Scholarly communication
Encyclopedia
Scholarly communication is an umbrella term used to describe the process of academics, scholars and researchers sharing and publishing their research findings so that they are available to the wider academic community (such as university
academics) and beyond.
, institutional repositories, rights and access to federally funded research, and preservation of intellectual assets.
; however, there are many other methods, such as publishing a book, book chapter, conference paper, and - particularly in the arts
and humanities
- multimedia formats such as sound and video recordings.
(often referred to as the "publishing crisis" or "serials crisis
").
Main areas of the 'crisis':
The proliferation of new journals and the "twigging" of established journals into smaller sub-specialities, combined with rising prices, especially in the sciences, have dramatically reduced the capacity of research libraries to purchase resources required by their scholarly communities. All disciplines and formats are affected, the humanities and social sciences as well as the sciences, books as well as journals. The proliferation of electronic journals and the various pricing models for this information has further complicated the acquisitions issue, both for libraries and for publishers.
Many groups, including library consortium, research funders, academics and Universities have been calling for changes to the ways scholarly communication takes place, particularly in light of internet creating new and low cost methods to disseminate research, while still maintaining a 'peer review' process to ensure the quality of research is maintained. Developments such as Open Access and Institutional Repositories at Universities are seen vehicles for changing or improving the scholarly communication process.
Chief among the factors contributing to the perceived crisis is the academic reward system, which emphasizes quantity of publication. There is a consequent demand by scholars for peer-reviewed publication outlets. Another important cause is the commercialization and internationalization of scholarly publishing. The growing dominance of publishing conglomerates in scientific, technical, and medical fields, and to some degree in the social sciences, is of special concern to information professionals. It has been shown that these publishers charge prices for scholarly journals that greatly exceed those of scholarly societies and professional associations, university presses, and other not-for-profit publishers. Scholars, often indifferent to rights issues, transfer copyright to for-profit publishers, frequently for reports of research funded wholly or partially at public expense. Commercial publishers have established a highly profitable niche for themselves in the scholarly communication chain.
and The Lancet
are seen as very prestigious journals within the sciences). A researcher's publication list will help create them a reputation within their discipline.
, where other researchers in the same discipline review the research write up and decide if it is of sufficient quality. For example in the case of a journal article, the author(s) of a piece of research will submit their article to a journal, it will then be sent to a number of other academics who specialise in the same area to be 'peer reviewed'. The Journal will often receive many more articles than there is space to publish them, and it is in their interest to publish only those of the highest quality (which will over time increase the reputation of the journal). If the reviewers feel the article is of a high enough quality for the journal, they will often request some changes to be made and once these are done, accept the article for publication.
University
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
academics) and beyond.
Definition
Another definition of scholarly communications is the creation, transformation, dissemination and preservation of knowledge related to teaching, research and scholarly endeavors. Among the many scholarly communications issues include author rights, the economics of scholarly resources, new models of publishing including open accessOpen access
Open access refers to unrestricted access via the Internet to articles published in scholarly journals, and also increasingly to book chapters or monographs....
, institutional repositories, rights and access to federally funded research, and preservation of intellectual assets.
Methods
The most common method of scholarly communication is by writing up the findings of research in to an article to be published in a scholarly journalAcademic journal
An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research...
; however, there are many other methods, such as publishing a book, book chapter, conference paper, and - particularly in the arts
ARts
aRts, which stands for analog Real time synthesizer, is an audio framework that is no longer under development. It is best known for previously being used in KDE to simulate an analog synthesizer....
and humanities
Humanities
The humanities are academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences....
- multimedia formats such as sound and video recordings.
Scholarly Communication Crisis
The term 'Scholarly Communications' has been in common usage at least since the mid-1970s, in recent years there has been widespread belief that the traditional system for disseminating scholarship has reached a state of crisis(often referred to as the "publishing crisis" or "serials crisis
Serials crisis
The term serials crisis has become a common shorthand to describe the chronic subscription cost increases of many scholarly journals. The prices of these institutional or library subscriptions have been rising much faster than the Consumer Price Index for several decades, while the funds available...
").
Main areas of the 'crisis':
- Journal costs have consistently risen above inflation in recent years.
- The high cost of journals coupled with the increasing numbers available have led to universities not being able to subscribe to the journals they require.
