikhov was a Belarusian astronomer.He worked as observer at the Pulkovo Observatory from 1906 until 1941...
- Nordtvedt effectNordtvedt effectIn theoretical astrophysics, the Nordtvedt effect refers to the relative motion between the Earth and the Moon which would be observed if the gravitational self-energy of a body contributed to its gravitational mass but not its inertial mass...
– Kenneth L. Nordtvedt - Nurgaliev's lawNurgaliev's lawIn population dynamics, Nurgaliev's law is an equation that describes the rate of change of the size of a population at a given time, in terms of the current population size...
– Ildus S. Nurgaliev - Nyquist frequencyNyquist frequencyThe Nyquist frequency, named after the Swedish-American engineer Harry Nyquist or the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, is half the sampling frequency of a discrete signal processing system...
, Nyquist rateNyquist rateIn signal processing, the Nyquist rate, named after Harry Nyquist, is two times the bandwidth of a bandlimited signal or a bandlimited channel...
– Harry NyquistHarry NyquistHarry Nyquist was an important contributor to information theory.-Personal life:... - Nyquist–Shannon sampling theoremNyquist–Shannon sampling theoremThe Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, after Harry Nyquist and Claude Shannon, is a fundamental result in the field of information theory, in particular telecommunications and signal processing. Sampling is the process of converting a signal into a numeric sequence...
(a.k.a. Nyquist–Shannon–Kotelnikov, Whittaker–Shannon–Kotelnikov, Whittaker–Nyquist–Kotelnikov–Shannon, WKS theorem) – Harry NyquistHarry NyquistHarry Nyquist was an important contributor to information theory.-Personal life:...
, Claude Shannon, E. T. WhittakerE. T. WhittakerEdmund Taylor Whittaker FRS FRSE was an English mathematician who contributed widely to applied mathematics, mathematical physics and the theory of special functions. He had a particular interest in numerical analysis, but also worked on celestial mechanics and the history of physics...
, and Vladimir KotelnikovVladimir KotelnikovVladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov was an information theory and radar astronomy pioneer from the Soviet Union...
O
- O'Connell effect – Daniel Joseph Kelly O'Connell
- Olbers' paradoxOlbers' paradoxIn astrophysics and physical cosmology, Olbers' paradox is the argument that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. It is one of the pieces of evidence for a non-static universe such as the current Big Bang model. The argument is also...
– Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers - Ohm's lawOhm's lawOhm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points...
– Georg OhmGeorg OhmGeorg Simon Ohm was a German physicist. As a high school teacher, Ohm began his research with the recently-invented electrochemical cell, invented by Italian Count Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of his own creation, Ohm determined that there is a direct proportionality between the potential... - Okun's lawOkun's lawIn economics, Okun's law is an empirically observed relationship relating unemployment to losses in a country's production first quantified by Arthur M. Okun. The "gap version" states that for every 1% increase in the unemployment rate, a country's GDP will be at an additional roughly 2% lower...
– Arthur Okun - Omori's Law – Fusakichi OmoriFusakichi Omoriwas a pioneer Japanese seismologist, second chairman of seismology at the Imperial University of Tokyo and president of the Japanese Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee.-Education:...
- Onnes effect – Heike Kamerlingh OnnesHeike Kamerlingh OnnesHeike Kamerlingh Onnes was a Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate. He pioneered refrigeration techniques, and he explored how materials behaved when cooled to nearly absolute zero. He was the first to liquify helium...
- Oort cloudOort cloudThe Oort cloud , or the Öpik–Oort cloud , is a hypothesized spherical cloud of comets which may lie roughly 50,000 AU, or nearly a light-year, from the Sun. This places the cloud at nearly a quarter of the distance to Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun...
(a.k.a. Öpik-Oort Cloud) – Jan Hendrik Oort (and Ernst Julius Öpik) - Ostwald's dilution law, Ostwald processOstwald processThe Ostwald process is a chemical process for producing nitric acid, which was developed by Wilhelm Ostwald . It is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry. Historically and practically it is closely associated with the Haber process, which provides the requisite raw material,...
– Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald - Overhauser effect – Albert OverhauserAlbert OverhauserAlbert W. Overhauser is an American physicist and member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is best known for his theory of dynamic nuclear polarization, also known as the Overhauser Effect....
- Ovshinsky effect – Stanford R. Ovshinsky
P
- Paal–Knorr synthesis – Carl Paal and Ludwig KnorrLudwig KnorrLudwig Knorr was a German chemist. Together with Carl Paal, he discovered the Paal-Knorr synthesis, and the Knorr quinoline synthesis and Knorr pyrrole synthesis are also named after him. The synthesis in 1883 of the analgesic drug Antipyrin, now called Phenazone, was a commercial success...
- Pareto chart, distribution, efficiencyPareto efficiencyPareto efficiency, or Pareto optimality, is a concept in economics with applications in engineering and social sciences. The term is named after Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution.Given an initial allocation of...
, indexPareto indexIn economics the Pareto index, named after the Italian economist and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, is a measure of the breadth of income or wealth distribution. It is one of the parameters specifying a Pareto distribution and embodies the Pareto principle...
, principlePareto principleThe Pareto principle states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.Business-management consultant Joseph M...
– Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto - Pareto–Zipf law (a.k.a. Zipf–Mandelbrot law) – Vilfredo ParetoVilfredo ParetoVilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto , born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist and philosopher. He made several important contributions to economics, particularly in the study of income distribution and in the analysis of individuals' choices....
and George K. Zipf (or Benoît MandelbrotBenoît MandelbrotBenoît B. Mandelbrot was a French American mathematician. Born in Poland, he moved to France with his family when he was a child...
) - Parrondo's paradoxParrondo's paradoxParrondo's paradox, a paradox in game theory, has been described as: A losing strategy that wins. It is named after its creator, Spanish physicist Juan Parrondo, who discovered the paradox in 1996...
– J. M. R. ParrondoJ. M. R. ParrondoJuan Manuel Rodríguez Parrondo is a Spanish physicist best known for the strikingly counterintuitive Parrondo's paradox, where switching between losing strategies can, in some cases, win on average. In 1996, he developed games of chance, now called Parrondo's games, that exhibited this apparently... - Paschen curve, line, lawPaschen's lawPaschen's Law, named after Friedrich Paschen, was first stated in 1889. He studied the breakdown voltage of gas between parallel plates as a function of pressure and gap distance. The voltage necessary to arc across the gap decreased up to a point as the pressure was reduced. It then increased,...
– Friedrich PaschenFriedrich PaschenLouis Karl Heinrich Friedrich Paschen , was a German physicist, known for his work on electrical discharges. He is also known for the Paschen series, a series of hydrogen spectral lines in the infrared region that he first observed in 1908... - Paschen–Back effect – Friedrich PaschenFriedrich PaschenLouis Karl Heinrich Friedrich Paschen , was a German physicist, known for his work on electrical discharges. He is also known for the Paschen series, a series of hydrogen spectral lines in the infrared region that he first observed in 1908...
and Ernst Back - Paternò–Büchi reaction – Emanuele PaternòEmanuele PaternòEmanuele Paternò di Sessa was an Italian chemist, discoverer of the Paternò–Büchi reaction.He was born as the Marquess di Sessa and studied at the University of Palermo with Stanislao Cannizzaro. In 1871 he became lecturer at the University of Torino, but returned to Palermo in the following year...
and George Hermann Büchi - Pasteur effectPasteur effectThe Pasteur effect is an inhibiting effect of oxygen on the fermentation process.-Discovery:The effect was discovered in 1857 by Louis Pasteur, who showed that aerating yeasted broth causes yeast cell growth to increase, while conversely, fermentation rate decreases.-Explanation:The effect can be...
– Louis PasteurLouis PasteurLouis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax. His experiments... - Pauli exclusion principlePauli exclusion principleThe Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle that no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. A more rigorous statement is that the total wave function for two identical fermions is anti-symmetric with respect to exchange of the particles...
– Wolfgang PauliWolfgang PauliWolfgang Ernst Pauli was an Austrian theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after being nominated by Albert Einstein, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "decisive contribution through his discovery of a new law of Nature, the exclusion principle or... - Peano curve – Giuseppe PeanoGiuseppe PeanoGiuseppe Peano was an Italian mathematician, whose work was of philosophical value. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The standard axiomatization of the natural numbers is named the Peano axioms in...
- Pearson–Anson effect – S. O. Pearson and H. St. G. Anson
- Péclet numberPéclet numberThe Péclet number is a dimensionless number relevant in the study of transport phenomena in fluid flows. It is named after the French physicist Jean Claude Eugène Péclet. It is defined to be the ratio of the rate of advection of a physical quantity by the flow to the rate of diffusion of the same...
– Jean Claude Eugène PécletJean Claude Eugène PécletJean Claude Eugène Péclet was a French physicist.He was born in Besançon, France.Péclet became, in 1812, one of the first students of the École Normale in Paris with Gay-Lussac and Dulong being his professors. In 1816, he was elected professor at the Collège de Marseille and taught physical... - Peltier effect – Jean Charles Athanase PeltierJean Charles Athanase PeltierJean Charles Athanase Peltier ]] – October 27, 1845, in Paris) was a French physicist.He discovered the calorific effect of electric current passing through the junction of two different metals...
- Perlin noisePerlin noisePerlin noise is a computer-generated visual effect developed by Ken Perlin, who won an Academy Award for its use in the motion picture Tron...
– Ken PerlinKen PerlinKen Perlin is a professor in the Department of Computer Science at New York University, founding director of the Media Research Lab at NYU, and the Director of the Games for Learning Institute. His research interests include graphics, animation, multimedia, and science education... - Perron–Frobenius theoremPerron–Frobenius theoremIn linear algebra, the Perron–Frobenius theorem, proved by and , asserts that a real square matrix with positive entries has a unique largest real eigenvalue and that the corresponding eigenvector has strictly positive components, and also asserts a similar statement for certain classes of...
– Oskar PerronOskar PerronOskar Perron was a German mathematician.He was a professor at the University of Heidelberg from 1914 to 1922 and at the University of Munich from 1922 to 1951...
, and Ferdinand Georg FrobeniusFerdinand Georg FrobeniusFerdinand Georg Frobenius was a German mathematician, best known for his contributions to the theory of differential equations and to group theory... - Petkau effectPetkau effectThe Petkau effect is an early counterexample to linear-effect assumptions usually made about radiation exposure. It was found by Dr. Abram Petkau at the Atomic Energy of Canada Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment, Manitoba and published in Health Physics March 1972.Petkau had been...
– Abram Petkau - Petri dishPetri dishA Petri dish is a shallow glass or plastic cylindrical lidded dish that biologists use to culture cells or small moss plants. It was named after German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri, who invented it when working as an assistant to Robert Koch...
– Julius Richard PetriJulius Richard PetriJulius Richard Petri was a German bacteriologist who is generally credited with inventing the Petri dish while working as assistant to Robert Koch.... - Petri netPetri netA Petri net is one of several mathematical modeling languages for the description of distributed systems. A Petri net is a directed bipartite graph, in which the nodes represent transitions and places...
– Carl Adam PetriCarl Adam PetriCarl Adam Petri was a German mathematician and computer scientist. He was born in Leipzig.Petri nets were invented in August 1939 by Carl Adam Petri – at the age of 13 – for the purpose of describing chemicalprocesses... - Peyer's patches – Johann Conrad PeyerJohann Conrad PeyerJohann Conrad Peyer was a Swiss anatomist who was a native of Schaffhausen. He studied medicine in Paris under Guichard Joseph Duverney , in Montpellier under Raymond Vieussens and received his medical degree in 1681 at Basel. Later he returned to Schaffhausen to practice medicine...
