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Safi Al-Din
 
 
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Sheikh
Sheikh

Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Cheikh, and other variants , is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "Elder "....
 Safi-ad-din Is'haq Ardabili (of Ardabil
Ardabil

Ardabil is a historical city in north-western Iran. The name Ardabil probably comes from the Zoroastrian name of "Artavil" which means a holy place....
) (1252-1334) , eponym
Eponym

An eponym is a person, whether real or fictitious, after whom a particular toponym, ethnonym, regnal year, discovery, or other item is named or thought to be named....
 of the Safavid dynasty
Safavid dynasty

The Safavids were an Iranian Shia dynasty of mixed Azerbaijani people and Kurdistan origins which ruled Persia from 1501/1502 to 1722. Safavids established the greatest Iranian empire since the Islamic conquest of Persia and established the Twelvers of Imamah as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turni...
, was the spiritual heir and son in law of the great Sufi
Sufism

Sufi is generally understood to be the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a ufi , though some adherents of the tradition reserve this term only for those practitioners who have attained the goals of the Sufi tradition....
 Murshid
Murshid

Murshid is Arabic for "guide" or "teacher". Particularly in Sufism it refers to a Sufi teacher. The path of Sufism starts when a student takes an oath of allegiance with a teacher....
 (Grand Master) Sheikh
Sheikh

Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Cheikh, and other variants , is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "Elder "....
 Zahed Gilani
Zahed Gilani

File:Sheikhzahed01.jpgThe mystic Taj Al-Din Ebrahim ibn Rushan Amir Al-Kordi Al-Sanjani , titled Sheikh Zahed Gilani, was Grandmaster of the famed Zahediyeh Sufi Order at Lahijan....
, of Lahijan
Lahijan

Lahijan is a city in Iran's North-Western Gilan Provinces of Iran, on the shores of Caspian Sea and south of Langrood. It had an estimated population of 61,953 in 2005....
 in Gilan Province in northern Iran
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
. He was of Persian
Persian people

Persian identity, at least in terms of language, is traced to the ancient Indo-Iranians , who arrived in parts of Greater Iran circa 2000-1500 BCE....
 and Kurdish
Kurdish people

The Kurds are an Iranian peoples ethnolinguistic group mostly inhabiting a region that includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey and which is known as Kurdistan....
 background . Most of what we know about him comes from the Safvat as-safa
Safvat as-safa

The Safvat as-safa , also spelled Safvat al-safa or Safwat al-safa, is a hagiography of the Sufi sheikh Safi ad-Din , founder of the Safawiyya Sufi order....
, a hagiography written by one of his followers.

Sheikh Safi al-Din's has poems in the Iranian dialect of old Tati
Ancient Azari language

Azari, also spelled Adari, Adhari, is the name used for the Iranian languages composed of groups of dialects which were spoken in Azerbaijan at one time....
 which is very close to Kurdish.






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Sheikh Safi
Sheikh
Sheikh

Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Cheikh, and other variants , is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "Elder "....
 Safi-ad-din Is'haq Ardabili (of Ardabil
Ardabil

Ardabil is a historical city in north-western Iran. The name Ardabil probably comes from the Zoroastrian name of "Artavil" which means a holy place....
) (1252-1334) , eponym
Eponym

An eponym is a person, whether real or fictitious, after whom a particular toponym, ethnonym, regnal year, discovery, or other item is named or thought to be named....
 of the Safavid dynasty
Safavid dynasty

The Safavids were an Iranian Shia dynasty of mixed Azerbaijani people and Kurdistan origins which ruled Persia from 1501/1502 to 1722. Safavids established the greatest Iranian empire since the Islamic conquest of Persia and established the Twelvers of Imamah as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turni...
, was the spiritual heir and son in law of the great Sufi
Sufism

Sufi is generally understood to be the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a ufi , though some adherents of the tradition reserve this term only for those practitioners who have attained the goals of the Sufi tradition....
 Murshid
Murshid

Murshid is Arabic for "guide" or "teacher". Particularly in Sufism it refers to a Sufi teacher. The path of Sufism starts when a student takes an oath of allegiance with a teacher....
 (Grand Master) Sheikh
Sheikh

Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Cheikh, and other variants , is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "Elder "....
 Zahed Gilani
Zahed Gilani

File:Sheikhzahed01.jpgThe mystic Taj Al-Din Ebrahim ibn Rushan Amir Al-Kordi Al-Sanjani , titled Sheikh Zahed Gilani, was Grandmaster of the famed Zahediyeh Sufi Order at Lahijan....
, of Lahijan
Lahijan

Lahijan is a city in Iran's North-Western Gilan Provinces of Iran, on the shores of Caspian Sea and south of Langrood. It had an estimated population of 61,953 in 2005....
 in Gilan Province in northern Iran
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
. He was of Persian
Persian people

Persian identity, at least in terms of language, is traced to the ancient Indo-Iranians , who arrived in parts of Greater Iran circa 2000-1500 BCE....
 and Kurdish
Kurdish people

The Kurds are an Iranian peoples ethnolinguistic group mostly inhabiting a region that includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey and which is known as Kurdistan....
 background . Most of what we know about him comes from the Safvat as-safa
Safvat as-safa

The Safvat as-safa , also spelled Safvat al-safa or Safwat al-safa, is a hagiography of the Sufi sheikh Safi ad-Din , founder of the Safawiyya Sufi order....
, a hagiography written by one of his followers.

