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Sami languages



 
 
Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Uralic languages
Uralic languages

The Uralic languages constitute a language families of 39 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people. The healthiest Uralic languages in terms of the number of native speakers are Hungarian language, Finnish language, Estonian language, Mari language and Udmurt language....
 spoken by the Sami people
Sami people

The S?mi people, are the indigenous people Indigenous peoples of Europe inhabiting S?pmi , which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia....
 in parts of northern Finland
Finland

Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
, Norway
Norway

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
, Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
 and extreme northwestern Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
, in Northern Europe
Northern Europe

Northern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as including the following countries and dependent regions:...
. Sami is frequently (and erroneously) believed to be a single language. Several names are used for the Sami languages: Saami, Sámi, Samic, Saamic, Lappish and Lappic. The last two are, along with the term Lapp, considered derogatory by some.

sami languages form a branch of the Uralic language family
Uralic languages

The Uralic languages constitute a language families of 39 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people. The healthiest Uralic languages in terms of the number of native speakers are Hungarian language, Finnish language, Estonian language, Mari language and Udmurt language....
.






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Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Uralic languages
Uralic languages

The Uralic languages constitute a language families of 39 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people. The healthiest Uralic languages in terms of the number of native speakers are Hungarian language, Finnish language, Estonian language, Mari language and Udmurt language....
 spoken by the Sami people
Sami people

The S?mi people, are the indigenous people Indigenous peoples of Europe inhabiting S?pmi , which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia....
 in parts of northern Finland
Finland

Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
, Norway
Norway

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
, Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
 and extreme northwestern Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
, in Northern Europe
Northern Europe

Northern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as including the following countries and dependent regions:...
. Sami is frequently (and erroneously) believed to be a single language. Several names are used for the Sami languages: Saami, Sámi, Samic, Saamic, Lappish and Lappic. The last two are, along with the term Lapp, considered derogatory by some.

Classification

The sami languages form a branch of the Uralic language family
Uralic languages

The Uralic languages constitute a language families of 39 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people. The healthiest Uralic languages in terms of the number of native speakers are Hungarian language, Finnish language, Estonian language, Mari language and Udmurt language....
. According to the traditional view, Sami is within the Uralic family most closely related to the Baltic-Finnic languages
Baltic-Finnic languages

The Baltic-Finnic languages, spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 7 million people, are a branch of Finnic languages belonging to the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic languages....
 (Sammallahti 1998). However, this view has recently been doubted by some scholars, who argue that the traditional view of a common Finno-Sami protolanguage is not as strongly supported as has been earlier assumed, and that the similarities may stem from an areal influence on Sami from Baltic-Finnic.

In terms of internal relationships, the Sami languages are divided into two groups: the western and the eastern ones. The groups may be further divided into various subgroups and ultimately individual languages. (Sammallahti 1998: 6-38.) Parts of the Sami language area form a dialect continuum
Dialect continuum

A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater....
 in which the neighbouring languages may be to a fair degree mutually intelligible, but two more widely separated groups will not understand each other's speech. There are, however, sharp and absolute language boundaries, in particular between Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami, the speakers of which are not able to understand each other without learning or long practice.

Western Sami languages

  • Southern Sami
    Southern Sami

    Southern Sami is the south-westernmost of the Sami languages. It is a seriously endangered language; the last strongholds of this language are the municipalities of Sn?sa and Hattfjelldal in Norway....
  • Ume Sami
    Ume Sami

    Ume Sami is a Sami languages spoken in Sweden and Norway. It is a dying language with only about 10 native speakers left and is spoken mainly along the Ume River in the north of Arjeplog_Municipality and Arvidsjaur....
  • Pite Sami
    Pite Sami

    Pite Sami, also known as Arjeplog Sami, is a Sami languages spoken in Sweden and Norway. It is a dying language that has only about ten native speakers left and is spoken mainly on the Swedish side of the border along the Pite River in the north of Arjeplog_Municipality and Arvidsjaur....
  • Lule Sami
    Lule Sami

    Lule Sami is a Finno-Ugric languages, Sami languages language spoken in Lule Lappmark, i.e., around Lule? Sweden and in the province of Nordland in Norway....
  • Northern Sami
    Northern Sami

    Northern or North Sami is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. The speaking area of Northern Sami covers the northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland as well as northwestern parts of Russia....