- Pfeiffer effectPfeiffer EffectThe Pfeiffer Effect is an optical phenomenon whereby the presence of an optically active compound influences the optical rotation of a racemic mixture of a second compound....
– Paul PfeifferPaul Pfeiffer (chemist)Paul Pfeiffer was an influential German chemist. He received his Ph.D. under Alfred Werner, the "father of coordination chemistry," at the University of Zurich... - Pfund line/series – August Herman PfundAugust Herman PfundAugust Herman Pfund was an American physicist and spectroscopist. He was born in Madison, Wisconsin. He discovered the hydrogen Pfund lines, where an electron jumps up from or drops down to the fifth fundamental level.Pfund also invented the Pfund telescope configuration that bears his...
- Phillips curvePhillips curveIn economics, the Phillips curve is a historical inverse relationship between the rate of unemployment and the rate of inflation in an economy. Stated simply, the lower the unemployment in an economy, the higher the rate of inflation...
– William Phillips (economist)William Phillips (economist)Alban William Housego "A. W." "Bill" Phillips, MBE was an influential New Zealand economist who spent most of his academic career at the London School of Economics . His best-known contribution to economics is the Phillips curve, which he first described in 1958... - Pigou effectPigou effectThe Pigou effect is an economics term that refers to the stimulation of output and employment caused by increasing consumption due to a rise in real balances of wealth, particularly during deflation....
– Arthur Cecil PigouArthur Cecil PigouArthur Cecil Pigou was an English economist. As a teacher and builder of the school of economics at the University of Cambridge he trained and influenced many Cambridge economists who went on to fill chairs of economics around the world... - Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number – Charles PisotCharles PisotCharles Pisot was a French mathematician. He is chiefly recognized as one of the primary investigators of the numerical set associated with his name, the Pisot–Vijayaraghavan numbers....
and Tirukkannapuram VijayaraghavanTirukkannapuram VijayaraghavanTirukkannapuram Vijayaraghavan was an Indian mathematician from Madras region. He worked with G. H. Hardy when he went to Oxford in mid-1920s on Pisot-Vijayaraghavan numbers... - Planck constantPlanck constantThe Planck constant , also called Planck's constant, is a physical constant reflecting the sizes of energy quanta in quantum mechanics. It is named after Max Planck, one of the founders of quantum theory, who discovered it in 1899...
, length, mass, timePlanck timeIn physics, the Planck time, , is the unit of time in the system of natural units known as Planck units. It is the time required for light to travel, in a vacuum, a distance of 1 Planck length...
– Max PlanckMax PlanckMax Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS, was a German physicist who actualized the quantum physics, initiating a revolution in natural science and philosophy. He is regarded as the founder of the quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.-Life and career:Planck came... - Platonic year – PlatoPlatoPlato , was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the...
- Pockels effectPockels effectThe Pockels effect , or Pockels electro-optic effect, produces birefringence in an optical medium induced by a constant or varying electric field. It is distinguished from the Kerr effect by the fact that the birefringence is proportional to the electric field, whereas in the Kerr effect it is...
– Friedrich Carl Alwin PockelsFriedrich Carl Alwin PockelsFriedrich Carl Alwin Pockels was a German physicist. He was born in Italy to Captain Theodore Pockels and Alwine Becker. He obtained a doctorate from the University of Göttingen in 1888, and from 1900 to 1913 he was professor of theoretical physics at the University of Heidelberg.In 1893 he... - Pogson ratio – Norman Robert Pogson
- Poincaré mapPoincaré mapIn mathematics, particularly in dynamical systems, a first recurrence map or Poincaré map, named after Henri Poincaré, is the intersection of a periodic orbit in the state space of a continuous dynamical system with a certain lower dimensional subspace, called the Poincaré section, transversal to...
, section – Jules-Henri Poincaré - Poincaré–Bendixson theoremPoincaré–Bendixson theoremIn mathematics, the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem is a statement about the long-term behaviour of orbits of continuous dynamical systems on the plane.-Theorem:...
– Jules-Henri Poincaré and Ivar Otto BendixsonIvar Otto Bendixson- Biography :Bendixson was born August 1, 1861 in Djurgårdsbrunn, Stockholm Sweden to a middle class family. His father Vilhelm Emanuel Bendixson was a merchant, and his mother was Tony Amelia Warburg. On completing secondary education in Stockholm, he obtained his school certificate on May 25,... - Poinsot's spirals – Louis PoinsotLouis PoinsotLouis Poinsot was a French mathematician and physicist. Poinsot was the inventor of geometrical mechanics, showing how a system of forces acting on a rigid body could be resolved into a single force and a couple.-Life:...
- Polchinski's paradox – Joseph PolchinskiJoseph PolchinskiJoseph Polchinski is a physicist working on string theory. He graduated from Canyon del Oro High School in Tucson, Arizona in 1971, obtained his B.S. degree from Caltech in 1975, and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1980 under the supervision of Stanley Mandelstam...
- Polian vesicles – Giuseppe Saverio PoliGiuseppe Saverio PoliGiuseppe Saverio Poli was an Italian physicist, biologist and natural historian.His collections, with those of the Royal Bourbon Museum, were the foundation of the Zoological Museum of Naples...
- Potts cluster, Potts modelPotts modelIn statistical mechanics, the Potts model, a generalization of the Ising model, is a model of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice. By studying the Potts model, one may gain insight into the behaviour of ferromagnets and certain other phenomena of solid state physics...
(a.k.a. Ashkin-Teller model) – Renfrey B. Potts - Pourbaix diagramPourbaix diagramIn chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, maps out possible stable phases of an aqueous electrochemical system. Predominant ion boundaries are represented by lines. As such a Pourbaix diagram can be read much like a standard phase diagram with a different set of axes...
– Marcel PourbaixMarcel PourbaixMarcel Pourbaix was born on 16 September 1904 in Myshega , where his father was a consultant on an engineering project. A brilliant chemist, he performed his most well known research at the University of Brussels, studying corrosion. His biggest achievement is the derivation of potential-pH,... - Poynting effectPoynting effectThe Poynting effect may refer to two unrelated physical phenomena. Neither should be confused with the Poynting–Robertson effect. All of these effects are named after John Henry Poynting, an English physicist.- Chemistry / Thermodynamics :...
, vectorPoynting vectorIn physics, the Poynting vector can be thought of as representing the directional energy flux density of an electromagnetic field. It is named after its inventor John Henry Poynting. Oliver Heaviside and Nikolay Umov independently co-invented the Poynting vector...
– John Henry PoyntingJohn Henry PoyntingJohn Henry Poynting was an English physicist. He was a professor of physics at Mason Science College from 1880 until his death.... - Poynting-Robertson effectPoynting-Robertson effectThe Poynting–Robertson effect, also known as Poynting–Robertson drag, named after John Henry Poynting and Howard Percy Robertson, is a process by which solar radiation causes a dust grain in the Solar System to slowly spiral into the sun...
– John Henry PoyntingJohn Henry PoyntingJohn Henry Poynting was an English physicist. He was a professor of physics at Mason Science College from 1880 until his death....
and Howard Percy RobertsonHoward Percy RobertsonHoward Percy Robertson was an American mathematician and physicist known for contributions related to physical cosmology and the uncertainty principle... - Prandtl number – Ludwig Prandtl
- Primakov effect – ? Primakov
- Proteus phenomenon – ProteusProteusIn Greek mythology, Proteus is an early sea-god, one of several deities whom Homer calls the "Old Man of the Sea", whose name suggests the "first" , as protogonos is the "primordial" or the "firstborn". He became the son of Poseidon in the Olympian theogony In Greek mythology, Proteus (Πρωτεύς)...
(mythological god) - Prouho's membrane – Henri Prouho
- Pulfrich effectPulfrich effectThe Pulfrich effect is a psychophysical percept wherein lateral motion of an object in the field of view is interpreted by the visual cortex as having a depth component, due to a relative difference in signal timings between the two eyes.-Overview:...
– Carl PulfrichCarl PulfrichCarl Pulfrich was a German physicist, noted for advancements in optics made as a researcher for the Carl Zeiss company in Jena around 1880, and for documenting the Pulfrich effect, a psycho-optical phenomenon that can be used to create a type of 3-D visual effect.-External links:... - Purkinje effect/shiftPurkinje effectThe Purkinje effect is the tendency for the peak luminance sensitivity of the human eye to shift toward the blue end of the color spectrum at low illumination levels.This effect introduces a difference in color contrast under different levels of...
– Johannes Evangelista Purkinje - Pygmalion effectPygmalion effectThe Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people, often children or students and employees, the better they perform...
(a.k.a. Rosenthal effect, Observer-expectancy effectObserver-expectancy effectThe observer-expectancy effect is a form of reactivity, in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment...
) – PygmalionPygmalion (mythology)Pygmalion is a legendary figure of Cyprus. Though Pygmalion is the Greek version of the Phoenician royal name Pumayyaton, he is most familiar from Ovid's Metamorphoses, X, in which Pygmalion was a sculptor who fell in love with a statue he had carved.-In Ovid:In Ovid's narrative, Pygmalion was a...
(and Robert RosenthalRobert Rosenthal (psychologist)Robert Rosenthal is Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Riverside. His interests include self-fulfilling prophecies, which he explored in a well-known study of the Pygmalion Effect: the effect of teachers' expectations on students.Rosenthal was born in Giessen,...
)
R
- Rabi oscillations – Isidor Isaac RabiIsidor Isaac RabiIsidor Isaac Rabi was a Galician-born American physicist and Nobel laureate recognized in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance.-Early years:...
- Rademacher distribution, function, series, sum – Hans Adolph Rademacher
- Rademacher–Kolmogorov theorem – Hans Adolph Rademacher and Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov
- Rademacher–Menchov theorem – Hans Adolph Rademacher and ? Menchov
- Raman scatteringRaman scatteringRaman scattering or the Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of a photon. It was discovered by Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman and Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan in liquids, and by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam in crystals....
– Chandrasekhara Venkata RamanChandrasekhara Venkata RamanSir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, FRS was an Indian physicist whose work was influential in the growth of science in the world. He was the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for the discovery that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the light that is deflected... - Ramsauer–Townsend effect (a.k.a. Ramsauer effect, Townsend effect) – Carl RamsauerCarl RamsauerCarl Wilhelm Ramsauer was an internationally notable professor of physics and research physicist, famous for the discovery of the Ramsauer-Townsend effect...
and John Sealy TownsendJohn Sealy TownsendJohn Sealy Edward Townsend, FRS was a mathematical physicist who conducted various studies concerning the electrical conduction of gases and directly measured the electrical charge... - Ramsden circle/disc/eyepoint, eyepiece – Jesse RamsdenJesse RamsdenJesse Ramsden FRSE was an English astronomical and scientific instrument maker.Ramsden was born at Salterhebble, Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. After serving his apprenticeship with a cloth-worker in Halifax, he went in 1755 to London, where in 1758 he was apprenticed to a...
- Ramsey spectroscopy – Norman F. Ramsey
- Ramsey theoryRamsey theoryRamsey theory, named after the British mathematician and philosopher Frank P. Ramsey, is a branch of mathematics that studies the conditions under which order must appear...
– Frank Plumpton Ramsey - Ramsey–DeFinetti theorem – Frank Plumpton Ramsey and Bruno de FinettiBruno de FinettiBruno de Finetti was an Italian probabilist, statistician and actuary, noted for the "operational subjective" conception of probability...
- Rapoport's ruleRapoport's ruleRapoport’s rule is an ecological hypothesis that states that latitudinal ranges of plants and animals are generally smaller at lower than at high latitudes.-Background:...
