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Saber-toothed cat

Saber-toothed cat

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Saber-toothed cat or Sabre-toothed cat (see spelling differences) refers to the extinct subfamilies of Machairodontinae
Machairodontinae
Machairodontinae is an extinct carnivoran mammal subfamily of Felidae endemic to Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Europe from the Miocene to Pleistocene living from c. 23 Ma until c...

(Felidae
Felidae
Felidae is the biological family of the cats; a member of this family is called a felid. Felids are the strictest carnivores of the thirteen terrestrial families in the order Carnivora, although the three families of marine mammals comprising the superfamily pinnipedia are as carnivorous as the...

), Barbourofelidae
Barbourofelidae
Barbourofelidae is an extinct family of mammalian carnivores of the suborder Feliformia, which lived in North America, Eurasia and Africa during the Miocene epoch , existing for approximately .- Taxonomy :...

(Feliformia
Feliformia
The Feliformia are a suborder within the order Carnivora and includes cats , hyenas, mongooses, civets and related taxa. The other suborder of Carnivora is Caniformia...

),
and Nimravidae
Nimravidae
The Nimravidae, sometimes known as false saber-toothed cats, are an extinct family of mammalian carnivores belonging to the suborder Feliformia and endemic to North America, Europe, and Asia living from the Eocene through the Miocene epochs , existing for approximately .-Morphology:Although some...

(Feliformia) as well as two families related to marsupial
Marsupial
Marsupials are an infraclass of mammals, characterized by giving birth to relatively undeveloped young. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands, with the remaining 100 found in the Americas, primarily in South America, but with thirteen in Central...

s that were found worldwide from the Eocene
Eocene
The Eocene Epoch, lasting from about 56 to 34 million years ago , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Palaeocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the...

 Epoch to the end of the Pleistocene
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek and ....

 Epoch (42 mya—11,000 years ago), existing for approximately . They are so called for their large, saber-like maxillary canine
Maxillary canine
The maxillary canine is the tooth located laterally from both maxillary lateral incisors of the mouth but mesial from both maxillary first premolars...

 teeth, which extended from their mouths even when it was closed. Despite the name, not all animals known as saber-toothed cats were closely related to modern felines
Felidae
Felidae is the biological family of the cats; a member of this family is called a felid. Felids are the strictest carnivores of the thirteen terrestrial families in the order Carnivora, although the three families of marine mammals comprising the superfamily pinnipedia are as carnivorous as the...

.

The Nimravidae are the oldest, entering the landscape around 42 mya and becoming extinct by 7.2 mya. Barbourofelidae entered around 16.9 mya and were extinct by 9 mya. These two would have shared some habitats.

Morphology


These subfamilies evolved their sabre
Sabre
The sabre or saber is a kind of backsword that usually has a curved, single-edged blade and a rather large hand guard, covering the knuckles of the hand as well as the thumb and forefinger...

-toothed characteristics entirely independently. They are most known for having maxillary canine
Maxillary canine
The maxillary canine is the tooth located laterally from both maxillary lateral incisors of the mouth but mesial from both maxillary first premolars...

s which were, in some species, up to 50 cm(19.7 inches) long and extended down from the mouth even when the mouth was closed. Sabre-toothed cats were generally more robust than today's cats and were quite bear-like in build. They were believed to be excellent hunters and hunted animals such as sloths
Ground sloth
Ground sloths are a diverse group of extinct sloths, in the mammalian superorder Xenarthra. Their most recent survivors lived in the Antilles, where it has been proposed they may have survived until 1550 CE; however, the youngest AMS radiocarbon date reported is 4190 BP, calibrated to c. 4700 BP...

, mammoths
Woolly mammoth
The woolly mammoth , also called the tundra mammoth, is a species of mammoth. This animal is known from bones and frozen carcasses from northern North America and northern Eurasia with the best preserved carcasses in Siberia...

