Salvador de Madariaga
Encyclopedia
Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo (23 July 1886, A Coruña
, Spain
- 14 December 1978, Locarno
, Switzerland
) was a Spanish
diplomat
, writer
, historian
and pacifist
. He had two daughters.
He graduated in engineering
in Paris
, France
before gaining a Masters of Arts at Oxford University in the United Kingdom
. He then went to work as an engineer for the Northern Spanish Railway Company but abandoned this work to go to London
and become a journalist
, writing in English
, for The Times
. At this time he began publishing his first essays. In 1921 he became a press member of the Secretariat of the League of Nations
and became chief of the Disarmament
Section in 1922. In 1928, he became Professor of Spanish
at Oxford
University for three years, during which time he wrote 3 books on nation
psychology
called Englishmen, Frenchmen and Spaniards. In 1931 he was appointed ambassador
to the United States of America and a permanent delegate to the League of Nations, a post he kept for 5 years. Between 1932 and 1934 he was Ambassador to France. In 1933 he was elected to the National Congress, serving as both Minister for Education and Minister for Justice. In July 1936, as a classic liberal he went into exile
in England
to escape the eruption of the Spanish civil war
. From there he became a vocal opponent of, and organised resistance to, the dictatorship
of General Francisco Franco
. In 1947, he was one of the principal authors of the Oxford Manifesto
on liberalism. He was one of the co-founders, in 1949, of the College of Europe
.
In his writing career he wrote books about Don Quixote, Christopher Columbus
and the history of Latin America
. He militated in favour of a united and integrated Europe. He wrote in French
and German
as well as Spanish
and Galician
(his mother tongue) and English. In 1973 he won the Karlspreis
for contributions to the European idea and European peace. In 1976, he returned to Spain after the death of Franco. The Madariaga European Foundation
has been named after him, promoting his vision of a united Europe making for a more peaceful world.
In 1912 he had married Constance Archibald de Madariaga, a Scottish economic historian. The couple had two daughters, Nieves Mathews
(1917 - 2003) and professor/historian Dr. Isabel de Madariaga (1919 - ). After Constance's death in May 1970 Salvador in November 1970 married Emilia Székely de Rauman who had been his secretary since 1938.
An Oxfordshire blue plaque in honour of Salvador de Madariaga was unveiled at 3 St Andrew's Road, Headington, Oxford by his daughter Isabel on 15 October 2011.
A Coruña
A Coruña or La Coruña is a city and municipality of Galicia, Spain. It is the second-largest city in the autonomous community and seventeenth overall in the country...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
- 14 December 1978, Locarno
Locarno
Locarno is the capital of the Locarno district, located on the northern tip of Lake Maggiore in the Swiss canton of Ticino, close to Ascona at the foot of the Alps. It has a population of about 15,000...
, Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
) was a Spanish
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
diplomat
Diplomat
A diplomat is a person appointed by a state to conduct diplomacy with another state or international organization. The main functions of diplomats revolve around the representation and protection of the interests and nationals of the sending state, as well as the promotion of information and...
, writer
Writer
A writer is a person who produces literature, such as novels, short stories, plays, screenplays, poetry, or other literary art. Skilled writers are able to use language to portray ideas and images....
, historian
Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is...
and pacifist
Pacifism
Pacifism is the opposition to war and violence. The term "pacifism" was coined by the French peace campaignerÉmile Arnaud and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress inGlasgow in 1901.- Definition :...
. He had two daughters.
He graduated in engineering
Engineering
Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize improvements to the lives of...
in Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
before gaining a Masters of Arts at Oxford University in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
. He then went to work as an engineer for the Northern Spanish Railway Company but abandoned this work to go to London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
and become a journalist
Journalist
A journalist collects and distributes news and other information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism.A reporter is a type of journalist who researchs, writes, and reports on information to be presented in mass media, including print media , electronic media , and digital media A...
, writing in English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
, for The Times
The Times
The Times is a British daily national newspaper, first published in London in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register . The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers Limited, a subsidiary since 1981 of News International...
. At this time he began publishing his first essays. In 1921 he became a press member of the Secretariat of the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
and became chief of the Disarmament
Arms control
Arms control is an umbrella term for restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation, and usage of weapons, especially weapons of mass destruction...
Section in 1922. In 1928, he became Professor of Spanish
Spanish language
Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
at Oxford
Oxford
The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...
