Sand Mountain (Alabama)
Encyclopedia
Sand Mountain is a sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains.Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any colour, but the most common colours are tan, brown, yellow,...

 plateau
Plateau
In geology and earth science, a plateau , also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A highly eroded plateau is called a dissected plateau...

 in northeastern Alabama
Alabama
Alabama is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland...

 and (to a far lesser extent) northwestern Georgia
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. The state is named after King George II of Great Britain. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788...

. It is part of the southern tip of the Appalachian mountain chain. Geologically a continuation of Walden Ridge
Walden Ridge
Walden Ridge is a mountain ridge and escarpment located in Tennessee, in the United States. It marks the eastern edge of the Cumberland Plateau and is generally considered part of it. Walden Ridge is about long, running generally north-south...

, Sand Mountain is part of the Cumberland Plateau
Cumberland Plateau
The Cumberland Plateau is the southern part of the Appalachian Plateau. It includes much of eastern Kentucky and western West Virginia, part of Tennessee, and a small portion of northern Alabama and northwest Georgia . The terms "Allegheny Plateau" and the "Cumberland Plateau" both refer to the...

, separated from the main portion of the plateau by the Tennessee River
Tennessee River
The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River. It is approximately 652 miles long and is located in the southeastern United States in the Tennessee Valley. The river was once popularly known as the Cherokee River, among other names...

 and Sequatchie Valley
Sequatchie Valley
Sequatchie Valley is a relatively long and narrow valley in the U.S. state of Tennessee and, in some definitions, Alabama. It is generally considered to be part of the Cumberland Plateau region of the Appalachian Mountains; it was probably formed by erosion of a compression anticline, rather than...

. The average elevation on Sand Mountain is around 1500 feet (457.2 m) above sea level, compared to about 650 feet (198.1 m) in the surrounding area. This elevation leads to it having the coolest climate in the state of Alabama.

Geography

Sand Mountain runs in a diagonal northeast-southwest direction from the northeastern corner of Alabama, and includes parts of Jackson
Jackson County, Alabama
Jackson County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. Its name is in honor of Andrew Jackson, general in the United States Army and President of the United States of America. As of 2010, the population was 53,227. The county seat is Scottsboro. Jackson County is a prohibition or dry county,...

, DeKalb
DeKalb County, Alabama
As of the 2010 Census DeKalb County had a population of 71,109. The median age was 37.5. The racial and ethnic makeup of the population was 81.6% non-Hispanic white, 1.5% African American, 1.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander , 9.9% from some other race, 2.2% reporting two or...

, Marshall
Marshall County, Alabama
Marshall County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. Its name is in honor of John Marshall, famous Chief Justice of the United States. As of 2010 the population was 93,019...

, Etowah
Etowah County, Alabama
Etowah County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. Its name is from the Cherokee language, which means "edible tree". It is the center of the Gadsden Metropolitan Area which includes Etowah and Cherokee Counties. As of 2010 the population was 104,430. Its county seat is Gadsden...

 and Blount
Blount County, Alabama
Blount County is a county located in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 57,322. Its county seat is Oneonta.Blount County is a dry county.-History:...

 counties in Alabama, as well as part of Dade County, Georgia
Dade County, Georgia
Dade County is a county located in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of 2000, the population is 15,154. The 2007 Census Estimate shows a population of 16,098...

.

Sand Mountain, especially the northern end, i.e. eastern Jackson County and northern DeKalb County, is mostly a rural, agricultural area, with a mix of chicken, cow, and potato farms, as well as other assorted farms, and large expanses of both rolling pastures and forests. It contains many small towns (less than 1,000 people) and unincorporated communities.

Prehistory through the Colonial Period

The Sand Mountain area has been inhabited for at least 9000 years, as evidenced by archaeological finds at nearby Russell Cave National Monument
Russell Cave National Monument
The Russell Cave National Monument is a U.S. National Monument in northeastern Alabama, United States, close to the town of Bridgeport. The Monument was established on May 11, 1961, when 310 acres of land were donated by the National Geographic Society to the American people. It is now...

, near Bridgeport, Alabama
Bridgeport, Alabama
Bridgeport is a small city in Jackson County, Alabama, United States. At the time of 2000 census the population was 2,728. Bridgeport is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area.-History:...

. In historical times, Cherokee
Cherokee
The Cherokee are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States . Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian language family...

 and Creek villages were located in the Tennessee Valley
Tennessee Valley
The Tennessee Valley is the drainage basin of the Tennessee River and is largely within the U.S. state of Tennessee. It stretches from southwest Kentucky to northwest Georgia and from northeast Mississippi to the mountains of Virginia and North Carolina...

 to the west of Sand Mountain, and in Wills Valley to the east. Sequoyah
Sequoyah
Sequoyah , named in English George Gist or George Guess, was a Cherokee silversmith. In 1821 he completed his independent creation of a Cherokee syllabary, making reading and writing in Cherokee possible...