, and other large prey. Evidence from the numbers found at La Brea Tar Pits
La Brea Tar Pits
The La Brea Tar Pits are a cluster of tar pits around which Hancock Park was formed, in the urban heart of Los Angeles. Asphaltum or tar has seeped up from the ground in this area for tens of thousands of years. The tar is often covered with water...

 suggests that Smilodon
Smilodon
Smilodon , often called a saber-toothed cat or saber-toothed tiger, is an extinct genus of machairodonts. This saber-toothed cat was endemic to North America and South America, living from near the beginning through the very end of the Pleistocene epoch .-Etymology:The nickname "saber-tooth" refers...

, like modern lions, was a social carnivore
Carnivore
A carnivore meaning 'meat eater' is an organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging...

.

Saber-tooth genera

Genus Name Species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...

 
Appeared
(Ma BP
Before Present
Before Present years is a time scale used in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use AD 1950 as the origin of the age scale, reflecting the fact that radiocarbon...

)
Died out
(Ma BP)
Regions Canine Size
Smilodon
Smilodon
Smilodon , often called a saber-toothed cat or saber-toothed tiger, is an extinct genus of machairodonts. This saber-toothed cat was endemic to North America and South America, living from near the beginning through the very end of the Pleistocene epoch .-Etymology:The nickname "saber-tooth" refers...

3-5 0.01 North & South America 17–30 cm
Hoplophoneus
Hoplophoneus
Hoplophoneus is an extinct genus of the family Nimravidae, subfamily Nimravinae endemic to North America during the Late Eocene-Oligocene epochs , existing for approximately .-Taxonomy:...

5 33.7 23.8 North & South America
Eusmilus
Eusmilus
Eusmilus is a prehistoric genus of the family Nimravidae, subfamily Nimravinae endemic to North America, Europe,and Asia during the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene epochs , existing for approximately .-Taxonomy:...

3 30.5 28 Europe, North & South America
Dinictis
Dinictis
Dinictis is an extinct genus of the family Nimravidae, subfamily Nimravinae endemic to North America during the Eocene-Oligocene epochs , existing for approximately .- Taxonomy :...

4 40 25 North America
Dinaelurus
Dinaelurus
Dinaelurus is an extinct genus of the family Nimravidae, endemic to North America during the Eocene-Oligocene epochs , existing for approximately .It is believed that Dinaelurus was a cursorial predator meaning it ran down its prey...

1 ? ? North America
Dinailurictis
Dinailurictis
Dinailurictis is a nimravid belonging to subfamily Nimravinae. It lived during late Oligocene in Europe.Its believed that Dinailurictis is probably a synonym of Quercylurus major, and Quercylurus is a synonym of Nimravus intermedius major...

1 ? ? ?
Eofelis
Eofelis
Eofelis is an extinct genus of small nimravid . They were catlike creatures that evolved in parallel with true cats but are not a part of the true cat lineage and have left no living descendants....

2 ? ? ?
Nimravidus (Nimravides) 2 ? ? ?
Nimravus
Nimravus
Nimravus is an extinct genus of the family Nimravidae, subfamily Nimravinae endemic to North America during the Oligocene epoch , existing for approximately .-Taxonomy:...

(Nimravinus)
6 33.5 20 Europe, North America
Nimraviscus 1 ? ? ?
Pogonodon
Pogonodon
Pogonodon is an extinct genus of the family Nimravidae, subfamily Nimravinae endemic to North America and Eurasia during the Eocene-Miocene epochs , existing for approximately ..-Taxonomy:Pogonodon was named by Cope...

2 15 Europe, North America
Quercylurus
Quercylurus
Quercylurus is an extinct genus of the family Nimravidae, subfamily Nimravinae. Like Pogonodon and Nimravus, it lived during the Eocene epoch ....

1 ? ? ?
Archaelurus 1 ? ? ?
Aelurogale (Ailurictis) 1 ? ? ?
Ictidailurus 1 ? ? ?
Albanosmilus
Albanosmilus
Albanosmilus is an extinct genus of the family Barbourofelidae.It was previously thought to be constituents of the feliform Nimravidae family of false sabre-toothed cats. It was assigned to Barbourofelinae by Bryant ....