Eastern Sami languages

  • Inari Sami
    Inari Sami

    Inari S?mi is a Finno-Ugric languages, Sami languages language spoken in Finland by some 300-400 people, the majority of whom are middle-aged or older and live in the municipality of Inari, Finland....
  • Kemi Sami
    Kemi Sami

    Kemi Sami is a Sami language that was originally spoken in the southernmost district of Finnish Lapland Province as far south as the Sami Sami village around Kuusamo....
     (extinct)
  • Skolt Sami
  • Akkala Sami
    Akkala Sami

    Akkala Sami is a Sami languages that was spoken in the siida of A?kkel and Cu?kksu?l, in the inland parts of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Formerly erroneously regarded as a dialect of Kildin Sami, it has recently become recognized as an independent Sami language that is most closely related to its western neighbor Skolt Sami....
     (extinct)
  • Kildin Sami
  • Ter Sami
    Ter Sami

    Ter Sami is the easternmost of the Sami languages. It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula, but now it is a language death; in 2004, only six speakers were left....


Geographic distribution


The Sami languages are spoken in Sápmi in Northern Europe
Northern Europe

Northern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as including the following countries and dependent regions:...
, in a region stretching over the four countries Norway
Norway

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
, Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
, Finland
Finland

Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
 and Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
, reaching from the southern part of central Scandinavia
Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a historical and geographical subregion in northern Europe that includes the Scandinavian Peninsula. It consists of the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; some authorities also include Finland and some might even include Iceland....
 in the southwest to the tip of the Kola Peninsula
Kola Peninsula

The Kola Peninsula is a peninsula in the far north of Russia, part of the Murmansk Oblast. It borders upon the Barents Sea on the North and the White Sea on the East and South....
 in the east.

During the Middle Ages
Middle Ages

File:Karl 1 mit papst gelasius gregor1 sacramentar v karl d kahlen.jpgThe Middle Ages of European history are a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christi...
 and Early Modern Age now extinct Sami languages were also spoken in the central and southern parts of Finland
Finland

Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
 and Karelia
Karelia

Karelia , the land of the Karelians, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden. It is currently divided between the Russian Republic of Karelia, the Russian Leningrad Oblast, and Finland ....
 and in a wider area on the Scandinavian peninsula. Historical documents as well as Finnish
Finnish language

Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by Finnish people outside of Finland. It is one of the official languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden....
 and Karelian oral tradition
Oral tradition

Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore are messages or testimony transmitted orally from one generation to another. The messages or testimony are verbally transmitted in speech or song and may take the form, for example, of folktales, sayings, ballads, songs, or chants....
 contain many mentions of the earlier Sami inhabitation in these areas (Itkonen 1947). Also loanword
Loanword

A loanword is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept whereby it is the Meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself....
s as well as place-names of Sami origin in the southern dialects of Finnish and Karelian dialects testify of earlier Sami presence in the area (Koponen 1996; Saarikivi 2004; Aikio 2007). These Sami languages, however, became later extinct under the wave of the Finno-Karelian agricultural expansion.

History

The Proto-Sami language is believed to have formed in the vicinity of the Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Finland

The Gulf of Finland is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea that extends between Finland and Estonia all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia, where the river Neva drains into it....
 between 1000 B.C. to 700 A.D. derived from a common Proto-Sami-Finnic language (M. Korhonen 1981). However reconstruction of any basic proto-languages in the Uralic family have reached a level close to or identical to Proto-Uralic (T. Salminen 1999). The language is believed to have expanded west and north into Fennoscandia during the Iron Age
Iron Age

In archaeology, the Iron Age was the stage in the development of any people in which tools and weapons whose main ingredient was iron were prominent....
 reaching central-Scandinavia
Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a historical and geographical subregion in northern Europe that includes the Scandinavian Peninsula. It consists of the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; some authorities also include Finland and some might even include Iceland....
 during the Proto-Scandinavian phase (Bergsland 1996). The language assimilated several layers of unknown Paleo-European languages from the early hunter gatherers, first during the Proto-Sami phase and second in the subsequent expansion of the language in the west and the north of Fennoscandia that is part of modern Sami today. (Aikio 2004, Aikio 2006).