, creator of the Cherokee syllabary, lived in the Cherokee village of Wills Town, near present-day Fort Payne in Wills Valley.

The first white visitors to Sand Mountain were possibly the party of Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto, who are believed to have crossed the mountain during their journey through southeastern North America
Southeastern United States
The Southeastern United States, colloquially referred to as the Southeast, is the eastern portion of the Southern United States. It is one of the most populous regions in the United States of America....

 between 1539 and 1543. One of the likely routes reconstructed for the expedition traces the party’s path across the mountain on their way from the Tennessee Valley to the Coosa Valley
Coosa River
The Coosa River is a tributary of the Alabama River in the U.S. states of Alabama and Georgia. The river is about long altogether.The Coosa River is one of Alabama's most developed rivers...

.

Civil War

Union troops under Major General George H. Thomas crossed Sand Mountain in September 1863 in an attempt to cut off Confederate troops in Chattanooga. The Union mission was unsuccessful, and the opposing armies met at the Battle of Chickamauga
Battle of Chickamauga
The Battle of Chickamauga, fought September 19–20, 1863, marked the end of a Union offensive in southeastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia called the Chickamauga Campaign...

 on September 19–20, 1863.

Jackson and DeKalb counties, along with the other north Alabama counties, had voted against secession in 1861, and pro-Union sentiment was high on Sand Mountain. In early 1861, as the secession debate heated up, several of the northern counties proposed breaking off from Alabama and joining with the counties of East Tennessee to create a new pro-Union state of Nickajack
Nickajack
Nickajack was the name of a proposed neutral state of Unionist areas of North Alabama and East Tennessee. In the period leading up to the American Civil War there was much talk of secession made by the politicians representing wealthy plantation owners in the Black Belt. Hill country residents were...

. Industries such as mining, milling, and the railroads were accepted exemptions to military service for Southern unionists during the war, and some Sand Mountain men who did not wish to join the Confederate army worked in Sauta cave in the Tennessee Valley, mining potassium nitrate to make gunpowder, in lieu of military service.

In September 1861, the "Paint Rock Rifles" were raised on Sand Mountain by Confederate Colonel Lemuel Green Mead of Jackson County. This unit became Company C of the 26th Alabama Infantry Regiment, which served at the Battle of Shiloh
Battle of Shiloh
The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. A Union army under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and...

 in April 1862. Colonel Mead resigned his commission in July 1862 after Union troops had invaded north Alabama, and organized an independent company of partisan rangers who carried out guerrilla raids on Union forces.

In the summer of 1862, "Gunter's 1st Partisan Ranger Battalion" was formed on Sand Mountain in Jackson County by Major William T. Gunter. The unit was composed of five mounted companies and served under the command of Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Nathan Bedford Forrest was a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He is remembered both as a self-educated, innovative cavalry leader during the war and as a leading southern advocate in the postwar years...

 in skirmishes along the Tennessee River. In November 1862, the unit was merged with the 33rd Alabama Infantry Regiment.

A Union regiment, the 1st Tennessee and Alabama Vidette Cavalry, was raised at Stevenson, Alabama
Stevenson, Alabama
Stevenson is a city in Jackson County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 1,770.-Geography:Stevenson is located at ....

, in 1863, drawing men primarily from Sand Mountain.

20th century

Sand Mountain was home, from 1903 to 1905, to a short-lived commune of forty Russian Jewish families attempting to form a collective farm and manufacturing concern. Due to the isolation of the area from other Jewish communities, the limestone soil of the area, and disharmony within the group, the project was abandoned and the inhabitants relocated after two years.

Current issues and social characteristics

There are significant problems with methamphetamine
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs...

 manufacture and use in many communities on Sand Mountain, which was the subject of a recent documentary called Meth Mountain (a one-hour episode of A&E's Intervention
Intervention (TV series)
Intervention is an American television program about the realities facing addicts of many kinds.Each program follows one or two participants, each of whom has an addiction or other mentally and/or physically damaging problem and believes that they are being filmed for a documentary on their problem...

). There is very little violent crime on Sand Mountain.

Politically and religiously, Sand Mountain is a fairly conservative place, consistently voting for conservative candidates in elections, and with Baptists claiming the largest number of congregants of any church denomination. Much of Sand Mountain is dry
Dry county
A dry county is a county in the United States whose government forbids the sale of alcoholic beverages. Some prohibit off-premises sale, some prohibit on-premises sale, and some prohibit both. Hundreds of dry counties exist across the United States, almost all of them in the South...