3 18 Africa, Eurasia
Afrosmilus 1 25 10 Africa
Barbourofelis
Barbourofelis
Barbourofelis is an extinct genus of large, mostly carnivorous mammals of the family Barbourofelidae endemic to North America, during the Miocene living from 13.6—5.3 Ma and existed for approximately .-Taxonomy:...

7 15 Africa, Eurasia
Ginsburgsmilus
Ginsburgsmilus
Ginsburgsmilus is an extinct genus of carnivorous mammal of the family Barbourofelidae endemic to Africa during the early Miocene. There is only one known specimen of Ginsburgsmilus napakensis, dated to 20-19 mya.-Taxonomy:...

1 23 10 Africa
Prosansanosmilus
Prosansanosmilus
Prosansanosmilus is an extinct genus of mammalian carnivores of the suborder Feliformia, family Barbourofelidae, which lived in Europe during the Miocene epoch , existing for approximately .-Taxonomy:...

2 18 Africa, Eurasia
Sansanosmilus
Sansanosmilus
Sansanosmilus is an extinct genus of carnivorous mammal of the family Barbourofelidae endemic to Europe, and Asia living during the Miocene 13.6—11.1 mya, existing for approximately .-Taxonomy:...

3 12 Africa, Eurasia
Syrtosmilus 1 23 Africa
Vampyrictis 1 15 Africa, Eurasia
Vishnusmilus 1 ? ? ?
Homotherium
Homotherium
Homotherium is an extinct genus of machairodontine saber-toothed cats, often termed scimitar cats, endemic to North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs , existing for approximately .It first became extinct in Africa some 1.5 million years ago...

10 0.01 Africa, Eurasia, North & South America
Miracinonyx
Miracinonyx
Miracinonyx is an extinct genus of the family Felidae, endemic to North America during the Pleistocene epoch , existing for approximately ....

2 3.2 0.01 North America
Thylacosmilus
Thylacosmilus
Thylacosmilus was a genus of sabre-toothed metatherian predators that first appeared during the Miocene. Remains of the animal have been found in parts of South America, primarily Argentina...

(sparassodont
Sparassodonta
Sparassodonta is an extinct order of carnivorous metatherian mammals native to South America. They were once considered to be true marsupials, but are now thought to be a sister taxon to them. A number of these mammalian predators closely resemble placental predators that evolved separately on...

)
2 10 South America over 30 cm
Metailurus
Metailurus
Metailurus is a genus of false saber-toothed cat of the family Felidae, belonging to the tribe Metailurini endemic to North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia during the Miocene to Pleistocene, living from 9 Ma—11,000 years ago and existed for approximately .Metailurus was named by Zdansky...

9 15 Eurasia
Adelphailurus
Adelphailurus
Adelphailurus is an extinct genus of saber-toothed cats of the family Felidae and tribe Metailurini which inhabited western North America during the Miocene living from 10.3—5.33 Ma and existed for approximately .-Taxonomy:...

1 23 North America
Paramachairodus
Paramachairodus
Paramachairodus is an extinct genus of saber-tooth cat of the subfamily Machairodontinae endemic to Europe and Asia, during the late Miocene from 15 to 9 Ma....

3 20–15 Europe
Machairodus
Machairodus
Machairodus was a genus of large machairodontine saber-toothed cats that lived in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America during the Miocene through Pleistocene living from 11.6mya—126,000 years ago, existing for approximately .-Species:...

(Ancestral to Homotherium)
18 15 Africa, Eurasia, North America
Miomachairodus
Miomachairodus
Miomachairodus was an extinct genus of large saber-toothed cats of the subfamily Machairodontinae, that lived in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America during most of the Miocene...