Written languages and sociolinguistic situation

At present there are nine living Sami languages. The largest six of the languages have independent literary languages; the three others have no written standard, and there are only few, mainly elderly speakers left. The ISO 639-2
ISO 639-2

ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 International standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. The three-letter codes given for each language in this part of the standard are referred to as "Alpha-3" codes....
 code for all Sami languages without its proper code is "smi". The six written languages are:

  • Northern Sami
    Northern Sami

    Northern or North Sami is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. The speaking area of Northern Sami covers the northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland as well as northwestern parts of Russia....
     (Norway, Sweden, Finland): With an estimated 15,000 speakers, this accounts for probably more than 75% of all Sami speakers in 2002. ISO 639-1
    ISO 639-1

    ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 International Organization for Standardization language code family. It consists of 136 two-letter codes used to identify the world's major languages....
    /ISO 639-2
    ISO 639-2

    ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 International standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. The three-letter codes given for each language in this part of the standard are referred to as "Alpha-3" codes....
    : se/sme
  • Lule Sami
    Lule Sami

    Lule Sami is a Finno-Ugric languages, Sami languages language spoken in Lule Lappmark, i.e., around Lule? Sweden and in the province of Nordland in Norway....
     (Norway, Sweden): The second largest group with an estimated 1,500 speakers. ISO 639-2
    ISO 639-2

    ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 International standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. The three-letter codes given for each language in this part of the standard are referred to as "Alpha-3" codes....
    : smj
  • Southern Sami
    Southern Sami

    Southern Sami is the south-westernmost of the Sami languages. It is a seriously endangered language; the last strongholds of this language are the municipalities of Sn?sa and Hattfjelldal in Norway....
     (Norway, Sweden): 500 speakers (estimated). ISO 639-2
    ISO 639-2

    ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 International standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. The three-letter codes given for each language in this part of the standard are referred to as "Alpha-3" codes....
    : sma
  • Inari Sami
    Inari Sami

    Inari S?mi is a Finno-Ugric languages, Sami languages language spoken in Finland by some 300-400 people, the majority of whom are middle-aged or older and live in the municipality of Inari, Finland....
     (Enare Sami) (Inari
    Inari, Finland

    Inari is a municipalities of Finland in Finland. The municipality was established in 1876. The largest villages of the municipality are Ivalo and Inari ....
    , Finland): 500 speakers (estimated). SIL code: LPI, ISO 639-2
    ISO 639-2

    ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 International standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. The three-letter codes given for each language in this part of the standard are referred to as "Alpha-3" codes....
    : smn
  • Skolt Sami
    Skolt Sami

    Skolt Sami is a Finno-Ugric languages, Sami languages language spoken by approximately 400 speakers in Finland, mainly in Sevettij?rvi, and approximately 20–30 speakers of the Nju??ttj?u?rr dialect in an area surrounding Lake Lovozero in Russia....
     (Näätämö and the Nellim-Keväjärvi districts, Inari
    Inari, Finland

    Inari is a municipalities of Finland in Finland. The municipality was established in 1876. The largest villages of the municipality are Ivalo and Inari ....
     municipality, Finland, also spoken in Russia
    Russia

    Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
    , previously in Norway): 400 speakers (estimated). SIL code: LPK, ISO 639-2
    ISO 639-2

    ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 International standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. The three-letter codes given for each language in this part of the standard are referred to as "Alpha-3" codes....
    : sms
  • Kildin Sami (Kola Peninsula
    Kola Peninsula

    The Kola Peninsula is a peninsula in the far north of Russia, part of the Murmansk Oblast. It borders upon the Barents Sea on the North and the White Sea on the East and South....
    , Russia): 650 speakers (estimated). SIL code: LPD


