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Rust Belt



 
 
The Rust Belt, sometimes called the Manufacturing Belt, is an area in parts of the Northeastern United States
Northeastern United States

The Northeast is a region of the United States. According to the definition used by the United States Census Bureau, the Northeast region consists of nine states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania....
, Mid-Atlantic States
Mid-Atlantic States

The Mid-Atlantic States form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that are officially recognized by the United States Census Bureau....
, and portions of the Upper Midwest
Upper Midwest

The Upper Midwest is a region of the United States with no universally agreed-upon boundary, but it almost always lies within the United States Census Bureau's definition of the Midwestern United States#Definition and includes the U.S....
. The region can be broadly defined as the region beginning west of the BosWash
BosWash

BosWash is a group of metropolitan areas in the Northeastern United States United States, extending from Boston, Massachusetts, Massachusetts, to Washington, D.C., including Manchester, New Hampshire; Worcester, Massachusetts; Springfield, Massachusetts; Providence, Rhode Island; Bridgeport, Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut, New Haven, C...
 corridor and running west to Minnesota
Minnesota

Minnesota is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States of the United States. The twelfth largest state by area in the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with just over five million residents....
, particularly the city of Duluth
Duluth, Minnesota

Duluth is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County, Minnesota. The fourth largest city in Minnesota, Duluth had a total population of 86,918 in the United States Census 2000....
 and the Iron Range
Iron Range

The Iron Range and Arrowhead Region are overlapping regions that make up the northeastern section of Minnesota in the United States. "The Range", as it is known by locals, is a region with multiple distinct bands of iron ore....
.






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Rust Belt Map
The Rust Belt, sometimes called the Manufacturing Belt, is an area in parts of the Northeastern United States
Northeastern United States

The Northeast is a region of the United States. According to the definition used by the United States Census Bureau, the Northeast region consists of nine states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania....
, Mid-Atlantic States
Mid-Atlantic States

The Mid-Atlantic States form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that are officially recognized by the United States Census Bureau....
, and portions of the Upper Midwest
Upper Midwest

The Upper Midwest is a region of the United States with no universally agreed-upon boundary, but it almost always lies within the United States Census Bureau's definition of the Midwestern United States#Definition and includes the U.S....
. The region can be broadly defined as the region beginning west of the BosWash
BosWash

BosWash is a group of metropolitan areas in the Northeastern United States United States, extending from Boston, Massachusetts, Massachusetts, to Washington, D.C., including Manchester, New Hampshire; Worcester, Massachusetts; Springfield, Massachusetts; Providence, Rhode Island; Bridgeport, Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut, New Haven, C...
 corridor and running west to Minnesota
Minnesota

Minnesota is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States of the United States. The twelfth largest state by area in the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with just over five million residents....
, particularly the city of Duluth
Duluth, Minnesota

Duluth is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County, Minnesota. The fourth largest city in Minnesota, Duluth had a total population of 86,918 in the United States Census 2000....
 and the Iron Range
Iron Range

The Iron Range and Arrowhead Region are overlapping regions that make up the northeastern section of Minnesota in the United States. "The Range", as it is known by locals, is a region with multiple distinct bands of iron ore....
. Because the area's economy was defined by the steel
Steel

Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.14% by weight , depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten....
 industry and other heavy manufacturing, Minnesota
Minnesota

Minnesota is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States of the United States. The twelfth largest state by area in the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with just over five million residents....
 – with its massive iron mining operations integral to steel – is often considered to be "where the Rust Belt begins". The area immediate to Lake Erie
Lake Erie

Lake Erie is the fourth largest lake of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time....
 is considered to be the "hub" of the Rust Belt. The region extends southward to the beginnings of the coal-mining regions of Appalachia
Appalachia

Appalachia is a term used to describe a cultural region in the Eastern United States United States that stretches from southern New York state to northern Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia ....
, north to the Great Lakes
Great Lakes

The St. Lawrence River Great Lakes are a chain of fresh water lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada ? United States border. Consisting of Lakes Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth....
 and includes manufacturing regions of southern Ontario
Ontario

Ontario is a Provinces and territories of Canada located in the Central Canada part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area....
 and Quebec
Quebec

Quebec , in French language, Qu?bec , is a Provinces and territories of Canada in the Central Canada and Eastern Canada regions of Canada....
 in Canada
Canada

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
.