– Eduardo H. RapoportEduardo H. RapoportEduardo Hugo Rapoport is an Argentinian ecologist and emeritus professor at Universidad Nacional del Comahue. His is widely known for his fundamental work on soil biology, biological invasions, urban ecology and, in particular, for his contributions to the biogeography .Eduardo Rapoport studied at... - Raychaudhuri's equation – Amal Kumar RaychaudhuriAmal Kumar RaychaudhuriAmal Kumar Raychaudhuri was a leading physicist well known for his contributions to relativistic cosmology, particularly Raychaudhuri's equation, which is a key ingredient in proving the Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems of general relativity...
(অমল কুমার রায়চৌধুরী) - Raygor Estimate Graph – Alton L. Raygor
- Rayleigh criterion, distribution, fadingRayleigh fadingRayleigh fading is a statistical model for the effect of a propagation environment on a radio signal, such as that used by wireless devices.Rayleigh fading models assume that the magnitude of a signal that has passed through such a transmission medium will vary randomly, or fade, according to a...
, numberRayleigh numberIn fluid mechanics, the Rayleigh number for a fluid is a dimensionless number associated with buoyancy driven flow...
, quotient, scatteringRayleigh scatteringRayleigh scattering, named after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh, is the elastic scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light. The particles may be individual atoms or molecules. It can occur when light travels through...
, waves – Lord Rayleigh - Rayleigh–Bénard cell/convection – Lord Rayleigh and Henri BénardHenri BénardHenri Bénard, , French physicist, best known for his research on convection in liquids that now carries his name, Benard convection....
- Rayleigh–Jeans law – Lord Rayleigh and Sir James Jeans
- Rees–Sciama effect – Martin Rees and Dennis Sciama
- Reidemeister moves – Kurt ReidemeisterKurt ReidemeisterKurt Werner Friedrich Reidemeister was a mathematician born in Braunschweig , Germany.He received his doctorate in 1921 with a thesis in algebraic number theory at the University of Hamburg under the supervision of Erich Hecke. In 1923 he was appointed assistant professor at the University of Vienna...
- Rescorla–Wagner rule – Robert A. RescorlaRobert A. RescorlaRobert A. Rescorla is currently emeritus professor of Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. He received his B.A. from Swarthmore College and his Ph.D. under Richard Solomon at the University of Pennsylvania in 1966...
and Allan R. WagnerAllan R. WagnerAllan R. Wagner is an American experimental psychologist and learning theorist, whose work has focused upon the basic determinants of associative learning and habituation... - Reynolds number, Reynolds analogyReynolds analogyReynolds analogy is popularly known to relate turbulent momentum and heat transfer. The main assumption is that heat flux q/A in a turbulent system is analogous to momentum flux τ, which suggests that the ratio τ/ must be constant for all radial positions....
– Osborne ReynoldsOsborne ReynoldsOsborne Reynolds FRS was a prominent innovator in the understanding of fluid dynamics. Separately, his studies of heat transfer between solids and fluids brought improvements in boiler and condenser design.-Life:... - Ribot's lawRibot's LawRibot's Law of retrograde amnesia was hypothesized in 1881 by Théodule Ribot. It states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia, so that recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories...
(of Retrograde Amnesia) – Théodule RibotThéodule-Armand RibotThéodule-Armand Ribot , French psychologist, was born at Guingamp, and was educated at the Lycée de St Brieuc.In 1856 he began to teach, and was admitted to the École Normale Supérieure in 1862... - Ricardian equivalenceRicardian equivalenceThe Ricardian equivalence proposition is an economic theory holding that consumers internalize the government's budget constraint: as a result, the timing of any tax change does not affect their change in spending...
– see Barro-Ricardo equivalence, above - Richards controller – Charles L. RichardsCharles L. RichardsCharles Lenmore Richards was a United States Representative from Nevada.Born in Austin, Nevada, Richards attended public schools in Nevada and Pennsylvania. He graduated from the law department of Stanford University, in 1901. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Tonopah, Nevada,...
- Richardson's constant, equation, law – Owen Willans RichardsonOwen Willans RichardsonSir Owen Willans Richardson, FRS was a British physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1928 for his work on thermionic emission, which led to Richardson's Law.-Biography:...
- Richardson number – Lewis Fry RichardsonLewis Fry RichardsonLewis Fry Richardson, FRS was an English mathematician, physicist, meteorologist, psychologist and pacifist who pioneered modern mathematical techniques of weather forecasting, and the application of similar techniques to studying the causes of wars and how to prevent them...
- Richter magnitude scaleRichter magnitude scaleThe expression Richter magnitude scale refers to a number of ways to assign a single number to quantify the energy contained in an earthquake....
– Charles Francis RichterCharles Francis RichterCharles Francis Richter , was an American seismologist and physicist. Richter is most famous as the creator of the Richter magnitude scale which, until the development of the moment magnitude scale in 1979, quantified the size of earthquakes... - Righi–Leduc effect (a.k.a. Leduc–Righi effect) – Augusto RighiAugusto RighiAugusto Righi was an Italian physicist and a pioneer in the study of electromagnetism. He was born and died in Bologna.His early research, conducted in Bologna between 1872 and 1880, was primarily in electrostatics...
and S. Leduc - Ringelmann effectRingelmann effectThe Ringelmann effect is the tendency for individual members of a group to become increasingly less productive as the size of their group increases...
– Max RingelmannMax RingelmannMaximilien Ringelmann was a French professor of agricultural engineering who discovered the "Ringelmann effect," viz, that when working in groups, individuals slacken.... - Robertson–Walker metric (a.k.a. Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric) – see Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, above
- Roche limitRoche limitThe Roche limit , sometimes referred to as the Roche radius, is the distance within which a celestial body, held together only by its own gravity, will disintegrate due to a second celestial body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's gravitational self-attraction...
– Édouard RocheÉdouard RocheÉdouard Albert Roche was a French astronomer and mathematician, who is best known for his work in the field of celestial mechanics... - Roche sphere (a.k.a. Hill sphereHill sphereAn astronomical body's Hill sphere is the region in which it dominates the attraction of satellites. To be retained by a planet, a moon must have an orbit that lies within the planet's Hill sphere. That moon would, in turn, have a Hill sphere of its own...
) – Édouard RocheÉdouard RocheÉdouard Albert Roche was a French astronomer and mathematician, who is best known for his work in the field of celestial mechanics...
(and George William HillGeorge William HillGeorge William Hill , was an American astronomer and mathematician.Hill was born in New York City, New York to painter and engraver John William Hill. and Catherine Smith Hill. He moved to West Nyack with his family when he was eight years old. After attending high school, Hill graduated from...
) - Rollin filmRollin filmA Rollin film, named after Bernard V. Rollin, is a 30 nm-thick liquid film of helium in the helium II state. It exhibits a "creeping" effect in response to surfaces extending past the film's level...
– Bernard V. Rollin - Rosenthal effect (a.k.a. Pygmalion effectPygmalion effectThe Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people, often children or students and employees, the better they perform...
, Observer-expectancy effectObserver-expectancy effectThe observer-expectancy effect is a form of reactivity, in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment...
) – Robert RosenthalRobert Rosenthal (psychologist)Robert Rosenthal is Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Riverside. His interests include self-fulfilling prophecies, which he explored in a well-known study of the Pygmalion Effect: the effect of teachers' expectations on students.Rosenthal was born in Giessen,...
(and PygmalionPygmalion (mythology)Pygmalion is a legendary figure of Cyprus. Though Pygmalion is the Greek version of the Phoenician royal name Pumayyaton, he is most familiar from Ovid's Metamorphoses, X, in which Pygmalion was a sculptor who fell in love with a statue he had carved.-In Ovid:In Ovid's narrative, Pygmalion was a...
) - Rossby waves – Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby
- Rossi–Forel scale – Michele Stefano Conte de Rossi and François-Alphonse ForelFrançois-Alphonse ForelFrançois-Alphonse Forel was a Swiss scientist who pioneered the study of lakes, and is thus considered the founder of limnology....
- Rössler equation – Otto RösslerOtto RösslerOtto E. Rössler is a German biochemist and is notable for his work on chaos theory and his theoretical equation known as the Rössler attractor.-Biography:...
- Rossmann foldRossmann foldThe Rossmann fold is a protein structural motif found in proteins that bind nucleotides, especially the cofactor NAD. The structure with two repeats is composed of six parallel beta strands linked to two pairs of alpha helices in the topological order beta-alpha-beta-alpha-beta...
– Michael Rossmann - Royer oscillatorRoyer oscillatorA Royer oscillator is an electronic oscillator which has the advantages of simplicity, low component count, rectangle waveforms and easy transformer isolation. It was first described by George H...
(a.k.a. Buck oscillator) – George H. Royer - Ruelle operator, zeta function – David RuelleDavid RuelleDavid Pierre Ruelle is a Belgian-French mathematical physicist. He has worked on statistical physics and dynamical systems. With Floris Takens he coined the term strange attractor, and founded a new theory of turbulence...
- Ruelle–Perron–Frobenius theorem – David RuelleDavid RuelleDavid Pierre Ruelle is a Belgian-French mathematical physicist. He has worked on statistical physics and dynamical systems. With Floris Takens he coined the term strange attractor, and founded a new theory of turbulence...
, Oskar PerronOskar PerronOskar Perron was a German mathematician.He was a professor at the University of Heidelberg from 1914 to 1922 and at the University of Munich from 1922 to 1951...
, and Ferdinand Georg FrobeniusFerdinand Georg FrobeniusFerdinand Georg Frobenius was a German mathematician, best known for his contributions to the theory of differential equations and to group theory... - Ruhmkorff coil – Heinrich D. Ruhmkorff
- Runge–Lenz vector – see Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector
- Runge's phenomenonRunge's phenomenonIn the mathematical field of numerical analysis, Runge's phenomenon is a problem of oscillation at the edges of an interval that occurs when using polynomial interpolation with polynomials of high degree...
– Carle David Tolmé RungeCarle David Tolmé RungeCarl David Tolmé Runge was a German mathematician, physicist, and spectroscopist.He was co-developer and co-eponym of the Runge–Kutta method , in the field of what is today known as numerical analysis.-Biography:... - Russell's paradoxRussell's paradoxIn the foundations of mathematics, Russell's paradox , discovered by Bertrand Russell in 1901, showed that the naive set theory created by Georg Cantor leads to a contradiction...
– Bertrand RussellBertrand RussellBertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these things... - Rutherford experiment (a.k.a. Geiger-Marsden experimentGeiger-Marsden experimentThe Geiger–Marsden experiment was an experiment to probe the structure of the atom performed by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, under the direction of Ernest Rutherford at the Physical Laboratories of the University of Manchester...
), scatteringRutherford scatteringIn physics, Rutherford scattering is a phenomenon that was explained by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, and led to the development of the Rutherford model of the atom, and eventually to the Bohr model. It is now exploited by the materials analytical technique Rutherford backscattering...
– Ernest RutherfordErnest RutherfordErnest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson OM, FRS was a New Zealand-born British chemist and physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics... - Rybczynski theoremRybczynski theoremThe Rybczynski theorem was developed in 1955 by the Polish-born English economist Tadeusz Rybczynski . The theorem states: At constant relative goods prices, a rise in the endowment of one factor will lead to a more than proportional expansion of the output in the sector which uses that factor...
– Tadeusz RybczynskiTadeusz RybczynskiTadeusz Rybczynski was a Polish-born English economist who is known for the development of the Rybczynski theorem .He studied at the London School of Economics. Immediately after discovering his famous theorem, he joined Lazard and spent the rest of his career there as an investment... - Rydberg constantRydberg constantThe Rydberg constant, symbol R∞, named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg, is a physical constant relating to atomic spectra in the science of spectroscopy. Rydberg initially determined its value empirically from spectroscopy, but Niels Bohr later showed that its value could be calculated...
