Saurauia
Encyclopedia
Saurauia Willd. is a genus of plant
in the Actinidiaceae
family. It comprises about 250 species distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Asia
, and South and Central America. Genetic evidence and the cell biology of the group support monophyly
of the genus. Monophyly of the genus is also supported by micromorphological characters of the group and by phylogenetic analysis, although the exact evolutionary relationships of this genus with the other two genera of the Actinidiaceae
, the Actinidia
and the Clematoclethra
, are not well understood.
The floral characteristics of the Saurauia are similar to the other members of the Actinidiaceae. The main floral differences between the Saurauia and the other members of the Actinidiaceae are that members of the Saurauia have 3-5 carpels while other members of the Actinidiaceae have either 3-30 or more in the Actinidia
or 4-5 in the Clematoclethra
. Also, Saurauia is the only genus in the Actinidiaceae whose members can be monoecious or functionally dioecious
. It is also the only extant genus within the Actinidiaceae whose natural distribution includes areas outside of Asia (tropical South and Central America).
Species include:
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
in the Actinidiaceae
Actinidiaceae
Actinidiaceae, or the Chinese Gooseberry family, is a small family of plants. It includes three genera and about 360 species. It is a member of the order Ericales.-Distribution:...
family. It comprises about 250 species distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
, and South and Central America. Genetic evidence and the cell biology of the group support monophyly
Monophyly
In common cladistic usage, a monophyletic group is a taxon which forms a clade, meaning that it contains all the descendants of the possibly hypothetical closest common ancestor of the members of the group. The term is synonymous with the uncommon term holophyly...
of the genus. Monophyly of the genus is also supported by micromorphological characters of the group and by phylogenetic analysis, although the exact evolutionary relationships of this genus with the other two genera of the Actinidiaceae
Actinidiaceae
Actinidiaceae, or the Chinese Gooseberry family, is a small family of plants. It includes three genera and about 360 species. It is a member of the order Ericales.-Distribution:...
, the Actinidia
Actinidia
Actinidia is a genus of woody and, with few exceptions, dioecious plants native to temperate eastern Asia, occurring throughout most of China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan, and extending north to southeast Siberia and south into Indochina...
and the Clematoclethra
Clematoclethra
Clematoclethra Maxim. is a genus within the Actinidiaceae. It contains about 20 species and is endemic to subtropical and temperate regions of central and western China. Monophyly of the group is supported by genetic evidence and also evidence based on the cell biology of members of the genus...
, are not well understood.
The floral characteristics of the Saurauia are similar to the other members of the Actinidiaceae. The main floral differences between the Saurauia and the other members of the Actinidiaceae are that members of the Saurauia have 3-5 carpels while other members of the Actinidiaceae have either 3-30 or more in the Actinidia
Actinidia
Actinidia is a genus of woody and, with few exceptions, dioecious plants native to temperate eastern Asia, occurring throughout most of China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan, and extending north to southeast Siberia and south into Indochina...
or 4-5 in the Clematoclethra
Clematoclethra
Clematoclethra Maxim. is a genus within the Actinidiaceae. It contains about 20 species and is endemic to subtropical and temperate regions of central and western China. Monophyly of the group is supported by genetic evidence and also evidence based on the cell biology of members of the genus...
. Also, Saurauia is the only genus in the Actinidiaceae whose members can be monoecious or functionally dioecious
Dioecious
Dioecy is the property of a group of biological organisms that have males and females, but not members that have organs of both sexes at the same time. I.e., those whose individual members can usually produce only one type of gamete; each individual organism is thus distinctly female or male...
. It is also the only extant genus within the Actinidiaceae whose natural distribution includes areas outside of Asia (tropical South and Central America).
Species include:
- Saurauia adenodontaSaurauia adenodontaSaurauia adenodonta is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
, SleumerHermann Otto SleumerHermann Otto Sleumer was a Dutch botanist of German birth. The plant genera Sleumerodendron Virot and Sleumeria Utteridge, Nagam. & Teo , are named for him.... - Saurauia aequatoriensisSaurauia aequatoriensisSaurauia aequatoriensis is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...
, Sprague - Saurauia aguaricanaSaurauia aguaricanaSaurauia aguaricana is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
, Soejarto - Saurauia alvaroi R.E. Schult. (synonym of Saurauia aromatica R.E. Schult.)
- Saurauia angustifolia Turcz.
- Saurauia anisopoda Turcz. (synonym of Saurauia angustifolia Turcz.)
- Saurauia anolaimensis R.E. Schult. & García-Barr. (synonym of Saurauia isoxanthotricha Buscal.)
- Saurauia arnoldii Sleumer
- Saurauia aromatica R.E. Schult.
- Saurauia aspera Turcz.
- Saurauia bogoriensisSaurauia bogoriensisSaurauia bogoriensis is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia.It is a Critically endangered species threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
R.D. Hoogland - Saurauia bracteosaSaurauia bracteosaSaurauia bracteosa is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, DC.A. P. de CandolleAugustin Pyramus de Candolle also spelled Augustin Pyrame de Candolle was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at an herbarium... - Saurauia caulifloraSaurauia caulifloraSaurauia cauliflora is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia.It is an Vulnerable species threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, DC.A. P. de CandolleAugustin Pyramus de Candolle also spelled Augustin Pyrame de Candolle was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at an herbarium... - Saurauia crassisepalaSaurauia crassisepalaSaurauia crassisepala is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...
