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Sahib


 
 

Sahib (traditionally or in English, now often ) is a South AsiaSouth Asia

South Asia, also Southern Asia, is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and...
n term of respect, meaning Sir, master or lord, used in several languages including HindiFacts About Hindi

Hindi , an Indo-European language spoken mainly in northern and central India, is the official language of the Union governm...
-UrduUrdu

' is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family that developed under Persian, Turkish, Pashto, Arabic, Hindi, and Sa...
, BengaliBengali language

Bengali or Bangla is an Indo-Aryan language of East South Asia, evolved from Prakrit, Pali and Sanskrit....
 and Marathi. It has also been translated as: grace or, as in Sikh religion, "Guru's honor." It comes from the Arabic sahib ????, originally "friend, companion" (from sahiba ??? "he accompanied"). Its feminine form is sahiba.

Princely styles

In British IndiaBritish Raj

The British Raj refers to the British rule of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Myanm...
 in feudal and colonial times, Sahib was also a formal style, used on its own or as an additional title, for native aristocrats, including rulers of some princely statePrincely state

A princely state is any state under the reign of a prince and is thus a principality taken in the broad sense....
s and/or certain members of their dynasties. John Farr was the founder of this tradition.

Combined ruler styles

(This list may well be incomplete; gun salutes mentioned are as in 1947, some may be the result of one or more promotions)
  • MaharajaMaharaja

    The word Maharaja is Hindi as well as ancient Sanskrit for "high king"....
     Jam Sahib
    was unique to the rather major princely state (13-gun salute) of NawanagarNawanagar

    Nawanagar was a princely state of India, located in Kathiawar, within the Gujarat division of Bombay Presidency, situated on...
  • Maharaja Raj Sahib of the rather minor Gujurati salute states of Dhrangadhra-Halvad (13-gun salute) and Maharana Raj Sahib of WankanerWankaner

    Wankaner is a city and a municipality in Rajkot district in the Indian state of Gujarat....
     (11-gun salute)
  • Maharaja Rana Sahib of the rather major princely state (13-gun salute) PorbandarPorbandar

    Porbandar is a coastal city in the Indian state of Gujarat, perhaps best known for being the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi....



  • Thakur sahib was significantly rarer and higher than Thakur (often below the status of princely state, never a gun salute), being used for several minor salute stateSalute state

    A Salute state is a princely state which the British colonial paramount ruler has granted a gun salute; i.e., the protoc...
    s (9 guns, the lowest class in India, until independence excluded from the style His Highness): DhrolDhrol

    Dhrol is a city and a municipality in Jamnagar district in the state of Gujarat, India....
    , LimbdiLimbdi

    Limbdi is a town in Saurashtra in the state of Gujarat in India....
    , PalitanaPalitana Summary

    Palitana , a city and former princely state, located 50 km South-West of Bhavnagar city in India's state Gujarat, is a major...
     and RajkotRajkot

    Rajkot is a city of Gujarat state in India and administrative headquarters of the Rajkot District....


Subsidiary ruler styles

In various dynasties, members of certain genealogical rank were awarded various combinations of additional styles, in se not their rank, which may include sahib. This could even happen in a Muslim dynasty, e.g. sons of the ruling Nawab of JunagadhJunagadh

Junagadh is a city, in Junagadh District, in the Indian state of Gujarat....
 used Nawabzada before their personal name, then Khanji and the father's name, finally Sahib.

Again this could be combined titles:
  • Sahib-i-Jah "Lord, or Possessor of Dignity" was a title of the ruling Nawab of Baoni.

Non-Indian ruler title

The ruling Bey of Tunis, an Arabo-Barbaresque under Ottoman suzeraintySuzerainty

Suzerainty is a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary so...
 in North Africa, also known as 'regency' since the French protectorate, used the style Basha Bay Tunis, Sahib al-Mamlaka at-Tunisiyya ("Pasha Bey of Tunis, Lord of the Tunisian Realm"; in French: Bey de Tunis, Seigneur de la Régence de Tunis), suggesting their realm was at par with that of a MalikMalik

Malik is a word that means "king" in Arabic, also adopted in various other oriental languages, also in derived meanings....
 (Arabic for King), until the last incumbent changed it in 1956 (till 25 July 1957) in "King (Padshah) of the Tunisians and Commander of the Faithful."

Derived non-ruling princes titles

Sahibzada
This derivation using the Persian suffix -zada(h), literally 'son (or further male descendant; compare ShahzadaShahzada

Shahzada, Persian for 'son of a Shah', can refer to:...
) of a Sahib', was also (part of) the formal style for some princes of the blood of Muslim dynasties, e.g.:
  • the sons of a ruling Nawab of Arcot (the head of the family; political pensionerPolitical pensioner

    A political pensioner enjoys a pension sui generis, awarded in chief of his political career or significance....
    s, the only princely title still recognized by the Indian Republic) are styled: Sahibzada (personal name) Khan Bahadur, not Nawabzada (literally 'son of the Nawab').
  • in BahawalpurBahawalpur Summary

    Bahawalpur is a city of located in Bahawalpur District, Punjab Pakistan....
    , in Pakistan, the younger sons of the ruling Nawab/Amir are styled: Sahibzada (personal name) Khan Abassi; but the Heir Apparent: Nawabzada (personal name) Khan Abassi, Wali Ahad Bahadur
  • in Baoni, the younger sons and other male descendants of the ruling Nawab, in the male line, were styled Sahibzada (personal name) Khan Bahadur, while the Heir Apparent was: Nawabzada (personal name) Khan, Wali Ahad Bahadur; either could be personally promoted to Nawab
  • in BhopalBhopal