, formulaRydberg formulaThe Rydberg formula is used in atomic physics to describe the wavelengths of spectral lines of many chemical elements. It was formulated by the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg, and presented on November 5, 1888.-History:...
– Johannes RydbergJohannes RydbergJohannes Robert Rydberg, , , was a Swedish physicist mainly known for devising the Rydberg formula, in 1888, which is used to predict the wavelengths of photons emitted by changes in the energy level of an electron in a hydrogen atom.The physical constant known as the... - Rydberg–Klein–Rees method – Johannes RydbergJohannes RydbergJohannes Robert Rydberg, , , was a Swedish physicist mainly known for devising the Rydberg formula, in 1888, which is used to predict the wavelengths of photons emitted by changes in the energy level of an electron in a hydrogen atom.The physical constant known as the...
, Oskar KleinOskar KleinOskar Benjamin Klein was a Swedish theoretical physicist.Klein was born in Danderyd outside Stockholm, son of the chief rabbi of Stockholm, Dr. Gottlieb Klein from Homonna in Hungary and Antonie Levy...
, and Albert Lloyd George Rees
S
- Sabatier or Sabattier effect – Sabat[t]ier, first name unknown
- Sachs–Wolfe effect – Rainer Kurt SachsRainer Kurt SachsRainer Kurt Sachs is a German-American computational radiation biologist and astronomer. In particular he and Arthur Michael Wolfe were the authors of the Sachs-Wolfe effect, which concerns a property of the Cosmic microwave background radiation.- Life and career :He was born in Frankfurt am Main...
and Arthur Michael WolfeArthur Michael WolfeArthur Michael Wolfe is an American astrophysicist, professor and the former Director of the Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences at the University of California, San Diego. Together with Rainer Kurt Sachs, he authored the Sachs-Wolfe effect.-External links:*... - Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale – Herbert S. Saffir and Robert ("Bob") SimpsonBob Simpson (meteorologist)Dr. Robert Homer Simpson is a meteorologist, hurricane specialist, first director of the National Hurricane Research Project , and a former director of the National Hurricane Center...
- Sagnac effectSagnac effectThe Sagnac effect , named after French physicist Georges Sagnac, is a phenomenon encountered in interferometry that is elicited by rotation. The Sagnac effect manifests itself in a setup called ring interferometry. A beam of light is split and the two beams are made to follow a trajectory in...
– Georges SagnacGeorges SagnacGeorges Sagnac was a French physicist who lent his name to the Sagnac effect, a phenomenon which is at the basis of interferometers and ring laser gyroscopes developed since the 1970s. Sagnac died at Meudon-Bellevue.... - Saha ionization equationSaha ionization equationThe Saha ionization equation, also known as the Saha–Langmuir equation, was developed by the Indian astrophysicist Meghnad Saha in 1920, and later by Irving Langmuir. One of the important applications of the equation was in explaining the spectral classification of stars...
(a.k.a. Saha-Langmuir equation) – Megh Nad Saha (মেঘনাদ সাহা) (and Irving LangmuirIrving LangmuirIrving Langmuir was an American chemist and physicist. His most noted publication was the famous 1919 article "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" in which, building on Gilbert N. Lewis's cubical atom theory and Walther Kossel's chemical bonding theory, he outlined his...
) - St. Elmo's fireSt. Elmo's fireSt. Elmo's fire is a weather phenomenon in which luminous plasma is created by a coronal discharge from a grounded object in an electric field in the atmosphere St. Elmo's fire is named after St. Erasmus of Formiae St. Elmo's fire (also St. Elmo's light) is a weather phenomenon in which luminous...
– Erasmus of FormiaeErasmus of FormiaeSaint Erasmus of Formiae was a Christian saint and martyr who died ca. 303, also known as Saint Elmo. He is venerated as the patron saint of sailors... - Salem number – Raphaël SalemRaphaël SalemRaphaël Salem, was a Greek-Sephardic mathematician after whom are named the Salem numbers and whose widow founded the Salem Prize.-Biography:...
- Sapir–Whorf hypothesisSapir–Whorf hypothesisThe principle of linguistic relativity holds that the structure of a language affects the ways in which its speakers are able to conceptualize their world, i.e. their world view...
– Edward SapirEdward SapirEdward Sapir was an American anthropologist-linguist, widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics....
and Benjamin WhorfBenjamin WhorfIn studying the cause of a fire which had started under the conditions just described, Whorf concluded that it was thinking of the "empty" gasoline drums as "empty" in the meaning described in the first definition above, that is as "inert," which led to a fire he investigated... - Sasakian manifoldSasakian manifoldIn differential geometry, a Sasakian manifold is a contact manifold equipped with a special kind of Riemannian metric g, called a Sasakian metric.-Definition:...
, metric – Shigeo SasakiShigeo SasakiShigeo Sasaki was a Japanese mathematician working on differential geometry who introduced Sasaki manifolds.-References:... - Say's lawSay's lawSay's law, or the law of market, is an economic principle of classical economics named after the French businessman and economist Jean-Baptiste Say , who stated that "products are paid for with products" and "a glut can take place only when there are too many means of production applied to one kind...
– Jean-Baptiste SayJean-Baptiste SayJean-Baptiste Say was a French economist and businessman. He had classically liberal views and argued in favor of competition, free trade, and lifting restraints on business... - Scheerer's phenomenon (Blue field entoptic phenomenon) – Richard Scheerer
- Schering Bridge – Harald ScheringHarald ScheringHarald Schering was a German physicist who was born in Göttingen. He studied physics at the University of Göttingen, and earned his doctorate in 1904. Beginning in 1905 he was a scientific assistant at the Physics and Technology Institute in Berlin Charlottenburg; today known as the...
- Schild plot, regression analysis – Heinz Otto Schild
- Schottky effect – Walter H. SchottkyWalter H. SchottkyWalter Hermann Schottky was a German physicist who played a major early role in developing the theory of electron and ion emission phenomena, invented the screen-grid vacuum tube in 1915 and the pentode in 1919 while working at Siemens, and later made many significant contributions in the areas of...
- Schröter effect – Johann Hieronymus Schröter
- Schülen–Wilson effect – see Wilson effectWilson effectIn 1769 a Scottish astronomer named Alexander Wilson, working at the Macfarlane Observatory, noticed that the shape of sunspots noticeably flattened as they approached the Sun's limb due to the solar rotation. These observations showed that sunspots were features on the solar surface, as opposed to...
, below - Schuler period, tuningSchuler tuningSchuler tuning is a modification to the electronic control system used in inertial navigation systems that accounts for the curvature of the Earth. An inertial navigation system, used in submarines, ships, aircraft, and other vehicles to keep track of position, determines directions with respect...
– Maximilian Schuler - Schumann–Runge bands – Victor SchumannVictor SchumannVictor Schumann was a physicist and spectroscopist who in 1893 discovered the vacuum ultraviolet.He was the first to measure spectra below 200 nm. For this, he used a prism and lenses in fluorin instead of quartz, he prepared himself photographic plates with a reduced layer of gelatin, and he...
and Carle David Tolmé RungeCarle David Tolmé RungeCarl David Tolmé Runge was a German mathematician, physicist, and spectroscopist.He was co-developer and co-eponym of the Runge–Kutta method , in the field of what is today known as numerical analysis.-Biography:... - Schwarzschild effect, metricSchwarzschild metricIn Einstein's theory of general relativity, the Schwarzschild solution describes the gravitational field outside a spherical, uncharged, non-rotating mass such as a star, planet, or black hole. It is also a good approximation to the gravitational field of a slowly rotating body like the Earth or...
, radiusSchwarzschild radiusThe Schwarzschild radius is the distance from the center of an object such that, if all the mass of the object were compressed within that sphere, the escape speed from the surface would equal the speed of light...
– Karl SchwarzschildKarl SchwarzschildKarl Schwarzschild was a German physicist. He is also the father of astrophysicist Martin Schwarzschild.He is best known for providing the first exact solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity, for the limited case of a single spherical non-rotating mass, which he accomplished... - Scott effect – Elizabeth L. Scott
- Searl effect – John R. R. Searl
- Secchi (stellar) class, depth, diskSecchi diskThe Secchi disk, created in 1865 by Pietro Angelo Secchi SJ, is a circular disk used to measure water transparency in oceans and lakes. The disc is mounted on a pole or line, and lowered slowly down in the water. The depth at which the pattern on the disk is no longer visible is taken as a measure...
– Pietro Angelo Secchi - Seebeck effect – Thomas Johann SeebeckThomas Johann SeebeckThomas Johann Seebeck was a physicist who in 1821 discovered the thermoelectric effect.Seebeck was born in Reval to a wealthy Baltic German merchant family. He received a medical degree in 1802 from the University of Göttingen, but preferred to study physics...
- Seiberg–Witten gauge theory – Nathan SeibergNathan SeibergNathan "Nati" Seiberg is an Israeli American theoretical physicist who works on string theory. He was recipient of a 1996 MacArthur Fellowship and the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics in 1998. He is currently a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, USA...
and Edward WittenEdward WittenEdward Witten is an American theoretical physicist with a focus on mathematical physics who is currently a professor of Mathematical Physics at the Institute for Advanced Study.... - Seiberg–Witten invariantSeiberg–Witten invariantIn mathematics, Seiberg–Witten invariants are invariants of compact smooth 4-manifolds introduced by , using the Seiberg–Witten theory studied by during their investigations of Seiberg–Witten gauge theory....
– Nathan SeibergNathan SeibergNathan "Nati" Seiberg is an Israeli American theoretical physicist who works on string theory. He was recipient of a 1996 MacArthur Fellowship and the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics in 1998. He is currently a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, USA...
and Edward WittenEdward WittenEdward Witten is an American theoretical physicist with a focus on mathematical physics who is currently a professor of Mathematical Physics at the Institute for Advanced Study.... - Sertoli cellSertoli cellA Sertoli cell is a 'nurse' cell of the testes that is part of a seminiferous tubule.It is activated by follicle-stimulating hormone and has FSH-receptor on its membranes.-Functions:...
s – Enrico SertoliEnrico SertoliEnrico Sertoli was an Italian physiologist and histologist who was a native of Sondrio. He studied medicine at the University of Pavia, where one of his instructors was physiologist Eusebio Oehl . He continued his studies of physiology in Vienna under Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke , and in Tübingen... - Serre dualitySerre dualityIn algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, Serre duality is a duality present on non-singular projective algebraic varieties V of dimension n . It shows that a cohomology group Hi is the dual space of another one, Hn−i...
– Jean-Pierre SerreJean-Pierre SerreJean-Pierre Serre is a French mathematician. He has made contributions in the fields of algebraic geometry, number theory, and topology.-Early years:... - Seyfert galaxySeyfert galaxySeyfert galaxies are a class of galaxies with nuclei that produce spectral line emission from highly ionized gas, named after Carl Keenan Seyfert, the astronomer who first identified the class in 1943...
– Carl Keenan SeyfertCarl Keenan SeyfertCarl Keenan Seyfert was an American astronomer.He is best known for his 1943 research paper on high-excitation line emission from the centers of some spiral galaxies, which are named Seyfert galaxies after him... - Shapiro effect – Irwin Shapiro
- Shimizu–Morioka equations – Tatsujiro Shimizu and N. Morioka
- Shubnikov–de Haas effect – Wander Johannes de HaasWander Johannes de HaasWander Johannes de Haas was a Dutch physicist and mathematician. He is best known for the Shubnikov–de Haas effect, the de Haas–van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect.-Personal life:...
and Lev Vasiljevich Shubnikov - Sieberg tsunami intensity scale – August H. Sieberg
- Sieberg–Ambraseys tsunami intensity scale – August H. Sieberg and Nicholas N. Ambraseys
- Simmons–Smith reaction – Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr.Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr.Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr. was an American chemist who discovered the Simmons-Smith reaction.In 1976, Dr. Simmons served as Chair of the Organic division of the American Chemical Society.-References:...