, Soejarto - Saurauia erythrocarpaSaurauia erythrocarpaSaurauia erythrocarpa is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to China.-Source:* China Plant Specialist Group 2004. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, C.F.Liang & Y.S.Wang - Saurauia harlingiiSaurauia harlingiiSaurauia harlingii is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
, Soejarto - Saurauia herthaeSaurauia herthaeSaurauia herthae is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss....
, SleumerHermann Otto SleumerHermann Otto Sleumer was a Dutch botanist of German birth. The plant genera Sleumerodendron Virot and Sleumeria Utteridge, Nagam. & Teo , are named for him.... - Saurauia isoxanthotricha Buscal.
- Saurauia lanceolataSaurauia lanceolataSaurauia lanceolata is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, RuizHipólito Ruiz LópezHipólito Ruiz López , or Hipólito Ruiz, was a Spanish botanist known for researching the floras of Peru and Chile during an expedition under Carlos III from 1777 to 1788...
& Pav. - Saurauia latipetalaSaurauia latipetalaSaurauia latipetala is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is found in Guatemala and Mexico. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Ramirez-Marcial, N. & González-Espinosa, M. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, Hemsley - Saurauia laxifloraSaurauia laxifloraSaurauia laxiflora is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
, Soejarto - Saurauia lehmanniiSaurauia lehmanniiSaurauia lehmannii is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat...
, Hieron. - Saurauia leucocarpaSaurauia leucocarpaSaurauia leucocarpa is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Mexico.-Source:* González-Espinosa, M. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, Schlecht. - Saurauia madrensis B.T. Keller & Breedlove
- Saurauia magnificaSaurauia magnificaSaurauia magnifica is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
, Soejarto - Saurauia mahmudiiSaurauia mahmudiiSaurauia mahmudii is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Chua, L.S.L. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, R.D. Hoogland - Saurauia malayanaSaurauia malayanaSaurauia malayana is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Chua, L.S.L. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, Hoogl. - Saurauia mexiaeSaurauia mexiaeSaurauia mexiae is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...
, KillipEllsworth Paine KillipEllsworth Paine Killip was a U.S. botanist. His name is linked to over 600 species names. And around 150 species are named for him. .- External links :...
ex Soejarto - Saurauia microphyllaSaurauia microphyllaSaurauia microphylla is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, Linden ex Lindl. & Paxton - Saurauia montanaSaurauia montanaSaurauia montana is a tropical tree found in Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama. It is 3 to 10 meters tall. The obovate leaves are toothed and can reach 30 cm in length....
, Seem. - Saurauia oreophilaSaurauia oreophilaSaurauia oreophila is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is found in Guatemala and Mexico. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Ramirez-Marcial, N. & González-Espinosa, M. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, Hemsley - Saurauia pentapetalaSaurauia pentapetalaSaurauia pentapetala is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is found in Malaysia and Thailand.-References:* Chua, L.S.L. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, (Jack) R.D.Hoogland - Saurauia pseudostrigillosaSaurauia pseudostrigillosaSaurauia pseudostrigillosa is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss....
, Buscal. - Saurauia punduanaSaurauia punduanaSaurauia punduana is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to China.-Source:* China Plant Specialist Group 2004. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, Wall.Nathaniel WallichNathaniel Wallich was a surgeon and botanist of Danish origin who worked in India initially in the Danish settlement near Calcutta and later joined the East India Company... - Saurauia pustulataSaurauia pustulataSaurauia pustulata is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Mexico.-References:* González-Espinosa, M. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, G. Hunter - Saurauia rubensSaurauia rubensSaurauia rubens is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Chua, L.S.L. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, Ridl.Henry Nicholas RidleyHenry Nicholas Ridley CMG , MA , FRS, FLS, F.R.H.S. was an English botanist and geologist.Born at West Harling Hall, Norfolk, England... - Saurauia rubrisepalaSaurauia rubrisepalaSaurauia rubrisepala is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
, Soejarto - Saurauia scabridaSaurauia scabridaSaurauia scabrida is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Mexico.-References:* González-Espinosa, M. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, Hemsley - Saurauia schultzeorumSaurauia schultzeorumSaurauia schultzeorum is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
, SleumerHermann Otto SleumerHermann Otto Sleumer was a Dutch botanist of German birth. The plant genera Sleumerodendron Virot and Sleumeria Utteridge, Nagam. & Teo , are named for him.... - Saurauia seibertiiSaurauia seibertiiSaurauia seibertii is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Panama. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Mitré, M. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, Standley - Saurauia serrataSaurauia serrataSaurauia serrata is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Mexico.-Source:* González-Espinosa, M. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, DC.A. P. de CandolleAugustin Pyramus de Candolle also spelled Augustin Pyrame de Candolle was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at an herbarium... - Saurauia striataSaurauia striataSaurauia striata is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
, Soejarto - Saurauia tambensisSaurauia tambensisSaurauia tambensis is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
, KillipEllsworth Paine KillipEllsworth Paine Killip was a U.S. botanist. His name is linked to over 600 species names. And around 150 species are named for him. .- External links :... - Saurauia tristyla, DC. var. oldhamii (Hemsl.) Finet & Gagnep.
- Saurauia villosaSaurauia villosaSaurauia villosa is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is endemic to Mesoamerica. Is small trees found in mountain ranges and rain forests.-Source:* González-Espinosa, M. 1998. . Downloaded on 23 August 2007....
, DC.A. P. de CandolleAugustin Pyramus de Candolle also spelled Augustin Pyrame de Candolle was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at an herbarium...