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Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
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The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP (?????´????? ?????´?-?????????´?????? ????´??? ??´???? = ?????), also known as the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party and the Russian Social-Democratic Party, was a revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations into one party. The RSDLP later split into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions, with the Bolsheviks eventually becoming the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Mezhraiontsy were also formed from this party.
In Russia properThe RSDLP was not the first Russian Marxist group; the Group for the Emancipation of Labour was formed in 1883. At the end of the first party congress in March 1898, all nine delegates were arrested. The RSDLP was created to oppose narodnichestvo (????´?????????), revolutionary populism, which was later represented by the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs; Esers, ???´??). The RSDLP program was based on the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels - that, despite Russia's agrarian nature, the true revolutionary potential lay with the industrial working class.
Before the Second Congress, a young intellectual named Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (?????´??? ????´? ????´???) joined the party, better known by his pseudonym - Lenin (??´???). In 1902 he had published What is to be Done?, outlining his view of the party's task and methodology - to form 'the vanguard of the proletariat' needed a disciplined, centralised party of committed activists.
In 1903, the Second Congress of the party met in Belgium to attempt to create a united force. However, after unprecedented attention from the Belgian authorities the venue for the congress was moved to a Tottenham Court Road public house in London. At the congress, the party split into two irreconcilable factions on November 17: the Bolsheviks (????????´?; from Bolshinstvo - Russian for "majority"), headed by Lenin, and the Mensheviks (????????´?; from Menshinstvo - Russian for "minority"), headed by Julius Martov. Confusingly, the Mensheviks were actually the larger faction, however the names Menshevik and Bolshevik were taken from a vote held at the 1903 party congress for the editorial board of the party newspaper, Iskra ("Spark"), with the Bolsheviks being the majority and the Mensheviks being the minority. These were the names used by the factions for the rest of the party congress and these are the names retained after the split at the 1903 congress. Lenin's faction later ended up in the minority and remained smaller than the Mensheviks until the Russian Revolution of 1917.
It was Lenin's position on democratic centralism and on restricting party membership that caused the split. Lenin argued that creating a successful revolution required that party membership be limited only to professional full-time revolutionaries; whereas the Mensheviks favored a more open membership policy. Despite a number of attempts at reunification, the split proved permanent. As time passed, more ideological differences emerged. According to many historians , the Bolsheviks pushed for an almost immediate "proletarian" revolution, while the Mensheviks believed that Russia was still at too early a stage in history for an immediate working-class revolution, and believed a "bourgeois" revolution must precede the subsequent "proletarian" revolution. Other historians such as Teodor Shanin offer a more subtle description. According to this view, both factions believed that the coming revolution would be a bourgeois one and wanted the working class to take some part in it. The difference was that the Bolsheviks came to believe that this revolution could and should be accomplished, not by the Russian bourgeoisie which was too weak and timid for that, but rather by the working class in an alliance with the peasantry (only in 1917 would the Bolsheviks attempt a "socialist revolution"). In contrast, the Mensheviks thought the bourgeois revolution was more naturally the work of "normal" bourgeois parties such as the moderate kadets, and that Marxists such as themselves should only offer a distanced support to it. After the defeat of the Russian revolution of 1905, they also tended to prefer legal activities such as trade-union work.
The Third Congress of the party (1905) was actually held separately by the Bolsheviks. The Fourth Congress (1906) saw a formal reunification of the two factions, (with the Mensheviks in the majority), but the discrepancies between Bolshevik and Menshevik views became particularly clear during the proceedings.
The Fifth Congress of the party was held in London, England, in 1907; it consolidated the supremacy of the Bolshevik party and debated strategy for communist revolution in Russia. Stalin never later referred to his stay in London .
The SDs boycotted elections to the First Duma (April-July 1906), but were represented in the Second Duma (February-June 1907). With the SRs, they held 83 seats. The Second Duma was dissolved on the pretext of the discovery of an SD conspiracy to subvert the army. Under new electoral laws, the SD presence in the Third Duma (1907–12) was reduced to 19. From the Fourth Duma (1912–17), the SDs were finally and fully split. The Mensheviks had five members in the Duma and the Bolsheviks had seven, including Roman Malinovsky, who was later uncovered as an Okhrana agent. From 1912 onwards, the Bolshevik faction was officially a separate party, known as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik). The Bolsheviks seized power during the October Revolution in 1917 and, in 1918, changed their name to the Communist Party. They banned the Mensheviks after the Kronstadt Uprising of 1921.
In 1902 the Tallinn organization of the RSDLP was founded, which in 1904 was converted into the Tallinn Committee of the party. In November a parallel (that is, also directly under the CC of RSDLP) Narva Committee was created. Amongst other radicals, the Estonian RSDLP cadres were active in the 1905 revolution.
In the conference of the Estonian RSDLP organisations in Terijoki, Finland in March 1907 the Bolshevik supporters went into serious conflict with the Mensheviks.
At the Fourth (Unity) Congress of the RSDLP in 1906, the Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party entered the RSDLP as a territorial organisation. After the congress its name was changed 'Social-Democracy of the Latvian Territory'.
See also
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