- Simroth's organs – Heinrich Rudolf Simroth
- Smale's horseshoe – Stephen SmaleStephen SmaleSteven Smale a.k.a. Steve Smale, Stephen Smale is an American mathematician from Flint, Michigan. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966, and spent more than three decades on the mathematics faculty of the University of California, Berkeley .-Education and career:He entered the University of...
- Smale–Rössler theorem – Stephen SmaleStephen SmaleSteven Smale a.k.a. Steve Smale, Stephen Smale is an American mathematician from Flint, Michigan. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966, and spent more than three decades on the mathematics faculty of the University of California, Berkeley .-Education and career:He entered the University of...
and Otto RösslerOtto RösslerOtto E. Rössler is a German biochemist and is notable for his work on chaos theory and his theoretical equation known as the Rössler attractor.-Biography:... - Smith–Waterman algorithm – Temple F. SmithTemple F. SmithTemple F. Smith is a university professor in biomedical engineering who helped to develop the Smith-Waterman algorithm developed with Michael Waterman in 1981. The Smith-Waterman algorithm serves as the basis for multi sequence comparisons, identifying the segment with the maximum local sequence...
and Michael S. Waterman - Snell's lawSnell's lawIn optics and physics, Snell's law is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water and glass...
– Willebrord van Roijen Snell - Soloviev tsunami intensity scale – Sergey L. Soloviev
- Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law – Arnold SommerfeldArnold SommerfeldArnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld was a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics, and also educated and groomed a large number of students for the new era of theoretical physics...
and Walther KosselWalther KosselWalther Ludwig Julius Kossel was a German physicist known for his theory of the chemical bond , Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law of atomic spectra, the Kossel-Stranski model for crystal growth, and the Kossel effect... - Sørensen similarity indexSørensen similarity indexThe Sørensen index, also known as Sørensen’s similarity coefficient, is a statistic used for comparing the similarity of two samples. It was developed by the botanist Thorvald Sørensen and published in 1948....
, similarity coefficient – Thorvald SørensenThorvald SørensenThorvald Julius Sørensen was a Danish botanist and evolutionary biologist.Sørensen was professor at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College 1953-1955 and at the University of Copenhagen 1955-1972... - Spörer's lawSpörer's lawSpörer's law predicts the variation of sunspot latitudes during a solar cycle. It was discovered by the English astronomer Richard Christopher Carrington around 1861. Carrington's work was refined by the German astronomer Gustav Spörer....
, Spörer MinimumSpörer MinimumThe Spörer Minimum was a 90-year span of low solar activity, from about 1460 until 1550, which was identified and named by John A. Eddy in a landmark 1976 paper published in Science titled "The Maunder Minimum"...
– Gustav SpörerGustav SpörerFriederich Wilhelm Gustav Spörer was a German astronomer.He is noted for his studies of sunspots and sunspot cycles. In this regard he is often mentioned together with Edward Maunder. Spörer was the first to note a prolonged period of low sunspot activity from 1645 to 1715... - Staebler–Wronski effect – David L. StaeblerDavid L. StaeblerDavid L. Staebler is an American electrical engineer.He received his BSEE degree from Pennsylvania State University in 1962. The following year he was awarded an MSEE degree from the same institution. He became a member of the technical staff at RCA Laboratories in 1963. In 1970, he gained his...
and Christopher R. WronskiChristopher R. WronskiDr. Christopher R. Wronski is a noted electrical engineer, now Professor Emeritus at Pennsylvania State University, noted for his pioneering research in photovoltaic cells including discovery of the Staebler–Wronski effect.Dr. Wronski received his Ph.D... - Stark effectStark effectThe Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to presence of an external static electric field. The amount of splitting and or shifting is called the Stark splitting or Stark shift. In general one distinguishes first- and second-order Stark effects...
(a.k.a. Stark-Lo Surdo effect) – Johannes StarkJohannes StarkJohannes Stark was a German physicist, and Physics Nobel Prize laureate who was closely involved with the Deutsche Physik movement under the Nazi regime.-Early years:...
(and Antonino Lo SurdoAntonino Lo SurdoAntonino Lo Surdo was a famous Italian physicist. He was appointed as professor of physics at the Istituto di Fisica in Rome in 1919; upon the death of Orso Mario Corbino in 1937, he became the director...
) - Stark ladder (a.k.a. Wannier-Stark ladder, q.v.) – Johannes StarkJohannes StarkJohannes Stark was a German physicist, and Physics Nobel Prize laureate who was closely involved with the Deutsche Physik movement under the Nazi regime.-Early years:...
and Gregory Hugh Wannier - Stark–Einstein law – Johannes StarkJohannes StarkJohannes Stark was a German physicist, and Physics Nobel Prize laureate who was closely involved with the Deutsche Physik movement under the Nazi regime.-Early years:...
and Albert EinsteinAlbert EinsteinAlbert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history... - Stebbins–Whitford effect – Joel StebbinsJoel StebbinsJoel Stebbins was an American astronomer who pioneered photoelectric photometry in astronomy. He earned his Ph.D at the University of California. He was director of the University of Illinois Observatory from 1903 to 1922 where he performed innovative work with the selenium cell...
and Albert Edward Whitford - Stefan's constant, law (a.k.a. Stefan-Boltzmann constant, law) – Jožef Stefan (and Ludwig BoltzmannLudwig BoltzmannLudwig Eduard Boltzmann was an Austrian physicist famous for his founding contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics...
) - Stensen's duct – Niels Stensen
- Stern–Levison parameter – S. Alan Stern and Harold F. LevisonHarold F. LevisonHarold F. "Hal" Levison is a planetary scientist specializing in planetary dynamics. He argued for a distinction between what are now called dwarf planets and the other eight planets based on their inability to "clear the neighborhood around their orbits", although his proposal suggested the terms...
- Stevens effect – J. C. and Stanley Smith StevensStanley Smith StevensStanley Smith Stevens was an American psychologist who founded Harvard's Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory and is credited with the introduction of Stevens' power law. Stevens authored a milestone textbook, the 1400+ page "Handbook of Experimental Psychology" . He was also one of the founding organizers...
- Stevens' power lawStevens' power lawStevens' power law is a proposed relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and its perceived intensity or strength. It is often considered to supersede the Weber–Fechner law on the basis that it describes a wider range of sensations, although critics argue that the validity of the...
– Stanley Smith StevensStanley Smith StevensStanley Smith Stevens was an American psychologist who founded Harvard's Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory and is credited with the introduction of Stevens' power law. Stevens authored a milestone textbook, the 1400+ page "Handbook of Experimental Psychology" . He was also one of the founding organizers... - Stewart's organs – Charles StewartCharles Stewart (zoologist)Charles Stewart was an English zoologist and comparative anatomist.Stewart was born in Plymouth and studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital, receiving his MRCS in 1862. He was Conservator of the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England from 1884 to 1900, in succession to William...
- Stewart-Tolman effectStewart-Tolman effectThe Stewart–Tolman effect is a phenomenon in electrodynamics caused by the finite mass of electrons in conducting metal, or, more generally, the finite mass of charge carriers in an electrical conductor....
– Thomas Dale StewartThomas Dale Stewart (physicist)Thomas Dale Stewart was an American chemist.He was born at Sumner, Washington, and received his Ph.D. degree in chemistry from University of California at Berkeley in 1916...
and Richard Chace Tolman - Stirling numberStirling numberIn mathematics, Stirling numbers arise in a variety of combinatorics problems. They are named after James Stirling, who introduced them in the 18th century. Two different sets of numbers bear this name: the Stirling numbers of the first kind and the Stirling numbers of the second...
– James StirlingJames Stirling (mathematician)James Stirling was a Scottish mathematician. The Stirling numbers and Stirling's approximation are named after him.-Biography:... - Stokes radiusStokes radiusThe Stokes radius, Stokes-Einstein radius, or hydrodynamic radius RH, named after George Gabriel Stokes, is not the effective radius of a hydrated molecule in solution as often mentioned. Rather it is the radius of a hard sphere that diffuses at the same rate as the molecule. The behavior of this...
– George Gabriel StokesGeorge Gabriel StokesSir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet FRS , was an Irish mathematician and physicist, who at Cambridge made important contributions to fluid dynamics , optics, and mathematical physics... - Stokes shiftStokes shiftStokes shift is the difference between positions of the band maxima of the absorption and emission spectra of the same electronic transition. It is named after Irish physicist George G. Stokes. When a system absorbs a photon, it gains energy and enters an excited state...
– George Gabriel Stokes - Stolper–Samuelson theorem – Paul SamuelsonPaul SamuelsonPaul Anthony Samuelson was an American economist, and the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Swedish Royal Academies stated, when awarding the prize, that he "has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in...
and Wolfgang StolperWolfgang StolperWolfgang Friedrich Stolper was an American economist.-Life:Wolfgang Stolper was born in Vienna, the eldest son of liberal economist Gustav Stolper. In 1925 the family moved to Berlin and emigrated in 1933 to the USA. In 1938 Stolper completed his economics studies at Harvard University... - Strömgren age, photometry, sphereStrömgren sphereIn theoretical astrophysics, a Strömgren sphere is the sphere of ionized hydrogen around a young star of the spectral classes O or B. Its counterpart in the real world are the H II-regions, a type of emission nebula, the most prominent of which is the Rosette Nebula...
– Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren - Strömgren-Crawford photometry – Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren and David L. Crawford
- Stroop effectStroop effectPurple Blue Purple----Blue Purple RedGreen Purple Green----the Stroop effect refers to the fact that naming the color of the first set of words is easier and quicker than the second....
– John Ridley StroopJohn Ridley StroopJohn Ridley Stroop was an American psychologist.Stroop was born in Rutherford County, Tennessee, USA. He developed a color-word task in 1935, named after him , to demonstrate interference in attention.... - Strouhal numberStrouhal numberIn dimensional analysis, the Strouhal number is a dimensionless number describing oscillating flow mechanisms. The parameter is named after Vincenc Strouhal, a Czech physicist who experimented in 1878 with wires experiencing vortex shedding and singing in the wind...
– Vincenc StrouhalVincenc StrouhalVincenc Strouhal was a Austrian physicist specializing in experimental physics. He was one of the founders of the Physics department at Charles University.-Further reading:* *... - Stückelberg action – Ernst Carl Gerlach Stueckelberg
- Sturgeon's lawSturgeon's LawSturgeon's revelation, commonly referred to as Sturgeon's law, is an adage derived from quotations by Theodore Sturgeon, an American science fiction author. While Sturgeon coined another adage that he termed "Sturgeon's law", it is his "revelation" that is usually referred to by that term...
– Theodore SturgeonTheodore SturgeonTheodore Sturgeon was an American science fiction author.His most famous novel is More Than Human .-Biography:... - Sturmian trajectories – Charles François Sturm
- Suess effectSuess effectThe Suess effect is change in the ratio of the atmospheric concentrations of heavy isotopes of carbon by the admixture of large amounts of fossil-fuel derived CO2, which is depleted in 13CO2 and contains no 14CO2. It is named for the Austrian chemist Hans Suess, who noted the influence of this...