Economic activity in the Rust Belt forms a significant part of the heavy industry
Heavy industry

Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to light industry. It can mean production of products which are either heavy in weight or in the processes leading to their production....
 and manufacturing
Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the use of machine, tool and labor to make things for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to Industry production, in which raw material are transformed into finished good on a large scale....
 sectors of the American economy. The term Rust Belt signified the collapse of the steel industry and the restructuring of industry, with the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs in the region. Contraction of manufacturing jobs has dislocated many workers in this region, particularly in Pittsburgh, Buffalo
Buffalo, New York

Buffalo , is the second largest city in the state of New York. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River, Buffalo is the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area and the county seat of Erie County, New York....
, Syracuse
Syracuse, New York

Syracuse is the fifth largest city in New York State, United States. According to the United States Census 2000, the city population was 147,306, and its Syracuse metropolitan area had a population of 732,117....
, Duluth
Duluth, Minnesota

Duluth is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County, Minnesota. The fourth largest city in Minnesota, Duluth had a total population of 86,918 in the United States Census 2000....
, Milwaukee, Detroit, Toledo
Toledo, Ohio

Toledo is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio. Named after Toledo, Spain, it is located on the western end of Lake Erie, on the Michigan border....
, Cleveland, Youngstown, Ohio
Youngstown, Ohio

Youngstown is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Mahoning County, Ohio, whose urban area also extends into Trumbull County, Ohio to a significant extent....
, Erie
Erie, Pennsylvania

Erie is an industrial city on the shore of Lake Erie in the northwestern corner of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Named for the lake and the Erie tribe that resided along its southern shore, Erie is the state's fourth largest city , with a population of 104,000....
, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

Bethlehem is a city in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania and Northampton County, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania, in the United States....
, and Gary, Indiana
Indiana

The State of Indiana was the 19th U.S. state admitted into the union. It is located in the Midwestern United States of the United States of America....
, forcing the area — the focal point on the continent for the automobile industry — to diversify or decay. Emerging technologies
Emerging technologies

Emerging technologies and converging technologies are terms used to cover various cutting-edge developments in the emergence and technological convergence of technology....
 in this region — including hydrogen fuel cell development, nanotechnology
Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology, shortened to "Nanotech", is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size....
, biotechnology
Biotechnology

Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as:...
, information technology
Information technology

Information technology , as defined by the Information Technology Association of America , is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to data conv...
, and wind power
Wind power in the United States

File:United States Wind Resources and Transmission Lines map.jpgWind power in the United States is a rapidly growing industry. The U.S. is the leading producer of electricity from wind power....
 — may help revitalize the economy of affected communities.

Geographic definition

Although manufacturing exists nationwide, the region is roughly defined as comprising the northern sections of Illinois
Illinois

The State of Illinois is a U.S. state of the United States, the 21st to be admitted to the United States. Illinois is the most populous and demographically diverse Midwestern United States state and the fifth most populous state in the nation....
 (particularly the South Side of Chicago), Indiana
Indiana

The State of Indiana was the 19th U.S. state admitted into the union. It is located in the Midwestern United States of the United States of America....
, and Ohio
Ohio

Ohio is a Midwestern United States U.S. state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region , Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads in North America....
; eastern and northern Minnesota
Minnesota

Minnesota is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States of the United States. The twelfth largest state by area in the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with just over five million residents....
; southeastern and northwestern Wisconsin
Wisconsin

Wisconsin is one of the fifty U.S. state in the United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States. It borders two of the five Great Lakes and four U.S....
; the Lower Peninsula of Michigan
Michigan