, with the sale of alcoholic beverages being forbidden.

There is very little racial diversity on Sand Mountain, particularly the northern half, which is nearly all white.

Sand Mountain is one of the last places in the country with churches which still use Sacred Harp
Sacred Harp
Sacred Harp singing is a tradition of sacred choral music that took root in the Southern region of the United States. It is part of the larger tradition of shape note music.- The music and its notation :...

 singing in their Sunday morning church services, and is home to many of the largest and oldest continuous Sacred Harp singings in the country, as well as many important singers (i.e. editors of the Sacred Harp tunebook).

Snake handling
Snake handling
Snake handling or serpent handling is a religious ritual in a small number of Pentecostal churches in the U.S., usually characterized as rural and Holiness. The practice began in the early 20th century in Appalachia, spreading to mostly coal mining towns. The practice plays only a small part of...

 by some churches on Sand Mountain was the subject of Salvation on Sand Mountain
Salvation on Sand Mountain
Salvation on Sand Mountain is a 1995 non-fiction text by Dennis Covington. The book follows the author as he goes from covering the trial of Glenn Summerford to experiencing a snake handling church in Appalachia...

, a 1996 book by Dennis Covington. Those who live on Sand Mountain state that the book mostly took place in Scottsboro and that town is not on the mountain at all.

Sand Mountain has been home to chapters of the Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan, often abbreviated KKK and informally known as the Klan, is the name of three distinct past and present far-right organizations in the United States, which have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically...

 in the past, though the SPLC
Southern Poverty Law Center
The Southern Poverty Law Center is an American nonprofit civil rights organization noted for its legal victories against white supremacist groups; legal representation for victims of hate groups; monitoring of alleged hate groups, militias and extremist organizations; and educational programs that...

's Hate Groups Map shows Sand Mountain to be free of known organized hate groups at the present.

Climate

Sand Mountain, being located in the mid-South, has long hot humid summers, and winters which are short and mild by comparison to much of the rest of the country, with snow being a real rarity. Its elevation, however, leads to it being cooler than the rest of the state of Alabama. On Sand Mountain, between 60 and 90 days per year are over 86 °F (30 °C), according to the Heat Zone Map published by the American Horticultural Society
American Horticultural Society
The American Horticultural Society is a nonprofit, membership-based organization that promotes excellence in American horticulture. It is headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia....

. By comparison, the great majority of the upper Midwest and Northeast has less than 30 such days per year. These hot days, combined with the South's high humidity, make it sweltering in the summer. The average daytime temperature is in the high 70s or above for at least 5 months out of the year (May through September). Sand Mountain has higher rainfall than almost anywhere else in the South, including anywhere else in Alabama, with the exception of the Gulf Coast area. Some areas of Sand Mountain get more than 66 inches (167.6 cm) of rainfall per year (though others get as little as 54 inches (137.2 cm)).

The following is a general idea of Sand Mountain's climate, taken from Ider, Alabama
Ider, Alabama
-School:Ider High School, which is a member of the DeKalb County School System.* Cheerleading - In 1997, 1999, and 2001 the Ider High School cheerleading team won the World Cheerleading Association's Small Varsity Division National Championship. In 2001 the team was also COA Regional Champions,...

:

Soil

Sand Mountain has, on average, a 2 foot depth of soil - after which is solid sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains.Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any colour, but the most common colours are tan, brown, yellow,...

 bedrock
Bedrock
In stratigraphy, bedrock is the native consolidated rock underlying the surface of a terrestrial planet, usually the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered unconsolidated rock in the basal subsoil...

. The soil is generally loam
Loam
Loam is soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration . Loam soils generally contain more nutrients and humus than sandy soils, have better infiltration and drainage than silty soils, and are easier to till than clay soils...

-based, and is a mixture of sandy loam and silty loam, drawing from such series
Soil series
Soil series as established by the National Cooperative Soil Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service are a level of classification in the USDA Soil Taxonomy classification system hierarchy. The actual object of classification is the so-called...

 as Apison, Atkins, Cotaco-Barbourville, Crossville, Hartsells, Lickdale, and Muskingum. It is extremely acidic, growing more so the deeper you go from the top. It is classified as "well-drained".

Jackson County

  • Browntown, Alabama
  • Bryant, Alabama
    Bryant, Alabama
    Bryant is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 3,295.-Geography:Bryant's coordinates are 34.92 N. Lat. 85.63 W. Long.Bryant covers a land area of and a water area of .-Demographics:...

  • Central, Alabama
  • Davistown, Alabama
  • Dutton, Alabama
    Dutton, Alabama
    Dutton is a town in Jackson County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the population of the town is 310. Dutton is located on top of Sand Mountain.-Geography:...