Sheikh Safi al-Din's has poems in the Iranian dialect of old Tati
Ancient Azari language

Azari, also spelled Adari, Adhari, is the name used for the Iranian languages composed of groups of dialects which were spoken in Azerbaijan at one time....
 which is very close to Kurdish. He was a seventh-generation descendant of Firuz Shah Zarrin Kolah
Firuz Shah Zarrin Kolah

Firuz Shah Zarrin Kolah was an Iranian peoples dignitary and the seventh in the ancestral line of Safi Al-Din, the eponym of the Safavid dynasty of Iran....
, a local Iranian dignitary. Sheikh
Sheikh

Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Cheikh, and other variants , is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "Elder "....
 Safi al-Din inherited Sheikh
Sheikh

Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Cheikh, and other variants , is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "Elder "....
 Zahed Gilani
Zahed Gilani

File:Sheikhzahed01.jpgThe mystic Taj Al-Din Ebrahim ibn Rushan Amir Al-Kordi Al-Sanjani , titled Sheikh Zahed Gilani, was Grandmaster of the famed Zahediyeh Sufi Order at Lahijan....
's Sufi
Sufism

Sufi is generally understood to be the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a ufi , though some adherents of the tradition reserve this term only for those practitioners who have attained the goals of the Sufi tradition....
 order, the "Zahediyeh
Zahediyeh

The Zahediyeh Sufi Order was founded by Sheikh Zahed Gilani of Lahijan. As a precursor to the Safaviyeh Order, which was yet to culminate in the Safavid Dynasty, the Zahediyeh Order and its Murshid, Sheikh Zahed Gilani, reserve a distinct place in the history of Iran....
", which he later transformed into his own, the "Safaviyeh
Safaviyeh

The Safaviyya was a Sufi order founded by the Persian Mysticism Sheikh Safi Al-Din of Ardabil . It held a prominent place in the society and politics of northwestern Iran in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but today it is best known for having given rise to the Safavid dynasty....
". Sheikh
Sheikh

Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Cheikh, and other variants , is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "Elder "....
 Zahed Gilani
Zahed Gilani

File:Sheikhzahed01.jpgThe mystic Taj Al-Din Ebrahim ibn Rushan Amir Al-Kordi Al-Sanjani , titled Sheikh Zahed Gilani, was Grandmaster of the famed Zahediyeh Sufi Order at Lahijan....
 also gave his daughter Bibi Fatemeh
Fatima

Fatima may refer to:* F?tima, Portugal, Portuguese town** Our Lady of F?tima, Marian apparition at F?tima in 1917** Fatima Prayer, prayer originating from the apparition...
 in wedlock to his favorite disciple. Sheikh
Sheikh

Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Cheikh, and other variants , is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "Elder "....
 Safi al-Din, in turn, gave a daughter from a previous marriage in wedlock to Shaikh Zahed Gilani
Zahed Gilani

File:Sheikhzahed01.jpgThe mystic Taj Al-Din Ebrahim ibn Rushan Amir Al-Kordi Al-Sanjani , titled Sheikh Zahed Gilani, was Grandmaster of the famed Zahediyeh Sufi Order at Lahijan....
's second-born son. Over the following 170 years, the Safaviyeh
Safaviyeh

The Safaviyya was a Sufi order founded by the Persian Mysticism Sheikh Safi Al-Din of Ardabil . It held a prominent place in the society and politics of northwestern Iran in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but today it is best known for having given rise to the Safavid dynasty....
 Order gained political and military power, finally culminating in the foundation of the Safavid dynasty
Safavid dynasty

The Safavids were an Iranian Shia dynasty of mixed Azerbaijani people and Kurdistan origins which ruled Persia from 1501/1502 to 1722. Safavids established the greatest Iranian empire since the Islamic conquest of Persia and established the Twelvers of Imamah as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turni...
.

Only a very few verses of Sheikh Safi al-Din's poetry, called Dobaytis (double verses), have survived. Written in old Tati and Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
, they have linguistic importance today.

According to Minorsky, heykh Safi al-Din's ancestor Firuz-shah was a rich man, lived in Gilan and then Kurdish kings gave him Ardabil and its dependencies. Minorsky refers to Sheykh Safi al-Din's claims tracing back his origins to Ali
Ali

Ali ibn Abi alib was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophets of Islam Muhammad, who ruled over the Rashidun empire from 656 to 661. Sunni Muslims consider Ali as the fourth and final Rashidun while Shia Islam Muslims regard Ali as the first Imamah and consider him and his descendants as the Succession to Muhammad, all of which are me...
 ibn Abu Talib, but expresses uncertainty about this.

The male lineage of the Safavid family given by the oldest manuscript of the Safwat as-Safa is:"(Shaykh) Safi al-Din Abul-Fatah Ishaaq the son of Al-Shaykh Amin al-din Jebrail the son of al-Saaleh Qutb al-Din Abu Bakr the son of Salaah al-Din Rashid the son of Muhammad al-Hafiz al-Kalaam Allah the son of ‘avaad the son of Birooz al-Kurdi al-Sanjani (Piruz Shah Zarin Kolah the Kurd of Sanjan)".

(Other transliterations for Safi al-Din: Safi al-Din, Safi ad-Dîn, Safi Eddin, Safi od-Din, Safi El-Din, Safieddin, Safioddin)

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Literature

  • Monika Gronke, Derwische im Vorhof der Macht: sozial- und wirtschaftsgeschichte Nordwestirans im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert, Wiesbaden 1993
  • Mazzaoui, Michel, The Origins of the Safavids: Shi'ism, Sufism, and the Gulat, Wiesbaden, West Germany: F. Steiner, 1972.


External links