1 13.65 5.33 Europe, Asia, Africa, North America
Hemimachairodus 1 Pleistocene Pleistocene Java
Lokotunjailurus
Lokotunjailurus
Lokotunjailurus is the name of a genus of sabre-toothed cats which existed in Kenya and Chad during the Miocene epoch....

1 late Miocene late Miocene Africa
Megantereon
Megantereon
Megantereon was an ancient machairodontine saber-toothed cat that lived in North America, Eurasia, and Africa. It may be the ancestor of Smilodon.- Fossil range :...

8 0.5 Africa, Eurasia, North America
Dinofelis
Dinofelis
Dinofelis is a genus of sabre-toothed cats belonging to the tribe Metailurini. They were widespread in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America at least 5 million to about 1.2 million years ago...

6 Africa, Eurasia, North America
Therailurus 1 Africa, Eurasia, North America
Pontosmilus
Pontosmilus
Pontosmilus is a genus of machairodontine saber-toothed cats.- References :*...

4 20 Eurasia
Proailurus
Proailurus
Proailurus was a prehistoric carnivore that lived in Europe and Asia approximately 25 million years ago in the Late Oligocene and Miocene. One recent phylogeny places it as a basal member of the Feloidea, the superfamily that includes mongooses, civets, hyenas, and cats; but other studies suggest...

2 30 20 Europe, North America
Pseudaelurus
Pseudaelurus
Pseudaelurus is a prehistoric cat that lived in Europe, Asia and North America in the Miocene approximately 20-8 million years ago. It is an ancestor of today's felines and pantherines as well as the extinct machairodont saber-tooths, and is a successor to Proailurus...

1 20 10 Europe, North America
Xenosmilus
Xenosmilus
Xenosmilus is a genus of extinct Machairodontinae, or saber-toothed cat. Two fairly intact specimens were found by amateur fossil hunters, in 1983 in the Haile limestone mines in Alachua County, Florida...

(1 specimen)
1 North America
Stenailurus 1 ? ? ?
Epimachairodus 1 ? ? ?
Hemimachairodus 1 ? ? ?
Ischyrosmilus 1 ? ? ?

Saber-tooth evolutionary tree


All saber-tooth mammals lived between 33.7 million and 9,000 years ago, but the evolutionary lines that led to the various saber-tooth genera started to diverge much earlier. It is thus a polyphyletic grouping.

The lineage that led to Thylacosmilus
Thylacosmilus
Thylacosmilus was a genus of sabre-toothed metatherian predators that first appeared during the Miocene. Remains of the animal have been found in parts of South America, primarily Argentina...

was the first to split off, in the late Cretaceous
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous , derived from the Latin "creta" , usually abbreviated K for its German translation Kreide , is a geologic period and system from circa to million years ago. In the geologic timescale, the Cretaceous follows the Jurassic period and is followed by the Paleogene period of the...

. It is a marsupial
Marsupial
Marsupials are an infraclass of mammals, characterized by giving birth to relatively undeveloped young. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands, with the remaining 100 found in the Americas, primarily in South America, but with thirteen in Central...

, and thus more closely related to kangaroo
Kangaroo
A kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae . In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family, especially those of the genus Macropus, Red Kangaroo, Antilopine Kangaroo, Eastern Grey Kangaroo and Western Grey Kangaroo. Kangaroos are endemic to the country...

s and opossums than the felines
Felidae
Felidae is the biological family of the cats; a member of this family is called a felid. Felids are the strictest carnivores of the thirteen terrestrial families in the order Carnivora, although the three families of marine mammals comprising the superfamily pinnipedia are as carnivorous as the...

. The creodonts diverged next, and then the nimravids, before the blossoming of the truly feline saber-tooths.
  • Class Mammal
    Mammal
    Mammals are members of a class of air-breathing vertebrate animals characterised by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young...

    ia
    • Subclass Marsupial
      Marsupial
      Marsupials are an infraclass of mammals, characterized by giving birth to relatively undeveloped young. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands, with the remaining 100 found in the Americas, primarily in South America, but with thirteen in Central...

      ia (diverged ?, in the Cretaceous
      Cretaceous
      The Cretaceous , derived from the Latin "creta" , usually abbreviated K for its German translation Kreide , is a geologic period and system from circa to million years ago. In the geologic timescale, the Cretaceous follows the Jurassic period and is followed by the Paleogene period of the...