– Hans Eduard Suess - Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect – Rashid SunyaevRashid SunyaevRashid Alievich Sunyaev was born in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, on March 1, 1943 to a Tatar family, and educated at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and Moscow State University . He became a professor at MIPT in 1974...
and Yakov Zel'dovich - Syracuse problem – see Collatz conjectureCollatz conjectureThe Collatz conjecture is a conjecture in mathematics named after Lothar Collatz, who first proposed it in 1937. The conjecture is also known as the 3n + 1 conjecture, the Ulam conjecture , Kakutani's problem , the Thwaites conjecture , Hasse's algorithm The Collatz conjecture is a...
, above
T
- Tait–Bryan angles (a.k.a. Cardan angles, nautical angles) – Peter Guthrie TaitPeter Guthrie TaitPeter Guthrie Tait FRSE was a Scottish mathematical physicist, best known for the seminal energy physics textbook Treatise on Natural Philosophy, which he co-wrote with Kelvin, and his early investigations into knot theory, which contributed to the eventual formation of topology as a mathematical...
and George Bryan (?) - Talbot effectTalbot effectThe Talbot effect is a near-field diffraction effect first observed in 1836 by Henry Fox Talbot. When a laterally periodic wave distribution is incident upon a diffraction grating,...
– William Henry Fox Talbot - Taylor coneTaylor coneA Taylor cone refers to the cone observed in electrospinning, electrospraying and hydrodynamic spray processes from which a jet of charged particles emanates above a threshold voltage...
– Geoffrey Ingram TaylorGeoffrey Ingram TaylorSir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor OM was a British physicist, mathematician and expert on fluid dynamics and wave theory. His biographer and one-time student, George Batchelor, described him as "one of the most notable scientists of this century".-Biography:Taylor was born in St. John's Wood, London... - Teller–Ulam design – Edward TellerEdward TellerEdward Teller was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though he did not care for the title. Teller made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy , and surface physics...
and Stanisław Ulam - Tesla effect, oscillation (a.k.a. Vackár oscillation) – Nikola TeslaNikola TeslaNikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer...
(and Jirí Vackár) - Thévenin's theoremThévenin's theoremIn circuit theory, Thévenin's theorem for linear electrical networks states that any combination of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source V and a single series resistor R. For single frequency AC systems the theorem...
– Léon Charles ThéveninLéon Charles ThéveninLéon Charles Thévenin was a French telegraph engineer who extended Ohm's law to the analysis of complex electrical circuits.- Background :... - Thirring effect – see Lense-Thirring effect, above
- Thomas precessionThomas precessionIn physics the Thomas precession, named after Llewellyn Thomas, is a special relativistic correction that applies to the spin of an elementary particle or the rotation of a macroscopic gyroscope and relates the angular velocity of the spin of a particle following a curvilinear orbit to the angular...
– Llewellyn ThomasLlewellyn ThomasLlewellyn Hilleth Thomas was a British physicist and applied mathematician. He is best known for his contributions to atomic physics, in particular:... - Thomas–Fermi approximation, modelDensity functional theoryDensity functional theory is a quantum mechanical modelling method used in physics and chemistry to investigate the electronic structure of many-body systems, in particular atoms, molecules, and the condensed phases. With this theory, the properties of a many-electron system can be determined by...
– Llewellyn Hilleth Thomas and Enrico FermiEnrico FermiEnrico Fermi was an Italian-born, naturalized American physicist particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics... - Thomson cross-section, effect – William Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinWilliam Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin OM, GCVO, PC, PRS, PRSE, was a mathematical physicist and engineer. At the University of Glasgow he did important work in the mathematical analysis of electricity and formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and did much to unify the emerging...
- Thorndike's laws (of effectLaw of effectThe law of effect basically states that “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again inthat situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that...
, readiness, and exercise) – Edward L. Thorndike - Thorson's ruleThorson's ruleThorson's rule states that benthic marine invertebrates at low latitudes tend to produce large numbers of eggs developing to pelagic and widely-dispersing larvae, whereas at high latitudes such organisms tend to produce fewer and larger lecithotrophic eggs and larger...
– Gunnar ThorsonGunnar ThorsonGunnar Axel Wright Thorson was a Danish marine zoologist and ecologist.He studied at the University of Copenhagen under the professors C.G. Johannes Petersen, August Krogh, Theodor Mortensen, Ragnar Spärck and Carl Wesenberg-Lund... - Thouless energyThouless energyThe Thouless energy is a characteristic energy scale of diffusive disordered conductors. It is defined by E_T = \hbar D /L^2, where D is the diffusion constant and L the size of the system, and thereby inversely proportional to the diffusion time t_D = L^2/D through the system.It was first...
– David J. Thouless - Thwaites conjecture – see Collatz conjectureCollatz conjectureThe Collatz conjecture is a conjecture in mathematics named after Lothar Collatz, who first proposed it in 1937. The conjecture is also known as the 3n + 1 conjecture, the Ulam conjecture , Kakutani's problem , the Thwaites conjecture , Hasse's algorithm The Collatz conjecture is a...
, above - Tiedemann's bodies – Friedrich TiedemannFriedrich TiedemannFriedrich Tiedemann was a German anatomist and physiologist.He was born at Cassel, the eldest son of Dietrich Tiedemann , a philosopher and psychologist of considerable repute. He graduated in medicine at Marburg in 1804, but soon abandoned practice...
- Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement – Marc TiffeneauMarc TiffeneauMarc Émile Pierre Adolphe Tiffeneau was a French chemist who discovered the Tiffeneau-Demjanov rearrangement.Tiffeneau received his Ph.D in science in 1907 and his Ph.D in medicine in 1910....
and Nikolai DemyanovNikolai DemyanovNikolay Yakovlevich Demyanov , also known as Demjanov and Demjanow, was a Soviet/Russian organic chemist, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences , internationally known for the Demjanov rearrangement organic reaction and other discoveries.... - Tobin's qTobin's qTobin's q was developed by James Tobin as the ratio between the market value and replacement value of the same physical asset:One, the numerator, is the market valuation: the going price in the market for exchanging existing assets. The other, the denominator, is the replacement or reproduction...
– James TobinJames TobinJames Tobin was an American economist who, in his lifetime, served on the Council of Economic Advisors and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and taught at Harvard and Yale Universities. He developed the ideas of Keynesian economics, and advocated government intervention to... - Tolman effects – Richard Chace Tolman
- Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit – Richard Chace Tolman, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and George Michael Volkoff
- Tonks–Girardeau gas – Lewi TonksLewi TonksLewi Tonks was an American quantum physicist noted for his discovery of the Tonks-Girardeau gas.Tonks was employed by the General Electric for most of his working life, researching microwaves and ferromagnetism...
and Marvin D. GirardeauMarvin D. GirardeauMarvin D. Girardeau is a quantum physicist, currently a research professor at the University of Arizona. One of Girardeau's achievements was to predict the existence of the Tonks-Girardeau gas in 1960... - Townsend effect (a.k.a. Ramsauer effect, Ramsauer-Townsend effectRamsauer-Townsend effectThe Ramsauer–Townsend effect, also sometimes called the Ramsauer effect or the Townsend effect, is a physical phenomenon involving the scattering of low-energy electrons by atoms of a noble gas...
), ionization coefficient – John Sealy TownsendJohn Sealy TownsendJohn Sealy Edward Townsend, FRS was a mathematical physicist who conducted various studies concerning the electrical conduction of gases and directly measured the electrical charge... - Tricomi's equation – Francesco Giacomo Tricomi
- Troxler's effect/fadingTroxler's fadingTroxler's fading or Troxler's effect is a phenomenon of visual perception. When one fixates a particular point, after about 20 seconds or so, a stimulus away from the fixation point, in peripheral vision, will fade away and disappear. The effect is enhanced if the stimulus is small, is of low...
– Ignaz Paul Vital TroxlerIgnaz Paul Vital TroxlerIgnaz Paul Vital Troxler was a Swiss physician, politician, and philosopher.Troxler studied in Jena and Göttingen... - Tsytovich effect – Vadim N. Tsytovich
- Tsytovich–Razin effect (a.k.a. Tsytovich–Eidman–Razin effect) – see Razin effect, above
- Tychonoff spaceTychonoff spaceIn topology and related branches of mathematics, Tychonoff spaces and completely regular spaces are kinds of topological spaces.These conditions are examples of separation axioms....
– Andrey Nikolayevich TychonoffAndrey Nikolayevich TychonoffAndrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov was a Soviet and Russian mathematician known for important contributions to topology, functional analysis, mathematical physics, and ill-posed problems. He was also inventor of magnetotellurics method in geology. Tikhonov originally published in German, whence the... - Tyndall effect/scatteringTyndall effectThe Tyndall effect, also known as Tyndall scattering, is light scattering by particles in a colloid or particles in a fine suspension. It is named after the 19th century physicist John Tyndall. It is similar to Rayleigh scattering, in that the intensity of the scattered light depends on the fourth...
– John TyndallJohn TyndallJohn Tyndall FRS was a prominent Irish 19th century physicist. His initial scientific fame arose in the 1850s from his study of diamagnetism. Later he studied thermal radiation, and produced a number of discoveries about processes in the atmosphere...
U
- Ulam conjecture – see Collatz conjectureCollatz conjectureThe Collatz conjecture is a conjecture in mathematics named after Lothar Collatz, who first proposed it in 1937. The conjecture is also known as the 3n + 1 conjecture, the Ulam conjecture , Kakutani's problem , the Thwaites conjecture , Hasse's algorithm The Collatz conjecture is a...
, above - Unruh effectUnruh effectThe Unruh effect , was first described by Stephen Fulling in 1973, Paul Davies in 1975 and Bill Unruh in 1976. It is the prediction that an accelerating observer will observe black-body radiation where an inertial observer would observe none...
– William G. Unruh
V
- Vackář oscillatorVackár oscillatorA Vackář oscillator is a variation of the split-capacitance oscillator model. It is similar to a Colpitts oscillator or a Clapp oscillator in this respect. It differs in that the output level is relatively stable over frequency, and has a wider bandwidth when compared to a Clapp design.In 1949,...
(a.k.a. Tesla oscillator) – Jirí Vackář (and Nikola TeslaNikola TeslaNikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer...
) - Van Allen radiation beltVan Allen radiation beltThe Van Allen radiation belt is a torus of energetic charged particles around Earth, which is held in place by Earth's magnetic field. It is believed that most of the particles that form the belts come from solar wind, and other particles by cosmic rays. It is named after its discoverer, James...
– James Van AllenJames Van AllenJames Alfred Van Allen was an American space scientist at the University of Iowa.The Van Allen radiation belts were named after him, following the 1958 satellite missions in which Van Allen had argued that a Geiger counter should be used to detect charged particles.- Life and career :* September... - Van de Graaff generatorVan de Graaff generatorA Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe on the top of the stand. It was invented in 1929 by American physicist Robert J. Van de Graaff. The potential differences achieved in modern Van de Graaff...
– Dr. Robert Jemison Van de Graaff - Van der Pol equation, oscillator – Balthasar van der PolBalthasar van der PolBalthasar van der Pol was a Dutch physicist.Van der Pol studied physics in Utrecht, and in 1920 he was awarded his doctorate . He studied experimental physics with John Ambrose Fleming and Sir J. J. Thomson in England...
- Van der Waals forceVan der Waals forceIn physical chemistry, the van der Waals force , named after Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals, is the sum of the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules other than those due to covalent bonds or to the electrostatic interaction of ions with one another or with neutral...
– Johannes Diderik van der WaalsJohannes Diderik van der WaalsJohannes Diderik van der Waals was a Dutch theoretical physicist and thermodynamicist famous for his work on an equation of state for gases and liquids.... - Van Hove singularityVan Hove singularityA Van Hove singularity is a kink in the density of states of a solid. The wavevectors at which Van Hove singularities occur are often referred to as critical points of the Brillouin zone...