University for three years, during which time he wrote 3 books on nation
Nation
A nation may refer to a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, and/or history. In this definition, a nation has no physical borders. However, it can also refer to people who share a common territory and government irrespective of their ethnic make-up...
psychology
Psychology
Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Its immediate goal is to understand individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. For many, the ultimate goal of psychology is to benefit society...
called Englishmen, Frenchmen and Spaniards. In 1931 he was appointed ambassador
Ambassador
An ambassador is the highest ranking diplomat who represents a nation and is usually accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization....
to the United States of America and a permanent delegate to the League of Nations, a post he kept for 5 years. Between 1932 and 1934 he was Ambassador to France. In 1933 he was elected to the National Congress, serving as both Minister for Education and Minister for Justice. In July 1936, as a classic liberal he went into exile
Exile
Exile means to be away from one's home , while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened with imprisonment or death upon return...
in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
to escape the eruption of the Spanish civil war
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil WarAlso known as The Crusade among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War among Carlists, and The Rebellion or Uprising among Republicans. was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939...
. From there he became a vocal opponent of, and organised resistance to, the dictatorship
Dictatorship
A dictatorship is defined as an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by an individual, the dictator. It has three possible meanings:...
of General Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975...
. In 1947, he was one of the principal authors of the Oxford Manifesto
Oxford Manifesto
The Oxford Manifesto, drawn up in April 1947 by representatives from nineteen Liberal political parties at Wadham College in Oxford, led by Salvador de Madariaga, is a document which describes the basic political principles of the Liberal International...
on liberalism. He was one of the co-founders, in 1949, of the College of Europe
College of Europe
The College of Europe is an independent university institute of postgraduate European studies with the main campus in Bruges, Belgium...
.
In his writing career he wrote books about Don Quixote, Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents in the...
and the history of Latin America
Latin America
Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages – particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,500 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...
. He militated in favour of a united and integrated Europe. He wrote in French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
and German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
as well as Spanish
Spanish language
Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
and Galician
Galician language
Galician is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community located in northwestern Spain, where it is co-official with Castilian Spanish, as well as in border zones of the neighbouring territories of Asturias and Castile and León.Modern Galician and...
(his mother tongue) and English. In 1973 he won the Karlspreis
Karlspreis
- See also :*Charlemagne*European integration*Leipzig Human Rights Award, originally called the "Alternative Charlemagne Award", formed in opposition to Clinton's recognition with the award- External links :* http://www.karlspreis.de/ *...
for contributions to the European idea and European peace. In 1976, he returned to Spain after the death of Franco. The Madariaga European Foundation
Madariaga European Foundation
The Madariaga - College of Europe Foundation is dedicated to promoting original thinking on the role of the European Union in an era of global change, engaging citizens and international partners in a creative debate on the issues that shape Europe’s future...
has been named after him, promoting his vision of a united Europe making for a more peaceful world.
In 1912 he had married Constance Archibald de Madariaga, a Scottish economic historian. The couple had two daughters, Nieves Mathews
Nieves Mathews
Nieves Hayat de Madariaga Archibald, Mrs. Mathews was an author of Scottish and Spanish parentage.-Family background:Her father was the distinguished Spanish diplomat and scholar Salvador de Madariaga...
(1917 - 2003) and professor/historian Dr. Isabel de Madariaga (1919 - ). After Constance's death in May 1970 Salvador in November 1970 married Emilia Székely de Rauman who had been his secretary since 1938.
An Oxfordshire blue plaque in honour of Salvador de Madariaga was unveiled at 3 St Andrew's Road, Headington, Oxford by his daughter Isabel on 15 October 2011.
Selected Published Works in English
'This Europe must be born. And she will , when Spaniards say ´our Chartres´Englishmen say ´our Cracow´, Italians ´our Copenhagen´ and Germans ´our Bruges´. Then Europe will live.' Madariaga- Englishmen, Frenchmen, Spaniards: An Essay in Comparative Psychology, Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1929
- Disarmament, Coward-McCann, Inc., 1929
- Anarchy or Hierarchy, Macmillan, 1937
- Christopher Columbus, Macmillan, 1940
- The Rise of the Spanish-American Empire, Hollis & Carter; Macmillan, 1947;
- The Fall of the Spanish-American Empire, Hollis & Carter, 1947; Macmillan, 1948
- Morning without Noon 1973
- El Corazón de Piedra VerdeEl Corazón de Piedra VerdeThe Heart of Jade is a novel by Spanish author Salvador de Madariaga, first published in 1942. It is widely regarded as an exceptional example of modern Spanish-language literature.-Plot summary:...
('Heart of Jade', 1942. The most widely admired of M's twelve novels.) - Spain: a Modern History (Innumerable revised editions in many languages between 1929 and 1978)
- Hernán Cortés - Conqueror of Mexico (Macmillan, NY, 1941)
- The Blowing up of the Parthenon (1960)
- On Hamlet, Hollis & Carter, 1948
External links
- Cueva de Zaratustra Madariaga and his Memorias de un federalista
- Madariaga - College of Europe Foundation
- Madariaga tennis Club in A Coruña.
- Madariaga European College.