      )
      • Order †Sparassodonta
        Sparassodonta
        Sparassodonta is an extinct order of carnivorous metatherian mammals native to South America. They were once considered to be true marsupials, but are now thought to be a sister taxon to them. A number of these mammalian predators closely resemble placental predators that evolved separately on...

         (an extinct group of marsupial carnivores)
        • Family †Borhyaenidae
          Borhyaenidae
          The borhyaenids, members of the Borhyaenidae family of metatherians , were a carnivorous group of otter/wolverine-shaped marsupials in the order Sparassodonta. They lived in the Miocene of South America . Like most metatherians, they had a pouch to carry their offspring around...

        • Family †Thylacosmilidae
          • Patagosmilus
          • Anachlysictis
            Anachlysictis
            Anachlysictis is an extinct genus of carnivorous mammal belonging to the group Sparassodonta, related to the current metatherian marsupials that inhabited South America during the Cenozoic...

          • Thylacosmilus
            Thylacosmilus
            Thylacosmilus was a genus of sabre-toothed metatherian predators that first appeared during the Miocene. Remains of the animal have been found in parts of South America, primarily Argentina...

    • Subclass Placentalia
      • Order †Creodonta
        Creodonta
        The creodonts are an extinct order of mammals that lived from the Paleocene to the Miocene epochs. They shared a common ancestor with the Carnivora....

         (diverged ?, in the Paleocene
        Paleocene
        The Paleocene or Palaeocene, the "early recent", is a geologic epoch that lasted from about . It is the first epoch of the Palaeogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era...

        )
        • Family †Hyaenodontidae
          Hyaenodontidae
          Hyaenodontidae is a family of the extinct order Creodonta, which contains several dozen genera.The Hyaenodontids were important mammalian predators that arose during the late Paleocene and persisted well into the Miocene...

          • Hyaenodon
            Hyaenodon
            Hyaenodon is an extinct genus of Hyaenodonts, a group of carnivorous creodonts of the family Hyaenodontidae endemic to all continents except South America, Australia and Antarctica, living from 42—15.9 mya, existing for approximately .-Morphology:Some species of this genus were amongst the largest...

          • Boualitomus
          • Laekitherium
          • Metapterodon
          • Triacodon
          • Parvagula
          • Machaeroides
            Machaeroides
            Machaeroides is a genus of sabre-toothed creodont that lived during the Eocene. Its fossils were found in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the earliest known sabre-toothed mammal.-Description:...

      • Order Carnivora
        Carnivora
        The diverse order Carnivora |Latin]] carō "flesh", + vorāre "to devour") includes over 260 species of placental mammals. Its members are formally referred to as carnivorans, while the word "carnivore" can refer to any meat-eating animal...

        • Family †Nimravidae
          Nimravidae
          The Nimravidae, sometimes known as false saber-toothed cats, are an extinct family of mammalian carnivores belonging to the suborder Feliformia and endemic to North America, Europe, and Asia living from the Eocene through the Miocene epochs , existing for approximately .-Morphology:Although some...

           (diverged from the feliforms 48–55 Ma BP, in the late Eocene)
          • Subfamily †Nimravinae
            Nimravus
            Nimravus is an extinct genus of the family Nimravidae, subfamily Nimravinae endemic to North America during the Oligocene epoch , existing for approximately .-Taxonomy:...

             (Dinictis
            Dinictis
            Dinictis is an extinct genus of the family Nimravidae, subfamily Nimravinae endemic to North America during the Eocene-Oligocene epochs , existing for approximately .- Taxonomy :...