Michigan is a Midwestern United States U.S. state of the United States of America. It was named after Lake Michigan, whose name is a French adaptation of the Anishinaabe language term mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake"....
; Western and Central New York
New York

The State of New York is a U.S. state in the Mid-Atlantic States and Northeastern United States regions of the United States and is the nation's List of U.S....
, especially around Buffalo
Buffalo, New York

Buffalo , is the second largest city in the state of New York. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River, Buffalo is the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area and the county seat of Erie County, New York....
 and Syracuse
Syracuse, New York

Syracuse is the fifth largest city in New York State, United States. According to the United States Census 2000, the city population was 147,306, and its Syracuse metropolitan area had a population of 732,117....
; Northern New Jersey and the outer boroughs of New York City
New York City

The City of New York is the List of United States cities by population in the United States, while the New York metropolitan area ranks among the List of urban areas by population....
; most of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , often colloquially referred to as PA by natives and Northeasterners, is a U.S. state located in the Northeastern United States and Mid-Atlantic States regions of the United States....
; far western portion of the Maryland
Maryland

Maryland is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic States of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia and the Washington, D.C. to the south and west, Pennsylvania to the north, and Delaware to the east....
 panhandle; and the northern part of West Virginia
West Virginia

West Virginia is a U.S. state in the Appalachian, Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic States regions of the United States, bordered by Virginia on the southeast, Kentucky on the southwest, Ohio on the northwest, and Pennsylvania and Maryland on the northeast....
, particularly the Northern Panhandle. Other cities such as Baltimore, Maryland
Baltimore, Maryland

Baltimore is an independent city and the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland in the United States. Baltimore is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay....
, and Wilmington, Delaware
Wilmington, Delaware

Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States and is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine Creek , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River....
 which share important economic characteristics are sometimes included. Saint Louis, Missouri may be considered a manufacturing center, although the surrounding parts of Missouri and Illinois are not part of the region.

Sometimes the adjacent portions of the Canadian
Canada

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
 province of Ontario (particularly the southern and southwestern parts) are included as well, giving the concept an international dimension. This portion includes heavily industrial Ontario
Ontario

Ontario is a Provinces and territories of Canada located in the Central Canada part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area....
 cities such as Hamilton
Hamilton, Ontario

Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian Provinces and territories of Canada of Ontario. Conceived by George Hamilton when he purchased the James Durand farm shortly after the War of 1812, Hamilton has become the centre of a densely populated and industrialized region at the west end of Lake Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe....
, St. Catharines
St. Catharines, Ontario

St. Catharines is the largest city in Canada's Regional Municipality of Niagara, Ontario and the sixth largest urban area in Ontario, Canada, with 97.11 square kilometres of land....
, Sarnia
Sarnia, Ontario

Sarnia is a city in Western Ontario Ontario, Canada . It is the largest city on Lake Huron and is located where the three upper Great Lakes empty into the St....
 and Windsor
Windsor, Ontario

Windsor is the southernmost city in Canada and lies at the western end of the heavily populated Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. Windsor is located south of Detroit, Michigan, is separated from that city by the Detroit River, and has views of the Detroit skyline....
. Just to north, Toronto, despite a diverse concentration of manufacturing industries is not included because of its long held position as a finance, banking, media and transportation center within Canada.

History

The area emerged as a primary center of manufacturing and industry due to access to resources and its proximity to navigable waterways. Ready sources of coal
Coal

Coal is a readily combustion black or brownish-black sedimentary rock. The harder forms, such as anthracite, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure....
 lay just to the south in West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky, as well as in western and northeastern Pennsylvania; an immigration-driven population
Population

File:Population density.pngIn biology, a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular species; in sociology, a collection of human beings....
 boom in the late 19th century provided workers for expanding industries; and easy access to shipping on the Great Lakes, and to the East Coast, was possible via canal
Canal