The other Sami languages are moribund and have very few speakers left. Six speakers of Ter Sami
Ter Sami

Ter Sami is the easternmost of the Sami languages. It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula, but now it is a language death; in 2004, only six speakers were left....
 were known to be alive in 2004, and Pite Sami
Pite Sami

Pite Sami, also known as Arjeplog Sami, is a Sami languages spoken in Sweden and Norway. It is a dying language that has only about ten native speakers left and is spoken mainly on the Swedish side of the border along the Pite River in the north of Arjeplog_Municipality and Arvidsjaur....
 and Ume Sami
Ume Sami

Ume Sami is a Sami languages spoken in Sweden and Norway. It is a dying language with only about 10 native speakers left and is spoken mainly along the Ume River in the north of Arjeplog_Municipality and Arvidsjaur....
 likely have under 20 speakers left. The last speaker of Akkala Sami
Akkala Sami

Akkala Sami is a Sami languages that was spoken in the siida of A?kkel and Cu?kksu?l, in the inland parts of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Formerly erroneously regarded as a dialect of Kildin Sami, it has recently become recognized as an independent Sami language that is most closely related to its western neighbor Skolt Sami....
 is known to have died in December 2003, and the eleventh attested variety Kemi Sami
Kemi Sami

Kemi Sami is a Sami language that was originally spoken in the southernmost district of Finnish Lapland Province as far south as the Sami Sami village around Kuusamo....
 became extinct in the 19th century.

Orthographies


The Sámi languages use an extended version of the Latin alphabet
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
.

Northern Sámi: Áá Cc Ðd ?? Šš Tt Žž
Inari Sámi: Áá Ââ Ää Cc Ðd Šš Žž
Skolt Sámi: soft sign
Soft sign

The soft sign is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. In Old Church Slavonic, it represented a short front vowel but in modern Slavic Cyrillic writing systems , it does not represent an individual sound, rather it indicates softening of the preceding consonant or just has a traditional orthographic usage with no phonetic meaning ....
 ´)
Lule Sámi in Sweden: Áá Åå Nn Ää
Lule Sámi in Norway: Áá Åå Nn Ææ
Southern Sámi in Sweden: Ïï Ää Öö Åå
Southern Sámi in Norway: Ïï Ææ Øø Åå
Note that the letter is a capital D with a bar across it (Unicode
Unicode

Unicode is a computing industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate Character expressed in most of the world's writing systems....
 U+0110) and is not the capital eth (Ð; U+00D0) found in Icelandic
Icelandic language

Icelandic is a North Germanic languages, the language of Iceland. Its closest relative is Faroese language and Norwegian dialects such as Telemark dialect and Sognam?l....
, Faroese
Faroese language

Faroese , often also spelled Faeroese , is a West Nordic or West Scandinavian language spoken by 48,000 people in the Faroe Islands and about 12,000 Faroese people in Denmark....
 or Old English
Old English language

Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century....
, which it is almost identical to.

Note also that the different characters used on the different sides of the Swedish/Norwegian border merely are ortographic standards based on the Swedish
Swedish alphabet

The Swedish language alphabet consists of the following 29 letters:Upper CaseLower CaseIn addition to the commonly occurring letters of the Latin alphabet, A-Z, the Swedish alphabet has the three letter , "?", "?" and "?"....
 and Norwegian alphabet, respectively, and don't denote different pronunciations.

Kildin Sámi uses an extended version of the Cyrillic alphabet
Cyrillic alphabet

The Cyrillic alphabet is a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by five Slavic languages national languages as well as non-Slavic . It is also used by many other languages of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and other languages in the past....
: ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? . It also uses macron
Macron

A macron, from Greek language meaning "long", is a diacritic ? placed over or under a vowel which was originally used to mark a Long syllable#Syllable weight in classical poetry in Meter #Greek and Latin, but has now been taken also to indicate that the vowel is long vowel....
s, which are difficult to show on the Internet due to technical restrictions.

Skolt Sámi uses ´ (U+02CA) as a soft sign; due to technical restrictions, it is often replaced by ´ (U+00B4).