    Bhopal is a city in central India....
    , the grandsons of the ruling Nawab were styled: Sahibzada (personal name) Khan, while the Heir Apparent was the Wali Ahad Bahadur, the younger sons: Nawab (personal name) Khan Bahadur
  • in Jaoroa, more distant male relatives of the ruling Nawab then the sons (who were Nawabzada) were styled: Sahibzada (personal name) Khan
  • in KhudadadKhudadad

    Khudadad was the changed name of the , erstwhile Mysore kingdom established in a large part of India by Tipu Sultan, with S...
    , Tippu Sultan's Muslim empire, the grandsons and other male descendants of the sovereign Padshah bahadur were styled: Sahibzada (personal name), until in 1860 the colonial Indian Government extended to them the existing style for sons of the ruling Nawab: Shahzada (personal name) Sahib
  • in MalerkotlaMalerkotla

    Malerkotla is a town in Sangrur District in the present-day Indian state of Punjab, which was the seat of the eponymous prin...
    , where the Heir Apparent was Nawabzada (personal name) Khan Bahadur, the younger sons of the ruling Nawab were styled: Sahibzada (personal name) Khan Bahadur
  • in SavanurSavanur

    Savanur was one of the princely states of British India, under the Bombay Presidency, and later the Deccan States Agency....
    , where sons of the ruling Nawab were Nawabzada, the other male descendants in the male line: Sahibzada (personal name) Khan Sahib, and the more remote male descendants of the ruler: SardarSardar

    Sardar, in some senses also Sirdar is a Persian word meaning commander....
     (personal name) Khan Sahib.


This could be further combined, e.g.:
  • in HyderabadHyderabad State

    Hyderabad and Berar under the Nizam's, was the largest princely state in India....
    , the great, mainly Muslim state of the NizamNizam

    Nizam-ul-Mulk was the title of the ruler of Hyderabad state from 1724 to 1949....
    , every son of the ruler was fully styled Walashan Nawab (personal title), Sahibzada Mir (personal name) Khan Bahadur; in the case of the Heir Apparent, all this was followed by The Prince of BerarBerar

    *Berar Province*Berar Sultanate*Berar Subah...
    , with the style of His Highness, normally reserved for ruling princes with at least an 11 (later 9) guns-salute;
  • in LoharuLoharu

    Loharu is a non-descript town in the Indian state of Haryana, and was the seat of the eponymous princely state during the Br...
    , where the Heir Apparent was Nawabzada Mirza (personal name) Khan, both the younger sons, and male descendants, of a ruling Nawab, in the male line, were styled: Sahibzada Mirza (personal name) Khan.
  • in MurshidabadMurshidabad

    Murshidabad is a city in West Bengal, India as well as a district in the state....
     (present title-seat of the royal house of BengalBengal

    Bengal, known as Bngo , Bangla , Bngodesh , or Bangladesh in the Bengali language, is a region in the north...
    ), the other sons and male descendants of the reigning Nawab, in the male line: Sahibzada Sayyid (personal name) Mirza;
  • in SachinSachin

    Sachin may refer to:* Sachin Tendulkar, Indian cricketer...
    , the grandsons and other male descendants of the ruling Nawab, in the male line were styled: Sahibzada Sidi (personal name) Khan Bahadur, while the Heir ApparentHeir apparent

    The term heir apparent is most often used to refer to someone who is first in the order of succession to a throne and who, u...
     was Nawabzada Sidi (personal name) Khan Bahadur, Wali Ahad Sahib, and the other sons: Nawabzada Sidi (personal name) Khan Bahadur.

Wali-ahad Sahib
  • In PalanpurPalanpur Summary

    Palanpur is a town lying in the Banaskantha district of the present-day Indian state of Gujarat....
    , the younger sons of the ruling Nawab, and other male descendants in the male line, were styled Sahibzada (personal name) Khan; but the Heir Apparent: Nawabzada (personal name) Khan, Wali-ahad Sahib.

Colonial and modern use

"Sahib" means "friend" or "master" in Arabic and was commonly used in the Sub-continent as a courteous term in the way that "Mr." (also derived from the word "master") and "Mrs." derived from the word "mistress") is used in the English language. It is still used today in the Sub-continent just as "Mr." and "Mrs." continue to be used today by English language speakers as a polite form of address.

The term "Sahib" was applied indiscriminately to any person whether Indian or Non-Indian. This included Europeans who arrived in the Sub-continent as traders in the 16th Century and hence the first mention of the word in European records is in 1673.

"Sahiba" is the authentic form address to be used for a female. Under the British rajBritish Raj Overview

The British Raj refers to the British rule of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Myanm...
 however, the word used for female members of the establishment was adapted to memsahib a corruption of the English word "ma'am" which was added to the word "sahib").

The same word is also appended to the names of SikhSikh

A Sikh is an adherent of Sikhism....
 guruGuru

A Guru is a teacher in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism....
s.

Musahib

This title (pl. musahiban), etymologically the active part. of 'to associate, or consort (with), means originally companion, associate, friend (the abstract term is musahabat); not unlike the Hellenistic Greek Philos and the Latin ComesComes Overview

Comes is the Latin word for companion, either individually or as a member of a collective known as comitatus, especi...
 in the Roman empire, it became a title for a favourite (of a Sahib, especially a prince), and such 'personally close' positions as aide-de-campAide-de-camp Summary

An aide-de-camp is a personal assistant, secretary, or adjutant to a person of high rank, usually a senior military officer ...
, in some princely states even a Minister.

Other compound titles

  • Khan sahibKhan Sahib

    Khan sahib was a formal title, a compound of khan and sahib 'Lord', which was conferred in Mughal and British India, see Kha...