Canals are artificial channels for water. There are two types of canals: Aqueduct canals, which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water, and waterways, which are navigable transportation canals used for passage of goods and people, often connected to existing lakes, rivers, or oceans....
s, and later railroads. The region was one of the first in the United States to build railroad service (i.e., the Allegheny Portage Railroad
Allegheny Portage Railroad

The Allegheny Portage Railroad was the first Rail transport constructed through the Allegheny Mountains in central Pennsylvania, United States....
). Coal, iron ore and other raw materials were shipped in from surrounding regions to cities such as Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Pittsburgh is the second largest city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania with a population of 312,819. The population of the seven-county metropolitan area is 2,462,571....
, Gary
Gary, Indiana

Gary is the largest city in Lake County, Indiana, Indiana, United States. The city is located in the southeastern portion of the Chicago metropolitan area and is approximately 25 miles from downtown Chicago....
, Buffalo
Buffalo, New York

Buffalo , is the second largest city in the state of New York. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River, Buffalo is the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area and the county seat of Erie County, New York....
, Cleveland, and Youngstown, Ohio
Youngstown, Ohio

Youngstown is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Mahoning County, Ohio, whose urban area also extends into Trumbull County, Ohio to a significant extent....
, which became centers of the steel industry. Duluth
Duluth, Minnesota

Duluth is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County, Minnesota. The fourth largest city in Minnesota, Duluth had a total population of 86,918 in the United States Census 2000....
, Chicago
Chicago

Chicago is the largest city in the U.S. state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States, as well as the List of United States cities by population city in the United States with more than 2.8 million residents....
, Cleveland
Cleveland, Ohio

Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, the most populous county in the state. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border....
, Buffalo
Buffalo, New York

Buffalo , is the second largest city in the state of New York. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River, Buffalo is the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area and the county seat of Erie County, New York....
, Detroit
Detroit, Michigan

Detroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Wayne County, Michigan. Detroit is a major port city on the Detroit River, in the Midwestern United States of the United States....
, Milwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Milwaukee is the largest city in Wisconsin and List of United States cities by population in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan....
, and Toledo
Toledo, Ohio

Toledo is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio. Named after Toledo, Spain, it is located on the western end of Lake Erie, on the Michigan border....
 emerged as major ports on the Great Lakes and served as transportation hubs for the region with a proximity to railroad lines.

Outsourcing of manufacturing jobs is a hotly debated topic in the region. One popular culprit has been globalization
Globalization

Globalization in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones. It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together....
 and the expansion of worldwide free trade
Free trade

Free trade is a type of trade policy that allows traders to act and transact without coercive interference from government. Thus, the policy permits trading partners mutual gains from trade, with goods and services produced according to the law of comparative advantage....
 agreements. Anti-globalization groups argue that trade with developing countries has resulted in stiff competition from countries such as China
China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
, India
India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
, and Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
 with much lower prevailing wages, forcing domestic wages to drift downward to compete.

However, some conservative and libertarian writers have argued that free trade creates more jobs than it destroys, and that the real cause of the problems in the Rust Belt states are their high state and local taxes, as well as their closed shop
Closed shop

In North America a closed shop is a business or industry factory in which trade union membership is a precondition to employment. It is opposed to the open shop, which does not consider union membership in hiring decisions and does not give union members preference in hiring....
 union policies.

Another likely (but less commonly discussed) cause has been the increased transportation integration and migratory patterns within the United States; proximity to energy sources has become less important, and access to the booming populations and lower-wage labor markets of the Sunbelt has shifted a large share of new U.S. manufacturing investment to these locations. A centuries-old trend to replace expensive labor with cheap technology has reduced the number of unskilled workers necessary to manufacture goods. Much of the manufacturing once done by workers is now done more efficiently by robots, reducing the total number of manufacturing jobs needed for a given level of output.