Official status

Adopted in April 1988, Article 110a of the Norwegian Constitution states: "It is the responsibility of the authorities of the State to create conditions enabling the Sami people to preserve and develop its language, culture and way of life." The Sami Language Act went into effect in the 1990s. Sami is an official language of the municipalities of Kautokeino
Kautokeino

or Guovdageaidnu , is a Municipalities of Norway in Finnmark Counties of Norway, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino....
, Karasjok
Karasjok

K?r?johka or is a village and Municipalities of Norway in Finnmark Counties of Norway, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Karasjok....
, Gáivuotna (Kåfjord), Nesseby, Porsanger
Porsanger

Porsanger or Pors??gu or Porsanki is a Municipalities of Norway in Finnmark Counties of Norway, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Lakselv....
, Tana, Tysfjord
Tysfjord

Tysfjord or Divtasvuodna is a Municipalities of Norway in Nordland Counties of Norway, Norway. It is part of the Ofoten Districts of Norway....
, and Snåsa
Snåsa

Sn?sa is a Municipalities of Norway in Nord-Tr?ndelag Counties of Norway, Norway. It is part of the Innherad Districts of Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Sn?sa....
.

In Finland
Finland

Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
, the Sami language act of 1991 granted Sami people the right to use the Sami languages for all government services. The Sami language act of 2003 made Sami an official language in Enontekiö
Enontekiö

Enonteki? [] is a Municipalities of Finland in the Finland part of Lapland with approx. inhabitants. It is situated in the outermost northwest of the country and occupies a large and very sparsely populated area of about between the Sweden and Norway border....
, Inari
Inari, Finland

Inari is a municipalities of Finland in Finland. The municipality was established in 1876. The largest villages of the municipality are Ivalo and Inari ....
, Sodankylä
Sodankylä

Sodankyl? is a list of towns in Finland and municipalities of Finland of Finland.It is located in the provinces of Finland of Lapland, Finland....
 and Utsjoki
Utsjoki

Utsjoki is a municipalities of Finland in Finland. It is located in Lapland, Finland and borders Norway as well as the municipality of Inari, Finland....
 municipalities
Municipalities of Finland

||-||}The municipalities represent the local level of administration in Finland and act as the fundamental administrative units of the country....
.

On April 1, 2002 Sami became one of five recognized minority languages in Sweden. It can be used in dealing with public authorities in the municipalities
Municipalities of Sweden

The municipalities of Sweden are the local government entities of Sweden. The current 290 municipalities are organized into 21 Counties of Sweden ....
 of Arjeplog
Arjeplog Municipality

Arjeplog Municipality is a municipalities of Sweden in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in Arjeplog.The area which now is Arjeplog Municipality used to be a single parish , which was made into a municipality when the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863....
, Gällivare
Gällivare Municipality

G?llivare Municipality is a municipalities of Sweden in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in G?llivare.The municipality is the third largest in Sweden, but it has not been amalgamated with other entities....
, Jokkmokk
Jokkmokk Municipality

Jokkmokk Municipality is a municipalities of Sweden in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in Jokkmokk.The name Jokkmokk is Sami languages for the words "river" and "bend", since the town is situated close to a bend in the nearby river....
 and Kiruna
Kiruna Municipality

Kiruna Municipality is a municipalities of Sweden in Norrbotten County in northernmost Sweden. Its seat is located in Kiruna.Kiruna Municipality is the northernmost municipality in Sweden, and at about 20,000 km? is Sweden's geographically largest, being as large as the combined area of Sweden's three southernmost provinces of Sweden Scani...
.

See also: Sami parliaments of Finland, Norway, and Sweden

External links

  • "Sámi-related odds and ends," including 5000+ word vocabulary list
  • Sámi dictionary and terminology database.
  • - Sami language department of the Norwegian Sami parliament (in Norwegian and Northern Sami)
  • Finland -
  • All about Sami Languages with glossaries, scholarly articles, resources
  • , an etymological database of the Sami languages (in Finnish and North Sámi)
  • , Sami anthems in various Sami languages