  • Eliza, Alabama
  • Fabius, Alabama
  • Fair View, Alabama
  • Flat Rock, Alabama
    Flat Rock, Alabama
    Flat Rock is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 3,857.-Geography:Flat Rock is located on top of Sand Mountain.Flat Rock's coordinates are 34.78 N. Lat. 85.67 W...

  • Higdon, Alabama
    Higdon, Alabama
    Higdon is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 1,214.-Geography:Higdon is located on top of Sand Mountain.Higdon's coordinates are 34.83 N. Lat. 85.61 W. Long....

  • Liberty Hill, Alabama
  • Macedonia, Jackson County, Alabama
  • Overlook, Alabama
  • Pisgah, Alabama
    Pisgah, Alabama
    Pisgah is a town in Jackson County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the population of the town is 706. Pisgah is located on top of Sand Mountain.-Geography:...

  • Rosalie, Alabama
  • Section, Alabama
    Section, Alabama
    Section is a township in Jackson County, Alabama, United States and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the population of the township is 769. Section is located on top of Sand Mountain. It is also home to the Section Dairy Bar.-Geography:Section...

  • Shrader, Alabama

DeKalb County

  • Blake, Alabama
  • Brooks Crossroads, Alabama
  • Cartersville, Alabama
  • Council Bluff, Alabama
  • Crossville, Alabama
    Crossville, Alabama
    Crossville is a town in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 1,431. Crossville is located on top of Sand Mountain.-Geography:Crossville is located at ....

  • Dawson, Alabama
    Dawson, Alabama
    Dawson is a small community located in DeKalb County, Alabama, northeast of the town of Crossville, Alabama. Dawson is located on top of Sand Mountain....

  • Elliott Crossroads, Alabama
  • Five Forks, Alabama
  • Fyffe, Alabama
    Fyffe, Alabama
    Fyffe is a town in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 1,018. Fyffe is located on top of Sand Mountain....

  • Geraldine, Alabama
    Geraldine, Alabama
    Geraldine is a town in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 896.-Geography:Geraldine is located at ....

  • Grove Oak, Alabama
    Grove Oak, Alabama
    Grove Oak is a small town in the northeast part of the U.S. state of Alabama, in DeKalb County. Grove Oak is located on top of Sand Mountain. It has four or five small stores and a gas station, and is surrounded by forests and farmland. There are two Baptist churches. There is a small Masonic lodge...

  • Guest, Alabama
  • Henagar, Alabama
    Henagar, Alabama
    Henagar is a town in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,400. Henagar is located on top of Sand Mountain. Henagar Junior High School is Home of the Wildcats. Henagar is home to one of the few drive-in theatres in the United States.-Geography:Henagar is...

  • High Point, Alabama
  • Horton, DeKalb County, Alabama
  • Ider, Alabama
    Ider, Alabama
    -School:Ider High School, which is a member of the DeKalb County School System.* Cheerleading - In 1997, 1999, and 2001 the Ider High School cheerleading team won the World Cheerleading Association's Small Varsity Division National Championship. In 2001 the team was also COA Regional Champions,...

  • Kilpatrick, Alabama
  • Lakeview, Alabama
    Lakeview, Alabama
    Lakeview is a town in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 163. Lakeview is located on top of Sand Mountain.-Geography:Lakeview is located at .According to the U.S...

  • Lathamville, Alabama
  • Liberty, Alabama
  • Old Blevins Mill, Alabama
  • Plainview, Alabama
  • Powell, Alabama
    Powell, Alabama
    Powell is a town in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 926. Powell is located on top of Sand Mountain.-Geography:Powell is located at .According to the U.S...

  • Rainsville, Alabama
    Rainsville, Alabama
    Rainsville is a city in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 4,499. Rainsville is located on top of Sand Mountain.Rainsville was incorporated in October 1956....

  • Shiloh, DeKalb County, Alabama
    Shiloh, DeKalb County, Alabama
    Shiloh is a town in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 289. Shiloh is located on top of Sand Mountain.-Geography:Shiloh is located at at an elevation of .According to the U.S...

  • Skaggs Corner, Alabama
  • Sylvania, Alabama
    Sylvania, Alabama
    Sylvania is a town in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 1,186. Sylvania is located on top of Sand Mountain.-Geography:Sylvania is located at .According to the U.S...

  • Ten Broeck, Alabama
  • Townsend Crossroads, Alabama

Marshall County

  • Albertville, Alabama
  • Guntersville, Alabama (only partially located on Sand Mountain)
  • Boaz, Alabama
  • Douglas, Alabama
  • Asbury Community
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