- Funders and tax payers not having access to the research they pay for.
- Those not associated with universities (mainly in rich countries) have no access to current research, which acts as a barrier to entry to most of the world's population.
- As journals move to 'online' only, preservation is a major issue: in the past, if a publisher ceased operations, libraries would still have their back catalogues and archives ensuring the published research was not 'lost'; today, as journals are online, should a publisher or journal disappear, including their website, research could be lost.
- There is a belief that by making research easier to access and open will make research itself more efficient and increase the total research output.
- Producing a research paper may require years of work and require a lot of money, however publishers, who will often do little more than copy edit articles ready for publication, normally require that they become the copyright holder.
The proliferation of new journals and the "twigging" of established journals into smaller sub-specialities, combined with rising prices, especially in the sciences, have dramatically reduced the capacity of research libraries to purchase resources required by their scholarly communities. All disciplines and formats are affected, the humanities and social sciences as well as the sciences, books as well as journals. The proliferation of electronic journals and the various pricing models for this information has further complicated the acquisitions issue, both for libraries and for publishers.
Many groups, including library consortium, research funders, academics and Universities have been calling for changes to the ways scholarly communication takes place, particularly in light of internet creating new and low cost methods to disseminate research, while still maintaining a 'peer review' process to ensure the quality of research is maintained. Developments such as Open Access and Institutional Repositories at Universities are seen vehicles for changing or improving the scholarly communication process.
Chief among the factors contributing to the perceived crisis is the academic reward system, which emphasizes quantity of publication. There is a consequent demand by scholars for peer-reviewed publication outlets. Another important cause is the commercialization and internationalization of scholarly publishing. The growing dominance of publishing conglomerates in scientific, technical, and medical fields, and to some degree in the social sciences, is of special concern to information professionals. It has been shown that these publishers charge prices for scholarly journals that greatly exceed those of scholarly societies and professional associations, university presses, and other not-for-profit publishers. Scholars, often indifferent to rights issues, transfer copyright to for-profit publishers, frequently for reports of research funded wholly or partially at public expense. Commercial publishers have established a highly profitable niche for themselves in the scholarly communication chain.
Scholarly Communication and Academic Reward and reputation
Scholarly Communication is seen as a crucial part of research, and researchers - many of whom are lecturers and academics at universities - are often judged by their academic output and list of publications. Promotions will normally take in to account the number of publications and how prestigious the journals they were published in (e.g. NatureNature (journal)
Nature, first published on 4 November 1869, is ranked the world's most cited interdisciplinary scientific journal by the Science Edition of the 2010 Journal Citation Reports...
and The Lancet
The Lancet
The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal. It is one of the world's best known, oldest, and most respected general medical journals...
are seen as very prestigious journals within the sciences). A researcher's publication list will help create them a reputation within their discipline.
Peer review and quality control
A key element of the process is ensuring the research meets a level of quality and is of scholarly merit. This is normally done through a process called peer reviewPeer review
Peer review is a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance and provide credibility...
, where other researchers in the same discipline review the research write up and decide if it is of sufficient quality. For example in the case of a journal article, the author(s) of a piece of research will submit their article to a journal, it will then be sent to a number of other academics who specialise in the same area to be 'peer reviewed'. The Journal will often receive many more articles than there is space to publish them, and it is in their interest to publish only those of the highest quality (which will over time increase the reputation of the journal). If the reviewers feel the article is of a high enough quality for the journal, they will often request some changes to be made and once these are done, accept the article for publication.
See also
- Peer reviewPeer reviewPeer review is a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance and provide credibility...
- Academic publishingAcademic publishingAcademic publishing describes the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. Most academic work is published in journal article, book or thesis form. The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted is often called...
- Open access (publishing)
- Scholarly methodScholarly methodScholarly method or scholarship is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public.-Methods:...
External links
- Annual Bibliography
- Scholarly Communication at the American Library Association
- Scholarly Communication at the Association of Research Libraries
- Scholarly Communication from Cornell University Library
- Scholarly Communication at MIT Libraries
- Scholarly Communication at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library
- University of California Office of Scholarly Communication
- Digital Scholarship and Publishing Center at North Carolina State University Libraries
- Scholarly Communications at the University of Washington Libraries
- Scholarly Communications Portal from Washington University Bernard Becker Medical Library