            )
          • Subfamily †Hoplophoninae
            Hoplophoneus
            Hoplophoneus is an extinct genus of the family Nimravidae, subfamily Nimravinae endemic to North America during the Late Eocene-Oligocene epochs , existing for approximately .-Taxonomy:...

        • Suborder Feliformia
          Feliformia
          The Feliformia are a suborder within the order Carnivora and includes cats , hyenas, mongooses, civets and related taxa. The other suborder of Carnivora is Caniformia...

           ('cat-like' carnivores)
          • Family †Barbourofelidae
            Barbourofelidae
            Barbourofelidae is an extinct family of mammalian carnivores of the suborder Feliformia, which lived in North America, Eurasia and Africa during the Miocene epoch , existing for approximately .- Taxonomy :...

             (sister taxa to Felidae)
          • Family Felidae
            Felidae
            Felidae is the biological family of the cats; a member of this family is called a felid. Felids are the strictest carnivores of the thirteen terrestrial families in the order Carnivora, although the three families of marine mammals comprising the superfamily pinnipedia are as carnivorous as the...

             (true cats)
            • Subfamily †Machairodontinae
              Machairodontinae
              Machairodontinae is an extinct carnivoran mammal subfamily of Felidae endemic to Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Europe from the Miocene to Pleistocene living from c. 23 Ma until c...

               (diverged ?, in the ?)
              • Tribe †Homotheriini
                • Homotherium
                  Homotherium
                  Homotherium is an extinct genus of machairodontine saber-toothed cats, often termed scimitar cats, endemic to North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs , existing for approximately .It first became extinct in Africa some 1.5 million years ago...

                • Machairodus
                  Machairodus
                  Machairodus was a genus of large machairodontine saber-toothed cats that lived in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America during the Miocene through Pleistocene living from 11.6mya—126,000 years ago, existing for approximately .-Species:...

                • Xenosmilus
                  Xenosmilus
                  Xenosmilus is a genus of extinct Machairodontinae, or saber-toothed cat. Two fairly intact specimens were found by amateur fossil hunters, in 1983 in the Haile limestone mines in Alachua County, Florida...

              • Tribe †Metailurini
                Metailurini
                Metailurini is an extinct tribe of large saber-toothed cats of the subfamily Felinae, that lived in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America during the Miocene to Pleistocene living from 11.610 mya—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately ....

                • Dinofelis
                  Dinofelis
                  Dinofelis is a genus of sabre-toothed cats belonging to the tribe Metailurini. They were widespread in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America at least 5 million to about 1.2 million years ago...

                • Metailurus
                  Metailurus
                  Metailurus is a genus of false saber-toothed cat of the family Felidae, belonging to the tribe Metailurini endemic to North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia during the Miocene to Pleistocene, living from 9 Ma—11,000 years ago and existed for approximately .Metailurus was named by Zdansky...

              • Tribe †Smilodontini
                Smilodontini
                Smilodontini is an extinct tribe of "saber-toothed cats", contained within the Machairodontinae subfamily of the Felidae endemic to South America, North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa living during the Miocene to Pleistocene from 10.3 mya—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately .As the name...

                • Megantereon
                  Megantereon
                  Megantereon was an ancient machairodontine saber-toothed cat that lived in North America, Eurasia, and Africa. It may be the ancestor of Smilodon.- Fossil range :...

                • Paramachairodus
                  Paramachairodus
                  Paramachairodus is an extinct genus of saber-tooth cat of the subfamily Machairodontinae endemic to Europe and Asia, during the late Miocene from 15 to 9 Ma....

                • Smilodon
                  Smilodon
                  Smilodon , often called a saber-toothed cat or saber-toothed tiger, is an extinct genus of machairodonts. This saber-toothed cat was endemic to North America and South America, living from near the beginning through the very end of the Pleistocene epoch .-Etymology:The nickname "saber-tooth" refers...


Literature

  • D. Mol / W. v. Logchem / K. v. Hooijdonk / R. Bakker: The Saber-Toothed Cat, DrukWare, Norg 2008, ISBN 978-90-78707-04-2

External links