In the second half of the 20th century, many of the cities had an expansion in their suburban populations. Examples from the 2000 U.S. Census include Detroit, Flint
Flint, Michigan

Flint is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and is located along the Flint River , 66 miles northwest of Detroit, Michigan. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city had a population of 124,943, making it the fifth largest city in Michigan....
, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Erie
Erie, Pennsylvania

Erie is an industrial city on the shore of Lake Erie in the northwestern corner of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Named for the lake and the Erie tribe that resided along its southern shore, Erie is the state's fourth largest city , with a population of 104,000....
, Duluth
Duluth, Minnesota

Duluth is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County, Minnesota. The fourth largest city in Minnesota, Duluth had a total population of 86,918 in the United States Census 2000....
, Niagara Falls
Niagara Falls, New York

Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County, New York, New York, United States. As of the United States Census 2000, the city had a total population of 55,593....
, which is an important center for the chemical industry, Buffalo
Buffalo, New York

Buffalo , is the second largest city in the state of New York. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River, Buffalo is the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area and the county seat of Erie County, New York....
, Binghamton
Binghamton, New York

Binghamton, often known as "The Parlor City," is a city located in the Southern Tier of New York in the United States. The "Home of the Square Deal," it is the county seat of Broome County, New York and the principal city and cultural center of the Greater Binghamton region....
, Rochester
Rochester, New York

Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York, New York State, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. The Rochester metropolitan area is the second largest economy in New York State, behind the New York City metropolitan area....
, Minneapolis
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Minneapolis is the largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota. The city lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, Minnesota, the state's Capital ....
 and St. Paul, Akron
Akron, Ohio

Akron is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Summit County, Ohio. In 2007, its population was estimated to be 207,934. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on the Cuyahoga River between Cleveland, Ohio to the north and Canton, Ohio to the south, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border....
, Toledo
Toledo, Ohio

Toledo is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio. Named after Toledo, Spain, it is located on the western end of Lake Erie, on the Michigan border....
, Syracuse
Syracuse, New York

Syracuse is the fifth largest city in New York State, United States. According to the United States Census 2000, the city population was 147,306, and its Syracuse metropolitan area had a population of 732,117....
, St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri

St. Louis is an independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri, located near the confluence of the Mississippi River and the Missouri River. St....
 (since 2002 has had slow population growth, about 1000 per year) and many more, despite revitalized downtown
Central business district

A central business district is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city. In Australia, China , Republic of Ireland, Kenya, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore and South Africa, the phrase is commonly used, and is often colloquially abbreviated to "CBD"....
 areas. Northern states have mounted a "Cool Cities" initiative to reverse the trend. The 2004 population estimate showed Rust Belt states averaged around 2% net growth due do younger people, even as many of those in retirement age moved southward.

Because the politically pivotal states of Ohio
Ohio

Ohio is a Midwestern United States U.S. state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region , Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads in North America....
, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , often colloquially referred to as PA by natives and Northeasterners, is a U.S. state located in the Northeastern United States and Mid-Atlantic States regions of the United States....
, Michigan
Michigan

Michigan is a Midwestern United States U.S. state of the United States of America. It was named after Lake Michigan, whose name is a French adaptation of the Anishinaabe language term mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake"....
 and Wisconsin
Wisconsin

Wisconsin is one of the fifty U.S. state in the United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States. It borders two of the five Great Lakes and four U.S....
 are in this region, presidential candidates have been asked to respond to the economic challenges of these communities.

See also

  • ChiPitts
    ChiPitts

    ChiPitts is a group of metropolitan areas mostly within the Great Lakes region /Midwestern United States area of the United States, but also including parts of Pennsylvania and New York in the Northeastern United States U.S....
  • Economy of the United States
    Economy of the United States

    The economy of the United States is the List of countries by GDP in the world. Its gross domestic product was estimated as $14.2 trillion in 2008....
  • Henry Ford
    Henry Ford

    Henry Ford was the United States founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T History of the automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry....
  • The Foundry
    The Foundry (US)

    The Foundry, according to Joel Garreau, is a coherent nation made up of the eastern seaboard of the United States except New England, though including the Tri-State Region of New York City, along with the Great Lakes region except for the Lake Superior shoreline, plus the Washington, D.C....
  • De-industrialization crisis


External links