– Léon Van HoveLéon Van HoveLéon Van Hove was a Belgian physicist and a former Director General of CERN. He developed a scientific career spanning mathematics, solid state physics, elementary particle and nuclear physics to cosmology.-Biography:... - Van Stokum cylinder – W. J. van Stokum
- Vavilovian mimicryVavilovian mimicryVavilovian mimicry is a form of mimicry in plants where a weed comes to share one or more characteristics with a domesticated plant through generations of artificial selection. It is named after Nikolai Vavilov, a prominent Russian plant geneticist who identified the centres of origin of...
– Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov - Veblen effect – Thorstein VeblenThorstein VeblenThorstein Bunde Veblen, born Torsten Bunde Veblen was an American economist and sociologist, and a leader of the so-called institutional economics movement...
- Veitch diagram – see Karnaugh mapKarnaugh mapThe Karnaugh map , Maurice Karnaugh's 1953 refinement of Edward Veitch's 1952 Veitch diagram, is a method to simplify Boolean algebra expressions...
, above - Venturi effectVenturi effectThe Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe. The Venturi effect is named after Giovanni Battista Venturi , an Italian physicist.-Background:...
– Giovanni Battista VenturiGiovanni Battista VenturiGiovanni Battista Venturi was an Italian physicist. He was the discoverer and eponym of Venturi effect. He was also the eponym of the Venturi pump and Venturi tube.... - Venn diagramVenn diagramVenn diagrams or set diagrams are diagrams that show all possible logical relations between a finite collection of sets . Venn diagrams were conceived around 1880 by John Venn...
– John VennJohn VennDonald A. Venn FRS , was a British logician and philosopher. He is famous for introducing the Venn diagram, which is used in many fields, including set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science.... - Voigt effectVoigt EffectThe Voigt Effect, is one of a class of effects, resulting in what is called magnetic birefringence, or magnetic double refraction. It is a magneto-optical phenomenon with a similar origin to the Faraday effect. In the Faraday effect, the polarization of light can be rotated when passed through a...
, notationVoigt notationIn mathematics, Voigt notation or Voigt form in multilinear algebra is a way to represent a symmetric tensor by reducing its order. There are a few variants and associated names for this idea: Mandel notation, Mandel–Voigt notation and Nye notation are others found. Kelvin notation is a revival by...
, profile – Woldemar VoigtWoldemar VoigtWoldemar Voigt was a German physicist, who taught at the Georg August University of Göttingen. Voigt eventually went on to head the Mathematical Physics Department at Göttingen and was succeeded in 1914 by Peter Debye, who took charge of the theoretical department of the Physical Institute... - Voigt material – see Kelvin-Voigt materialKelvin-Voigt materialA Kelvin–Voigt material, also called a Voigt material, is a viscoelastic material having the properties both of elasticity and viscosity. It is named after the British physicist and engineer William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and after German physicist Woldemar Voigt.- Definition :The Kelvin–Voigt...
, above - Von Klitzing constant – Klaus von KlitzingKlaus von KlitzingKlaus von Klitzing is a German physicist known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall Effect, for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics....
- Von Neumann ordinal, von Neumann architectureVon Neumann architectureThe term Von Neumann architecture, aka the Von Neumann model, derives from a computer architecture proposal by the mathematician and early computer scientist John von Neumann and others, dated June 30, 1945, entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC...
– John von NeumannJohn von NeumannJohn von Neumann was a Hungarian-American mathematician and polymath who made major contributions to a vast number of fields, including set theory, functional analysis, quantum mechanics, ergodic theory, geometry, fluid dynamics, economics and game theory, computer science, numerical analysis,... - Von Restorff effectVon Restorff effectThe Von Restorff effect , also called the isolation effect, predicts that an item that "stands out like a sore thumb" is more likely to be remembered than other items....
– Hedwig von Restorff
W
- Wadati–Benioff zone (a.k.a. Benioff zoneBenioff zoneA Wadati–Benioff zone is a deep active seismic area in a subduction zone. Differential motion along the zone produces deep-seated earthquakes, the foci of which may be as deep as about . They develop beneath volcanic island arcs and continental margins above active subduction zones...
) – Kiyoo WadatiKiyoo WadatiProfessor was an early seismologist at the Central Meteorological Observatory of Japan, researching deep earthquakes. His name is attached to the Wadati-Benioff zone...
and Hugo BenioffHugo BenioffVictor Hugo Benioff was an American seismologist and a professor at the California Institute of Technology. He is best remembered for his work in charting the location of deep earthquakes in the Pacific Ocean.... - Wahlund effectWahlund effectIn population genetics, the Wahlund effect refers to reduction of heterozygosity in a population caused by subpopulation structure. Namely, if two or more subpopulations have different allele frequencies then the overall heterozygosity is reduced, even if the subpopulations themselves are in a...
– Sten Gösta William WahlundSten Gösta William WahlundSten Gösta William Wahlund was a Swedish human geneticist and politician. He is best known for first identifying the Wahlund effect, that subpopulations with different allele frequencies cause reduced heterozygosity that than is expected from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.He graduated from Uppsala... - Wallace's line – Alfred Russel WallaceAlfred Russel WallaceAlfred Russel Wallace, OM, FRS was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist...
- Walras' lawWalras' lawWalras’ Law is a principle in general equilibrium theory asserting that when considering any particular market, if all other markets in an economy are in equilibrium, then that specific market must also be in equilibrium. Walras’ Law hinges on the mathematical notion that excess market demands ...
– Leon WalrasLéon WalrasMarie-Esprit-Léon Walras was a French mathematical economist associated with the creation of the general equilibrium theory.-Life and career:... - Wannier functionWannier functionThe Wannier functions are a complete set of orthogonal functions used in solid-state physics. They were introduced by Gregory Wannier.The Wannier functions for different lattice sites in a crystal are orthogonal, allowing a convenient basis for the expansion of electron states in certain regimes...
, orbital – Gregory WannierGregory WannierGregory Hugh Wannier was a Swiss physicist.He attended Princeton as a graduate student and later taught at several American universities before a stint in industry.... - Wannier–Stark ladder (a.k.a. Stark ladder) – Gregory WannierGregory WannierGregory Hugh Wannier was a Swiss physicist.He attended Princeton as a graduate student and later taught at several American universities before a stint in industry....
and Johannes StarkJohannes StarkJohannes Stark was a German physicist, and Physics Nobel Prize laureate who was closely involved with the Deutsche Physik movement under the Nazi regime.-Early years:... - Warburg effectWarburg effectThe phrase "Warburg effect" is used for two unrelated observations in biochemistry, one in plant physiology and the other in oncology, both due to Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg.-Plant physiology:...
– Otto WarburgOtto Heinrich WarburgOtto Heinrich Warburg , son of physicist Emil Warburg, was a German physiologist, medical doctor and Nobel laureate. He served as an officer in the elite Uhlan during the First World War and won the Iron Cross for bravery. Warburg was one of the twentieth century's leading biochemists... - Waring's problemWaring's problemIn number theory, Waring's problem, proposed in 1770 by Edward Waring, asks whether for every natural number k there exists an associated positive integer s such that every natural number is the sum of at most s kth powers of natural numbers...
(a.k.a. Hilbert–Waring theorem) – Edward WaringEdward WaringEdward Waring was an English mathematician who was born in Old Heath , Shropshire, England and died in Pontesbury, Shropshire, England. He entered Magdalene College, Cambridge as a sizar and became Senior wrangler in 1757. He was elected a Fellow of Magdalene and in 1760 Lucasian Professor of...
(and David HilbertDavid HilbertDavid Hilbert was a German mathematician. He is recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including invariant theory and the axiomatization of...
) - Weber–Fechner lawWeber–Fechner lawThe Weber–Fechner law is a confusing term, because it combines two different laws. Some authors use the term to mean Weber's law, and others Fechner's law. Fechner himself added confusion to the literature by calling his own law Weber's law...
(Weber's law, Fechner's law) – Ernst Heinrich WeberErnst Heinrich WeberErnst Heinrich Weber was a German physician who is considered one of the founders of experimental psychology.Weber studied medicine at Wittenberg University...
and Gustav Theodor Fechner - Weberian apparatusWeberian apparatusThe Weberian apparatus is an anatomical structure that connects the swim bladder to the auditory system in fishes belonging to the Superorder Ostariophysi. When it is fully developed in adult fish, the elements of the apparatus are sometimes collectively referred to as the Weberian ossicles...
– Ernst Heinrich WeberErnst Heinrich WeberErnst Heinrich Weber was a German physician who is considered one of the founders of experimental psychology.Weber studied medicine at Wittenberg University... - Weierstrass–Casorati theoremWeierstrass–Casorati theoremIn complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Casorati–Weierstrass theorem describes the behaviour of meromorphic functions near essential singularities...
– Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass and Felice CasoratiFelice Casorati (mathematician)Felice Casorati was an Italian mathematician best known for the Casorati-Weierstrass theorem in complex analysis... - Weierstrass's elliptic functionsWeierstrass's elliptic functionsIn mathematics, Weierstrass's elliptic functions are elliptic functions that take a particularly simple form; they are named for Karl Weierstrass...
, factorization theoremWeierstrass factorization theoremIn mathematics, the Weierstrass factorization theorem in complex analysis, named after Karl Weierstrass, asserts that entire functions can be represented by a product involving their zeroes...
, functionWeierstrass functionIn mathematics, the Weierstrass function is a pathological example of a real-valued function on the real line. The function has the property that it is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere...
, M-test, preparation theoremWeierstrass preparation theoremIn mathematics, the Weierstrass preparation theorem is a tool for dealing with analytic functions of several complex variables, at a given point P...
– Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass - Weissenberg effectWeissenberg effectThe Weissenberg effect is a common phenomenon that occurs when a spinning rod is placed into a solution of liquid polymer. Instead of being thrown outward, entanglements cause the polymer chains to be drawn towards the rod. It is named after Karl Weissenberg....
– Karl WeissenbergKarl WeissenbergKarl Weissenberg was an Austrian physicist, notable for his contributions to rheology and crystallography.The Weissenberg effect was named after him, as was the Weissenberg number... - Wess–Zumino–Witten model – Julius WessJulius WessJulius Wess was an Austrian theoretical physicist noted as the co-inventor of the Wess–Zumino model and Wess–Zumino–Witten model in the field of supersymmetry...
, Bruno ZuminoBruno ZuminoBruno Zumino is an Italian theoretical physicist and emeritus faculty at the University of California, Berkeley. He got his bachelor degree from the University of Rome in 1945...
and Edward WittenEdward WittenEdward Witten is an American theoretical physicist with a focus on mathematical physics who is currently a professor of Mathematical Physics at the Institute for Advanced Study.... - Wess–Zumino model – Julius WessJulius WessJulius Wess was an Austrian theoretical physicist noted as the co-inventor of the Wess–Zumino model and Wess–Zumino–Witten model in the field of supersymmetry...
, Bruno ZuminoBruno ZuminoBruno Zumino is an Italian theoretical physicist and emeritus faculty at the University of California, Berkeley. He got his bachelor degree from the University of Rome in 1945... - Weston cellWeston cellThe Weston cell, invented by Edward Weston in 1893, is a wet-chemical cell that produces a highly stable voltage suitable as a laboratory standard for calibration of voltmeters...
– Edward WestonEdward Weston (chemist)Edward Weston was an English-born American chemist noted for his achievements in electroplating and his development of the electrochemical cell, named the Weston cell, for the voltage standard... - Wheatstone bridgeWheatstone bridgeA Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown component. Its operation is similar to the original potentiometer. It was invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and...
– Sir Charles WheatstoneCharles WheatstoneSir Charles Wheatstone FRS , was an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope , and the Playfair cipher...
(improved and popularized it; the inventor was Samuel Hunter ChristieSamuel Hunter ChristieSamuel Hunter Christie was a British scientist and mathematician.He studied mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge where he was second wrangler. He was particularly interested in magnetism, studying the earth's magnetic field and designing improvements to the magnetic compass...
) - Whittaker functionWhittaker functionIn mathematics, a Whittaker function is a special solution of Whittaker's equation, a modified form of the confluent hypergeometric equation introduced by to make the formulas involving the solutions more symmetric...
, Whittaker integral, Whittaker modelWhittaker modelIn representation theory, a branch of mathematics, the Whittaker model is a realization of a representation of a reductive algebraic group such as GL2 over a finite or local or global field on a space of functions on the group. It is named after E. T...
– E. T. WhittakerE. T. WhittakerEdmund Taylor Whittaker FRS FRSE was an English mathematician who contributed widely to applied mathematics, mathematical physics and the theory of special functions. He had a particular interest in numerical analysis, but also worked on celestial mechanics and the history of physics... - Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formulaWhittaker–Shannon interpolation formulaThe Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula or sinc interpolation is a method to reconstruct a continuous-time bandlimited signal from a set of equally spaced samples.-Definition:...
– E. T. WhittakerE. T. WhittakerEdmund Taylor Whittaker FRS FRSE was an English mathematician who contributed widely to applied mathematics, mathematical physics and the theory of special functions. He had a particular interest in numerical analysis, but also worked on celestial mechanics and the history of physics...
, J. M. Whittaker, Claude Shannon - Widrow–Hoff rule – Bernard WidrowBernard WidrowBernard Widrow is a U.S. professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University. He is the co-inventor of the Widrow–Hoff least mean squares filter adaptive algorithm with his then doctoral student Ted Hoff...
and Ted Hoff - Wiedemann–Franz law – Gustav Wiedemann and Rudolf Franz
- Wiegand effectWiegand effectThe Wiegand effect is a nonlinear magnetic effect, named after its discoverer John R. Wiegand, produced in specially annealed and hardened wire called Wiegand wire....
– John R. WiegandJohn R. WiegandJohn R. Wiegand discovered the Wiegand effect, a physical phenomenon in which a specially constructed Wiegand wire can detect small magnetic fields. The Wiegand wire is commonly used as a sensor to read security access cards. There is also a Wiegand Protocol commonly used to transmit the data... - Wien bridgeWien bridgeThe Wien bridge is a type of bridge circuit that was developed by Max Wien in 1891. The bridge comprises four resistors and two capacitors.Bridge circuits were a common way of measuring component values by comparing them to known values...
(Wien's bridge), constant, effectWien effectThe Wien effect is the experimentally-observed increase in ionic mobility or conductivity of electrolytes at very high gradient of electrical potential...
, lawWien's displacement lawWien's displacement law states that the wavelength distribution of thermal radiation from a black body at any temperature has essentially the same shape as the distribution at any other temperature, except that each wavelength is displaced on the graph...
– Wilhelm WienWilhelm WienWilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from the emission at any one reference temperature.He also formulated an... - Wiener filterWiener filterIn signal processing, the Wiener filter is a filter proposed by Norbert Wiener during the 1940s and published in 1949. Its purpose is to reduce the amount of noise present in a signal by comparison with an estimation of the desired noiseless signal. The discrete-time equivalent of Wiener's work was...
, processWiener processIn mathematics, the Wiener process is a continuous-time stochastic process named in honor of Norbert Wiener. It is often called standard Brownian motion, after Robert Brown...
– Norbert WienerNorbert WienerNorbert Wiener was an American mathematician.A famous child prodigy, Wiener later became an early researcher in stochastic and noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems.Wiener is regarded as the originator of cybernetics, a... - Wigmore chartWigmore chartA Wigmore chart is a graphical method for the analysis of legal evidence in trials, developed by John Henry Wigmore. It is an early form of the modern belief network....
– John Henry WigmoreJohn Henry WigmoreJohn Henry Wigmore was a U.S. jurist and expert in the law of evidence. After teaching law at Keio University in Tokyo , he was the dean of Northwestern Law School... - Wigner energy, Wigner effectWigner effectThe Wigner effect , also known as the discomposition effect, is the displacement of atoms in a solid caused by neutron radiation....
– Eugene Wigner - Wigner–Seitz cellWigner–Seitz cellThe Wigner–Seitz cell, named after Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz, is a type of Voronoi cell used in the study of crystalline material in solid-state physics....
– Eugene Wigner and Frederick SeitzFrederick SeitzFrederick Seitz was an American physicist and a pioneer of solid state physics. Seitz was president of Rockefeller University, and president of the United States National Academy of Sciences 1962–1969. He was the recipient of the National Medal of Science, NASA's Distinguished Public Service... - Willshaw network – David J. Willshaw
- Wilson cycle – John Tuzo Wilson
- Wilson effectWilson effectIn 1769 a Scottish astronomer named Alexander Wilson, working at the Macfarlane Observatory, noticed that the shape of sunspots noticeably flattened as they approached the Sun's limb due to the solar rotation. These observations showed that sunspots were features on the solar surface, as opposed to...
(a.k.a. Schülen-–Wilson effect) – Alexander Wilson (and ? Schülen) - Wilson–Bappu effect – Olin Chaddock WilsonOlin Chaddock WilsonOlin Chaddock Wilson was an American astronomer best known for his work as a stellar spectroscopist.Born in San Francisco, CA as the son of a lawyer, Wilson showed an interest in physics at an early age...
and Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu - Witten index – Edward WittenEdward WittenEdward Witten is an American theoretical physicist with a focus on mathematical physics who is currently a professor of Mathematical Physics at the Institute for Advanced Study....
- Wollaston prismWollaston prismA Wollaston prism is an optical device, invented by William Hyde Wollaston, that manipulates polarized light. It separates randomly polarized or unpolarized light into two orthogonal linearly polarized outgoing beams....
– William Hyde WollastonWilliam Hyde WollastonWilliam Hyde Wollaston FRS was an English chemist and physicist who is famous for discovering two chemical elements and for developing a way to process platinum ore.-Biography:... - Woodward–Hoffmann rules – Robert Burns WoodwardRobert Burns WoodwardRobert Burns Woodward was an American organic chemist, considered by many to be the preeminent organic chemist of the twentieth century...
and Roald HoffmannRoald HoffmannRoald Hoffmann is an American theoretical chemist who won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He currently teaches at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.-Escape from the Holocaust:... - Woodward effectWoodward effectThe Woodward effect is a hypothesis proposed by James F. Woodward, a physicist at California State University, Fullerton, that energy-storing ions experience transient mass fluctuations when accelerated. While some have expressed doubt about this hypothesis, no respected theoreticians have yet...
– James F. Woodward - Wolf effectWolf effectThe Wolf Effect is a frequency shift in the electromagnetic spectrum.The phenomenon occurs in several closely related phenomena in radiation physics, with analogous effects occurring in the scattering of light. It was first predicted by Emil Wolf in 1987 and subsequently confirmed in the...
– Emil WolfEmil WolfEmil Wolf is a Czech born American physicist who made advancements in physical optics, including diffraction, coherence properties of optical fields, spectroscopy of partially coherent radiation, and the theory of direct scattering and inverse scattering. He is also the author of several works on... - Wulf bands – Oliver R. Wulf
Y
- Yarkovsky effectYarkovsky effectThe Yarkovsky effect is a force acting on a rotating body in space caused by the anisotropic emission of thermal photons, which carry momentum...
– Ivan Osipovich YarkovskyIvan Osipovich YarkovskyIvan Osipovich Yarkovsky was a Russian-Polish civil engineer. He worked for a Russian railway company and was obscure in his own time. Beginning in the 1970s, long after Yarkovsky's death, his work on the effects of thermal radiation on small objects in the solar system was developed into the... - YORP effect – Ivan Osipovich YarkovskyIvan Osipovich YarkovskyIvan Osipovich Yarkovsky was a Russian-Polish civil engineer. He worked for a Russian railway company and was obscure in his own time. Beginning in the 1970s, long after Yarkovsky's death, his work on the effects of thermal radiation on small objects in the solar system was developed into the...
, John A. O'KeefeJohn A. O'KeefeJohn Aloysius O'Keefe was a planetary scientist with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from 1958 to 1995. He is credited with the discovery of Earth's "pear shape" using U.S. Vanguard satellite data collected in the late 1950s...
, V. V. Radzievskii, and Stephen J. Paddack - Young diagram (a.k.a. Ferrers diagram), Young tableauYoung tableauIn mathematics, a Young tableau is a combinatorial object useful in representation theory. It provides a convenient way to describe the group representations of the symmetric and general linear groups and to study their properties. Young tableaux were introduced by Alfred Young, a mathematician at...
– Alfred YoungAlfred YoungAlfred Young, FRS was a British mathematician.He was born in Widnes, Lancashire, England and educated at Monkton Combe School in Somerset and Clare College, Cambridge, graduating BA as 10th Wrangler in 1895. He is known for his work in the area of group theory... - Young's modulusYoung's modulusYoung's modulus is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and is a quantity used to characterize materials. It is defined as the ratio of the uniaxial stress over the uniaxial strain in the range of stress in which Hooke's Law holds. In solid mechanics, the slope of the stress-strain...
– Thomas YoungThomas Young (scientist)Thomas Young was an English polymath. He is famous for having partly deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphics before Jean-François Champollion eventually expanded on his work...
Z
- Zeeman effectZeeman effectThe Zeeman effect is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is analogous to the Stark effect, the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of an electric field...
– Pieter ZeemanPieter ZeemanPieter Zeeman was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect.-Childhood and youth:... - Zener effectZener effectThe Zener effect is a type of electrical breakdown in a reverse biased P-N junction diode in which the electric field across the diode breaks some of the covalent bonds of the semiconductor atoms leading to a large number of free minority carriers, which suddenly increase the reverse current...
– Clarence Melvin Zener - Zeno effectQuantum Zeno effectThe quantum Zeno effect is a name coined by George Sudarshan and Baidyanath Misra of the University of Texas in 1977 in their analysis of the situation in which an unstable particle, if observed continuously, will never decay. One can nearly "freeze" the evolution of the system by measuring it...
– Zeno of EleaZeno of EleaZeno of Elea was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell has described as "immeasurably subtle and profound".- Life... - Zipf's law – George K. Zipf
- Zipf–Mandelbrot law (a.k.a. Pareto–Zipf law) – George K. Zipf and Benoît MandelbrotBenoît MandelbrotBenoît B. Mandelbrot was a French American mathematician. Born in Poland, he moved to France with his family when he was a child...
(or Vilfredo ParetoVilfredo ParetoVilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto , born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist and philosopher. He made several important contributions to economics, particularly in the study of income distribution and in the analysis of individuals' choices....
)
See also
- EponymEponymAn eponym is the name of a person or thing, whether real or fictitious, after which a particular place, tribe, era, discovery, or other item is named or thought to be named...
s - Fields of science
- List of eponymous medical signs
- List of scientists
- Lists of etymologies
- Scientific constants named after peopleScientific constants named after peopleThis is a list of physical and mathematical constants named after people.* Archimedes' constant — Archimedes* Avogadro's number — Amedeo Avogadro* Bohr magneton — Niels Bohr* Bohr radius — Niels Bohr* Boltzmann constant — Ludwig Boltzmann...
- Scientific laws named after peopleScientific laws named after peopleThis is a list of scientific laws named after people . For other lists of eponyms, see eponym.-See also:* Eponym* Fields of science...
- List of eponymous diseases
- List of fluid flows named after people
- List of hydrodynamic instabilities named after people
- List of waves named after people
- List of eponymous laws